Skin Care Products Research Articles

In vitro skin permeation of flavonoid esters enzymatically derived from natural oils: release mechanism from gel emulsion, stability, and dermatological compatibility

Due to their broad spectrum of biological activities and attractive pharmacological properties, flavonoids are very promising molecules for application in skin care products. In this study, phloridzin and naringin medium- and long-chain fatty acid esters were enzymatically synthesized in reaction with natural oils (coconut and linseed oil) and in vitro transdermal delivery of synthesized esters through artificial Strat-M® membrane was investigated. Experimental results were succesfully fitted using Peppas and Sahlin model which includes the lag phase. Release kinetics of all examined flavonoid esters from gel emulsions through the membrane depended on both diffusion and polymer relaxation effect (0.5<n < 1). The estimated effective diffusion coefficients ranged from 0.168·10-8 to 6.149·10-8 cm2 s-1 for phloridzin esters and from 0.116·10-8 to 4.210·10-8 cm2 s-1 for naringin esters. The effective diffusion coefficients decreased with the increase in ester molecular weight indicating the size-dependent diffusion. All formulation showed good stability, excellent hydration effect, and excellent dermatological compatibility without irritating effect. It can be concluded that gel emulsions with a mixture of flavonoid esters enzymatically synthesized in reaction with vegetable oils can be effectively topically applied as a skin care products.

Polysaccharide-Stabilized Semisolid Emulsion with Vegetable Oils for Skin Wound Healing: Impact of Composition on Physicochemical and Biological Properties

Background/Objectives: The demand for natural-based formulations in chronic wound care has increased, driven by the need for biocompatible, safe, and effective treatments. Natural polysaccharide-based emulsions enriched with vegetable oils present promising benefits for skin repair, offering structural support and protective barriers suitable for sensitive wound environments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate semisolid polysaccharide-based emulsions for wound healing, incorporating avocado (Persea gratissima) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) oils (AO and BO, respectively). Both gellan gum (GG) and kappa-carrageenan (KC) were used as stabilizers due to their biocompatibility and gel-forming abilities. Methods: Four formulations were prepared (F1-GG-AO; F2-KC-AO; F3-GG-BO; F4-KC-BO) and evaluated for physicochemical properties, spreadability, rheology, antioxidant activity, occlusive and bioadhesion potential, biocompatibility, and wound healing efficacy using an in vitro scratch assay. Results: The pH values (4.74–5.06) were suitable for skin application, and FTIR confirmed excipient compatibility. The formulations showed reduced occlusive potential, pseudoplastic behavior with thixotropy, and adequate spreadability (7.13–8.47 mm2/g). Lower bioadhesion indicated ease of application and removal, enhancing user comfort. Formulations stabilized with KC exhibited superior antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging) and fibroblast biocompatibility (CC50% 390–589 µg/mL) and were non-hemolytic. Both F2-KC-AO and F4-KC-BO significantly improved in vitro wound healing by promoting cell migration compared to other formulations. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of these emulsions for effective wound treatment, providing a foundation for developing skin care products that harness the therapeutic properties of polysaccharides and plant oils in a natural approach to wound care.

A prospective, double‐blinded, randomized head‐to‐head clinical trial of topical adapinoid (oleyl adapalenate) versus retinol

