Skin Sterilization Research Articles

Referred pain pattern of the pronator quadratus muscle

Pain patterns of the myofascial trigger points (TrP) for most muscles of the forearm have been documented. However, there are no published reports on the referred pain patterns for the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the referred pain pattern of the TrP in the PQ. Thirty-five arms of 35 healthy adult volunteers with no history of neck pain, arm pain or paresthesia were studied. Following skin sterilization, a Teflon-coated syringe needle was inserted into the PQ of the non-dominant forearm under electromyographic guidance, and 0.3 mL of 6% hypertonic saline was injected. Subjects drew in their pain areas on a pain diagram, and this drawing was transferred into the Pain Chart System ® for analysis. Two main pain patterns were observed. The most common pattern involved pain spreading both distally and proximally from the injection site, along the medial aspect of the forearm (57%). In half of these cases, the pain area extended to the medial epicondyle proximally and the fifth digit distally. The second main pattern revealed pain spreading distally to the third and/or fourth finger (29%). The pain patterns originating from the PQ resemble the C8-T1 dermatomes, and ulnar and median nerve sensory distributions. Thus, myofascial pain of the PQ should be considered as a possible cause of pain in the medial forearm and hand, especially when no other neurological abnormalities are present.

A Study of the Colonization of the Epidural Catheter

Background: Continuous epidural block is an effective method for pain relief. It should be performed with sterile instrumentation to protect against infection by the indwelling catheter. Methods: Sixty-two patients were examined by means of the presence of infection with a bacterial culture using the pieces of the catheter at the epidural space and subdermal area. We studied the relationship among infection and the indwelling period of the catheter, patient's age and sex, indwelling site of catheter, and rash and induration on the skin. In addition, we observed the relationship between subdermal infection and epidural infection. When bacteria species were identified, an antibiotic sensitivity test was performed. Results: The rate of infection of the epidural space and subdermal area were 25.8% in both. There was no relationship among infection and the indwelling period of the catheter, patient's age and sex, indwelling site of catheter, or rash and induration on the skin. Gram positive coagulase negative Staphylococcus was most commonly observed. Meanwhile the Enterococcus faecalis was most commonly observed at the caudal area. Most colonies of bacterias responded to aminopenicillin and 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins in the antibiotics sensitivity test. Conclusions: We recommend that perfect sterilization and effective management of indwelt catheters and skin are required. If necessary, it may be possible to consider the preventive use of antibiotics.

Sterilization of silver acidum pipemedicum skin for the treatment of burns by radioactive cobalt-60-γray

The radiated silver acidum pipemedicum skin (RSAPS) was made of 0.4–0.8 mm laminal skin from healthy white pig, which was infiltrated in norfloxacin and silver nitrate, packed with the film bag of alummium poil and radiated by cobalt-60γ-ray for sterilization at the dosage of 27.92–35.31GY/min for a total dose of 25KGY. RSAPS was very effective in sterilization and had no bad effect on elasticity, adhesion, water permeability, and structure of pig skin. So it is highly appreciated by the patients and medical personnel for its convenience of usage and has gained good social and economic beneficial results.

Efficiency of skin sterilization for a venipuncture with the use of commercially available alcohol or iodine pads

Skin sterilization for a venipuncture is routinely done with commercially available alcohol or iodine pads. Selection of the antiseptics, alcohol or iodine, however, in most situations has been made on the basis of very little scientific data. With many patients with granulocytopenia who are undergoing venipunctures, the choice of antiseptic may be an important factor in preventing infections. We investigated two widely and commercially available disinfectant pads, alcohol and iodine, in the efficacy of skin sterilization. Seventy subjects (35 adults and 35 children) were randomly selected for this study. A designated area of the right and left forearm was sterilized either with alcohol or with an iodine pad in a predetermined uniform fashion. Specimens were obtained for cultures before and after sterilization. The bacterial cultures were performed with the use of blood agar plates and trypticase soy broth. For data analysis growth of any organisms on agar plates or trypticase soy broth after sterilization was interpreted as a sterilization failure. The iodine swab was significantly more efficient than the alcohol swab; the former yielded an 80% sterilization rate whereas the latter resulted in a rate of 61% (p less than 0.02). If, however, the growth only in agar plates was compared, the alcohol wipe yielded no growth in 83% and iodine in 84%, virtually identical success rates. Bacillus spp. predominated the residual organisms after either the alcohol or the iodine wipe. A variety of other organisms, however, including Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp., grew after alcohol but not after iodine sterilization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The efficacy of the CO2 laser in the sterilization of skin seeded with bacteria: survival at the skin surface and in the plume emissions.

A quantitative study on the survival of bacteria following exposure to the CO2 laser was determined at the skin surface and in the plume. Known quantities of bacteria were inoculated onto the surface of fresh pig skin and exposed to timed bursts of the radiation. Results indicate that the bacterial population at the skin surface was reduced by several orders of magnitude while the potential for spread of bacteria by the plume of smoke was negligible.

Ototoxic effect of iodine disinfectants.

It had been suggested that disinfectants which could trickle into the middle ear through a perforated drum during the skin sterilization preceding otosurgery might cause inner ear damage resulting in deafness. In animal experiments it has been shown that chlorhexidine, benzethonium- and benzalkonium chloride, when introduced into the tympanic cavity of guinea pigs, will cause rather extensive damage to the neuroepithelial receptors of the inner ear. In the present study, iodine, frequently used for skin disinfection, has been investigated as regards ototoxicity by locally exposing the middle ear in guinea pigs. The duration of exposure was 10, 30, or 60 min. The animals were sacrificed 2 weeks later and the organs of Corti and neuroepithelial receptors of the vestibular part of the inner ear were studied as surface preparations in phase-contrast microscopy. It was found that slight damage had occurred in the basal parts of the organ of Corti of those ears exposed to iodine or iodophor in 70% alcohol for 60 or 30 min and damage to the vestibular receptors was observed in ears exposed to iodophor in 70% alcohol for 60 min. In ears exposed to iodine or iodophor in aqua dest., no damage to the inner ear sensory epithelia was revealed.