AbstractBackgroundRetinoids, such as retinol, are widely investigated and utilized in skin care products as a treatment for photoaging but their use is limited by tolerability. Adapinoid (oleyl adapalenate, OA) is a novel third generation retinoid that is a pro‐drug of adapalene, but there is little research on its effects on photoaging or its tolerability.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to compare the effects and tolerability of OA 0.5% to retinol 0.5% cream regarding visible signs of facial photoaging including facial wrinkles, fine lines and pigmentation.MethodsIn this 12‐week, double‐blind, randomized clinical trial, 48 eligible participants were recruited and enroled from the Greater Sacramento region. The study consisted of a baseline and follow‐up visits at weeks 4, 8 and 12. Participants were randomized to receive either topical OA 0.5% or retinol 0.5% for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was changes in the appearance of wrinkle severity at 12 weeks. Secondary outcome measures include changes in erythema, skin pigmentation, skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).ResultsOA improved wrinkle severity by 9.45% (p &lt; 0.0001) at week 12, whereas retinol improved wrinkle severity by 4.11% (p &lt; 0.001) compared to baseline. When comparing the two treatment groups at week 12, the OA group improved significantly more than the retinol group (p = 0.001). OA decreased pigment intensity at week 12 by 3.88% (p &lt; 0.0001), whereas retinol decreased pigment intensity by 3.15% (p &lt; 0.03) compared to baseline. OA‐based improvement in pigment intensity at week 12 was not significantly different from retinol (p = 0.62). OA reduced facial erythema by 13.39% (p &lt; 0.05) at week 12, whereas the retinol group did not have a significant change. OA use led to a 14.92% decrease in TEWL by week 12 (p = 0.07), whereas the retinol group had no significant change. OA was better tolerated than retinol when assessed at all follow‐up visits.ConclusionsOA 0.5% is superior to retinol 0.5% in improving wrinkle severity and similar in improvement of pigment intensity. OA is better tolerated than retinol. Overall, the use of OA as a precursor to adapalene may be an effective method to improving the tolerability of retinoids while maintaining efficacy.Trial RegistrationThis study was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05778760).

Analisis Message Appeals Terhadap Purchase Intention Melalui Brand Awareness Sebagai Variabel Mediasi

In the digital era, social media plays a very important role in selling beauty products. Displaying creative and innovative advertisements can increase purchase interest and improve the image of the product to be recognized by many people. This study aims to determine the effect of message appeals and brand awareness on purchase intention, as well as how the influence of brand awareness in mediating the relationship between message appeals and purchase intention in consumers of the originote products in the city of Sukabumi. This study uses quantitative research methods with a causal descriptive approach. The sampling technique in this study used probability sampling method, namely purposive random sampling with a total of 155 people in the city of Sukabumi who are interested in buying the originote skincare products. The data analysis technique used in this study is structural equation modeling (sem) using partial least square (pls). The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant effect of message appeals on brand awareness, a positive and significant effect of brand awareness on purchase intention and message appeals have a negative and insignificant effect on purchase intention on potential consumers of the originote product in the city of Sukabumi.

Pengaruh Promosi Word of Mouth, Brand Image, dan Brand Ambassador Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Skincare Azarine di Stuffbyms Kota Semarang

The skincare industry in Indonesia is growing rapidly, with increasing competition between local and international manufacturers. This study aims to analyse the effect of Word of Mouth Promotion, Brand Image, and Brand Ambassador on purchasing decisions for Azarine skincare products at Stuffbyms Semarang City. Quantitative methods are used with questionnaires distributed to 83 respondents. The F test results show that the three independent variables simultaneously have a significant effect on purchasing decisions. The t test shows that Word of Mouth Promotion, Brand Image, and Brand Ambassador each have a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions with a significance value of each below 0.05. The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R²) of 0.691 indicates that 69.1% of the variation in purchasing decisions can be explained by these variables. These findings provide important insights for Azarine's marketing strategy in the face of beauty industry competition.

Effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on healthy and psoriasis-like human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro.

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in skincare products has significantly increased human skin exposure, raising safety concerns. Whilst NP's ability to penetrate healthy skin is minimal, studies have demonstrated that metal oxide NPs can induce toxicity in keratinocytes through direct contact. Moreover, NP's effect on common skin disorders like psoriasis, where barrier impairments and underlying inflammation could potentially increase NP penetration and worsen nanotoxicity is largely unstudied. In this paper, we investigated whether psoriasis-like human keratinocytes (Pso HKs) would exhibit heightened toxic responses to titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and/or silica (SiO2) NPs compared to healthy HKs. Cells were exposed to each NP at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500µg/ml for 6, 24, and 48h. Amongst the metal oxide NPs, ZnO NPs produced the most pronounced toxic effects in both cell types, affecting cell viability, inducing oxidative stress, and activating the inflammasome pathway. Notably, only in ZnO NPs-treated Pso HKs, trappin-2/pre-elafin was cleaved intracellularly through a non-canonical process. In addition, tissue remodelling-related cytokines were upregulated in ZnO NP-treated Pso HKs. The full impact of the observed outcomes on psoriatic symptoms will need further evaluation. Nonetheless, our findings indicate the importance of understanding the sub-lethal impacts of NP exposures on keratinocytes, even though direct exposure may be low, particularly in the context of skin disorders where repeated and long-term exposures are anticipated.

Development of miniaturized fluorometric system for the detection of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acid in skincare products based on peroxidase-like catalysts

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) and benzoic acid are common preservatives in many skincare products. However, their excessive, long-term consumption can adversely affect internal and external organs. Herein, a small-volume fluorometric analysis method for preservatives, using PHBA and benzoic acid as model targets, was developed for the first time using Ni-MnFe-layered double hydroxides (Ni-MnFe-LDHs) as peroxidase-like mimics. Based on the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of Ni-MnFe-LDHs, in the presence of preservatives, the generated hydroxy radical (•OH) from H2O2 decomposition was then consumed by PHBA or benzoic acid to form phenoxy radical, resulting in less •OH to oxidize o-phenylenediamine (OPD). On the other hand, in the absence of PHBA or benzoic acid, Ni-MnFe-LDHs and generated •OH could effectively catalyze OPD into the yellow-fluorescent product 2, 3-diamino phenazine. The fluorescence change of the solution captured by a smartphone under a UV-controlled lightbox was inversely related to preservative concentration. The detection platform was miniaturized using a 96-well plate. Under optimal conditions, with a total volume of only 100 µL, the developed sensing platform can quantitatively detect PHBA and benzoic acid in the concentration ranges of 0.008–1.0, with a limit of detections of 0.0011 and 0.0036 mmol L−1 for PHBA, and 0.0011 and 0.0040 mmol L−1 for benzoic acid, respectively. Our proposed method was successfully validated by quantitatively analyzing the residual preservatives in skincare samples, and the results showed agreement with those obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Potential skincare benefits and self-healing properties of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharides as affected by ultrasound-assisted H2O2/Vc treatment

Natural polysaccharides have been recognized as major bioactive components in skincare and wound care products. In this study, the skincare benefits and self-healing properties of Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharides (LRP) and its degraded products (DLRP-1, DLRP-2 and DLRP-3) by ultrasound assisted H2O2/Vc treatment (U-H/V) at different ultrasonic intensity (28.14, 70.35, and 112.56 W/cm2) were investigated. U-H/V altered the internal crystalline structure and microstructure of LRP, and enhanced the thermal stability. Due to the breakage of molecular chains after U-H/V, the moisture absorption of LRP was enhanced but the moisturizing property showed a different degree of reduction. U-H/V significantly improved the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of LRP. Furthermore, the results of enzyme kinetic studies showed a mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition of tyrosinase activity by DLRP-3 and the inhibition constant of DLRP-3 on tyrosinase was 2.97 mg/mL. The apparent viscosity of LRP dispersions showed a first increasing followed by decreasing trend as ultrasonic intensity rose. U-H/V enhanced the viscoelastic properties of LRP gels without destroying their self-healing properties. This findings reveal that U-H/V is beneficial for improving the skincare efficacy of LRP, providing a theoretical foundation for the applicability of LRP in wound dressings.

Lipidomics and Metabolomics in Infant Atopic Dermatitis: What's the Correlation with Early Nutrition?

To date, the complex picture of atopic dermatitis (AD) has not yet been fully clarified, despite the important prevalence of this disease in the pediatric population (20%) and the possibility of persistence into adulthood, with important implications for the quality of life of those affected, as well as significant social and financial costs. The most recent scientific evidence suggests a new interpretation of AD, highlighting the important role of the environment, particularly that of nutrition in the early stages of development. In fact, the new indications seem to point out the harmful effect of elimination diets, except in rare cases, the uselessness of chrono-insertions during complementary feeding and some benefits, albeit weak, of breastfeeding in those at greater risk. In this context, metabolomics and lipidomics can be necessary for a more in-depth knowledge of the complex metabolic network underlying this pathology. In fact, an alteration of the metabolic contents in children with AD has been highlighted, especially in correlation to the intestinal microbiota. While preliminary lipidomic studies showed the usefulness of a more in-depth knowledge of the alterations of the skin barrier to improve the development of baby skin care products. Therefore, investigating the response of different allergic phenotypes could be useful for better patient management and understanding, thus providing an early intervention on dysbiosis necessary to regulate the immune response from the earliest stages of development.

Biowaste Transformation to Functional Materials: Structural Properties, Extraction Methods, Applications, and Challenges of Silk Sericin

AbstractThis review underscores the novelty of silk sericin, often regarded as a byproduct in silk production. Comprising approximately 30% of silk, sericin possesses valuable properties that have been largely overlooked in favor of silk fibroin. This work focuses on innovative extraction methods to convert sericin, typically considered waste, into a valuable resource. By examining these extraction techniques alongside diverse applications, the review aims to enhance the recognition and utilization of silk sericin in research and industry. Various extraction processes where the traditional methods, and some new techniques, are all discussed. In detail, the advantages, limitations, and strategy optimization associated with each extraction method are highlighted. For instance, silk sericin has shown promise as a wound treatment agent, a scaffold for tissue engineering, a carrier for drug delivery, and a biomaterial for regenerative medicine in the field of biomedical science due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. Additionally, it also finds application in the cosmetic industry, where it is used in skincare products due to its moisturizing, antioxidant, and antiaging properties. Eventually, the challenges, limitations, and prospects of silk sericin are intensively discussed. This comprehensive review is expected to serve the growing body of knowledge surrounding silk sericin and foster further research and development of silk sericin‐related fields.

Online Retailing Operations: Is It Wise to Offer Free Sample Trial and Money-Back Guarantee Together?

In retail operations, free sample trial (FST) and product return with money-back guarantee (MBG) both serve as important strategies to reduce consumers’ worries and valuation uncertainty. This paper is the first study which analytically examines when and whether an online retailer should provide both strategies simultaneously, and when one strategy outperforms the other. We consider an online retailer selling to consumers who are uncertain about the product values when making purchasing decisions. The retailer decides whether to offer MBG or FST. We develop analytical models to examine four strategies: strategy NN (both FST and MBG are not provided), strategy NS (FST is provided and MBG is not offered), strategy MN (FST is not provided and MBG is provided), and strategy MS (both FST and MBG are offered). Comparing among these four strategies, we find that when only FST is offered, the retailer surprisingly should decrease the price if the product cost is low. If the retailer only provides MBG, he will charge a higher price compared with the situation when MBG is not provided. When the size of free sample is very small, strategy NS (MS) is the optimal strategy if the product's cost is low (high). When the size of free sample is large, strategy MN is the optimal strategy. Then, we extend our model to consider three situations, namely: (a) the retailer offers coupons to consumers to experience the free sample, (b) consumer returns incur a cost, and (c) the size of free sample is endogenous. We find the main conclusion remains robust. Our findings may help explain some real-world practices, such as why some retailers (e.g., Amazon and Walmart) provide consumers with low volume toners to decrease the free sample cost; skincare product retailers such as Lancôme, Estee Lauder, and Guerlain implement both MBG and FST. We also interestingly show that a bigger size of free sample may not necessarily benefit consumers.

Use of Nanotechnology in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the cosmetic and cosmeceutical industries by enhancing product efficacy and enabling innovative formulations. This review paper delves into the various applications of nanotechnology in skincare and cosmetic products, highlighting its ability to improve the delivery of active ingredients, provide enhanced protection, and increase the bioavailability of beneficial compounds. Nanomaterials such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and solid lipid nanoparticles are now extensively utilized for their superior skin penetration capabilities, ensuring targeted delivery and prolonged effects. The paper explores the potential benefits and safety concerns associated with these nano-based cosmetic products. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements, regulatory considerations, and future trends in the field, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand the long-term implications of nanotechnology in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. This review aims to provide a critical overview for researchers and industry professionals interested in the evolving landscape of nanotechnology in beauty and skincare. Findings Our research highlights the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) on the drug discovery and development process, particularly in enhancing efficiency and precision from initial screening to clinical trials. The integration of AI/ML has shown significant advancements in early-stage drug discovery, where data-driven algorithms enable rapid identification of potential drug candidates, reducing reliance on traditional, labor-intensive methods. In the drug design and optimization phase, AI-driven predictive models have streamlined the process, minimizing the need for extensive physical testing by accurately simulating drug interactions and predicting possible side effects. Additionally, AI and ML are revolutionizing clinical trials by optimizing trial design, improving patient recruitment and retention, and enhancing real-time data monitoring, leading to faster and more reliable trial outcomes. These technologies also support personalized medicine approaches and have proven essential in reducing both the time and cost associated with bringing new therapies to market. Overall, our findings underscore the critical role of AI and ML in reshaping the pharmaceutical landscape, making drug development faster, more cost-effective, and ultimately, more successful in delivering effective treatments to patients.

Skin Structure, Physiology, and Pathology in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery

Several industries are increasingly focused on enhancing the delivery of active ingredients through the skin to optimize therapeutic outcomes. By facilitating the penetration of active ingredients through the skin barrier, these enhancers can significantly improve the efficacy of various formulations, ranging from skincare products to therapeutic agents targeting systemic circulation. As the understanding of skin physiology and the mechanisms of drug absorption deepen, these industries are adopting permeation enhancers more widely, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and expanded treatment options. However, the structure and physiological function of the skin can vary according to different factors, such as the area of the body and between individuals. These variations, along with external environmental exposures, aging and pathological conditions, introduce complexities that must be carefully considered when designing effective delivery systems. Considering the intricacies of skin structure and physiology, tailoring systems to account for regional differences, individual variability, and changes induced by environmental factors or disease is critical to optimizing therapeutic outcomes. This review discusses the features of skin structure, physiology, and pathologies, as well as the application of permeation enhancers in these contexts. Furthermore, it addresses the use of animal skin models in transdermal delivery and dermatological studies, along with the latest developments in this field.

The Influence of Product Quality and Price on Purchasing Decisions of Glad2glow Skincare Products

This research is based on a phenomenon in the modern era where consumers are increasingly aware of the importance of skin care, making skincare products the main choice to support appearance. Glad2Glow, a new skincare brand that entered the Indonesian market in 2023, has attracted a lot of buyers' attention and created fierce competition between brands with product quality and price perception as the main factors in consumers' purchase decisions. This research is quantitative using primary data obtained through the distribution of online questionnaires (Google Form) from May 2024 to August 2024. The population and sample include all consumers who have purchased or used Glad2Glow skincare products. The independent variables are product quality (X1) and price perception (X2), while the dependent variable is the purchase decision (Y). The analysis method involves multiple linear regression analysis, validity and reliability tests, as well as classical assumption tests such as normality tests, multicollinearity tests, heteroscedasticity tests, and hypothesis tests. The results of this study show that (1) product quality variables have a partial effect on the purchase decision of Glad2Glow skincare products, (2) price perception variables have a partial effect on the purchase decision of Glad2Glow skincare products, (3) product quality variables and price perception have a simultaneous effect on the purchase decision of Glad2Glow skincare products.

User-Generated Contents and Brand Loyalty of Skinscare Products in Port Harcourt

This paper empirically investigated the relationship between User-Generated Contents and Brand Loyalty of Skincare Products in Port Harcourt. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to determine how user authenticity and user engagement rate relate with customer satisfaction and repeat patronage of skincare products in Port Harcourt. The correlational research design was adopted and the population of the study was infinite. Topman’s formula was used to generate a sample size of 384 customers. However, only 262 respondents provided data for the study through questionnaire that was designed in the Likert 5-point scale of strongly disagree to strongly agree. Spearman Correlation (rho) was used to four hypotheses. From results of the analysis it was revealed that user authenticity and user engagement rate which are the proxies of user-generated contents positively and significantly relate with customer satisfaction and repeat patronage (i.e. measures of brand loyalty) of skincare products in Port Harcourt. Based on these findings, it was concluded that both factors have a very strong and positive impact on customer loyalty, with authenticity playing a particularly crucial role in shaping customer perceptions and trust. The strong relationship between user engagement and repeat patronage further highlights the importance of fostering active and meaningful interactions with customers. Therefore, the study recommended amongst others that skincare brands should encourage genuine customer reviews and testimonials by creating platforms where customers feel comfortable sharing their honest experiences. Authentic content resonates more with potential buyers, fostering trust and leading to higher customer satisfaction and repeat purchases.

Adverse Reaction Reports for Skincare: Zero

Abstract Introduction Suspicions of Adverse Drug Reactions (sADRs) facilitate public health authorities in making decisions regarding the safety of various drugs in the market, thus it is important to be acquainted with these data in our population. Objectives To identify suspicions of adverse reactions due to skincare product use among adults in Veracruz, Mexico. Methods A cross-sectional, prospective, and descriptive study was conducted, including subjects over 18 years old residing in the metropolitan area of Veracruz, Mexico. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to identify suspicions of adverse reactions due to skincare product use and their notifications. Results 607 subjects participated, with a mean age of 24.61 (±9.85), comprising 78.25% females and 21.75% males. The prevalence of sADRs identified by patients was 37.2%; however, 44.3% reported experiencing skin redness, 42.7% reported burning sensation, and 31.6% noted changes in their skin becoming oilier. 70.20% claimed awareness of potential adverse effects of the products they use, and 37.2% reported experiencing some adverse reactions, with 76.6% indicating that adverse reactions noticed on their skin disappeared upon discontinuing the product. None of the participants notified sADRs upon identifying them. Conclusions Not all participants in this study recognize sADRs as adverse effects, indicating the possibility that patients may have experienced adverse reactions without being aware of them, as they may not relate the product to the reaction Key messages • The notification of sADRs is a regulated activity in Mexico, so we must promote its implementation at all levels, since they are fundamental for public health decisions. • We must carry out educational activities on skin care in order to prevent SADRs or so that the doctor provides care in a timely manner, since the patient does not recognize them.

Pengaruh Co-Creation terhadap Brand Awareness

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Co-Creation between Dermies Hello Glow by ERHA and Teh Botol Sosro on Brand Awareness of Dermies Hello Glow by ERHA products. The respondents studied were Indonesian women who use skincare products. The purposive sampling method was used for research sampling. There were 107 respondents who fit the predetermined criteria. This research tests or analyzes data using SPSS 23 software. The results show that Co-Creation has a positive and significant impact on Brand Awareness.

The Influence of Influencer Marketing, Content Marketing, and Online Advertising on Skincare Product Purchase Decisions on the Tiktok Application (Case Study on Palembang City Students)

This study aims to analyze the influence of Influencer Marketing, Content Marketing, and Online Advertising on the purchase decision of skincare products on the TikTok application, with a focus on students in the city of Palembang. Using quantitative methods and accidental sampling techniques from a population of 80 people, the data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SEM-Smart-PLS 3.0 for Windows. The findings of the study show that Influencer Marketing has a positive but insignificant effect, while Content Marketing and Online Advertising have a positive and significant influence on purchase decisions. Simultaneously, these three variables influenced the purchase decision with an R Square value of 0.841, indicating that 84.1% of the purchase decision variables could be explained by these three factors.

“I always have to look attractive, but nobody cares on what I feel”: Aesthetic labor on Sales Promotion Girl (SPG)

Aesthetic labor is a job that involves the display of aesthetic body appearance and emotions by the workers. Aesthetic labor practices are performed by service workers who interact directly with customers, including Sales Promotion Girls (SPGs). This qualitative research aims to reveal how aesthetic labor practices are carried out by SPGs and what burdens that they carry. A total of 10 SPG informants who have at least one year of work experience were involved. This research found that SPGs always have to maintain their body appearances and emotions to attract customers’ attention and convince them to make purchases. They even spend money to maintain their body appearances, such as for buying healthy foods, cosmetics, skincare products, and going to the salon. SPGs are also expected to always display positive emotions in any situation. Furthermore, SPGs often experience sexual harassment at the workplace. It can be concluded that while performing aesthetic labor practices, SPGs actually experience the practices of being a docile body too. In addition, SPGs have a double burden, namely physical and emotional burdens, in doing their jobs. However, there are still many who underestimate SPGs and ignore the difficulty they face as aesthetic labor workers.

Microscopic Origin of Surfactant Irritation: An Experimental and Computational Study.

Surfactants, which are widely used in skin care products and cleansers, can cause skin irritation. The skin irritation potential of surfactants is fundamentally determined by their molecular structure and is directly related to their microscopic aggregation structure and specific interactions with the skin. The microscopic origin of the irritation of the surfactants remains unknown. In this work, irritation properties of four surfactant solutions were measured, and their microscopic aggregation behavior was systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the surfactants self-assembled in aqueous solution to form aggregates with different morphologies, where the head groups of surfactants were closer to each other. Furthermore, surfactants that can form larger and more stable aggregate structures in aqueous solutions will exhibit less irritation. These findings hold significant implications for the design and expanded applications of mild surfactants.