Chemoprophylaxis in surgery.

Summary The literature on the prophylactic use in surgery of disinfectants, antibiotics and the chemotherapeutic agents is reviewed. It is concluded that there is little place for the routine use of antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents except in a very few conditions. Disinfectants do have a part to play in skin sterilization and in the reduction of postoperative wound infection. However, none of the compounds yet replaces careful technique and standard surgical procedure.

Preoperative skin preparation with povidone-iodine

D URING recent years hexachIorophene-containing soaps and detergents have enjoyed widespread use as preoperative degerming agents despite the fact that such agents seIdom steriIize skin. Random cuItures of surgeons’ hands and patients’ skin in our hospita1 Ied to the conviction that a hexachIorophene soap* foIIowed by aqueous Zephiran@ chIoride (I : 1,000) often Ieft a great many viable bacteria on the skin, and that even more bacteria couId be cuItured at the concIusion of the operative procedure. For this reason interest in degerming agents which would act rapidIy to destroy most or a11 skin bacteria and maintain bactericida1 activity during surgery was stimuIated. To satisfy the psychoIogic needs of surgeons and nurses for the appearance of suds during scrubbing and to provide better mechanica cIeansing, we eIected to evaIuate Betadine SurgicaI Scrub which contains povidoneiodine and a detergent. We compared the incidence of skin reactions, wound infections and preand postscrubbing skin sterility over a period of two years, utiIizing either hexachIorophene soap or Betadine. As a resuIt of this study Betadine SurgicaI Scrub has been our principa1 operating room skin-degerming agent for nearIy four years, and this report wiI1 present our experience with this agent, particuIarIy during the two year period of study.

SKIN STERILIZATION

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 9 p. 298-298 Correspondence SKIN STERILIZATION First published: 01 August 1959 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb89425.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue9August 1959Pages 298-298 RelatedInformation

Staphylococcic wound infections; study of wound infections in several thousand hernia cases.

Extensive study of possible causes of wound sepsis revealed that the two most common were virulent staphylococci in nasal carriers among operating room team personnel and airborne pathogens in the operating room. If a surgeon finds he has an epidemic of infections, he should first of all consider himself as a possible source. A special mask patterned after the oxygen mask used by airmen is useful if the surgeon is found to be a source of infection. Ultraviolet light was found of value for air sterilization but not for skin sterilization. Studies showed that benzalkonium swabbing of the skin leaves much to be desired, but the patient's skin, in 182 cases observed, appeared to play only an insignificant role in wound sepsis under the given conditions. More efficient masking of the operating room personnel and general measures to insure maximum cleanliness are suggested as means for decreasing the frequency of surgical infections.

Sterilization of Skin

It is frequently stated that in the strict bacteriological sense it is impossible to sterilize skin. This concept apparently arises from the use of methods which do not insure that an appropriate disinfectant is applied in active form for an adequate interval of time. Since the rich and; complex nutrients used for cell cultivation provide an excellent pabulum for a variety of microorganisms, long experience in sterilization of leprous and normal skin prior to biopsy for tissue culture induces us to present evidence that skin sterilization is not a difficult problem.Early attempts to sterilize well scrubbed skin by painting with tincture of iodine were at times successful and at times failures. The inconstancy of the results suggested the desirability of controlling the action of iodine with respect to concentration, and time of action. By covering the area to be biopsied with a heavy patch of fabric, dripping iodine solution (tincture of iodine 1:2 in 70%percnt; alcohol by weight) on this patch until it w...

Skin Sterilization by Colourless Flavine

Skin Sterilization by Colourless Flavine

Skin Sterilization by Colourless Flavine

Skin Sterilization by Colourless Flavine

A method for determining the efficiency of preoperative skin sterilization

A method for determining the efficiency of preoperative skin sterilization

INEFFICIENCY OF METAPHEN AS A SKIN DISINFECTANT

At least as early as 19081the importance of eliminating the transfer of bacteriostatic amounts of drug to subcultures in making bactericidal tests of chemicals was emphasized. In spite of this obvious and easily controlled source of error, one repeatedly finds in the literature reports of bactericidal action which on analysis turn out to be nothing more than demonstrations of antiseptic or inhibitory action. By the addition of drug inhibition controls, it may be proved that in many such experiments sufficient chemical has been transferred to inhibit the growth of any living organisms that may have been carried over from the original test to the subculture. Another example of this error has recently appeared inthe Journal.2Raiziss, Severac and Moetsch have reported that with solutions of metaphen, ranging in strength from 1:500 to 1:2,500, they obtained complete skin sterilization in every instance. The 100 per cent sterilizations

ORIGIN OF THE USE OF IODIN FOR SKIN STERILIZATION

To the Editor: —In regard to crediting achievements to foreign countries, I wish to record a memorandum: Generally, perhaps, it is assumed that the use of tincture of iodin for skin disinfection originated with Grossich and was first recorded by him in the Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie , Oct. 31, 1908, p. 1289. As a matter of fact, I began the use of tincture of iodin for the purpose of skin disinfection in the latter part of the year 1905, in my surgical service, and called attention to it in an article entitled Some of the Uses of Iodin in Surgical Practice (The Journal, April 14, 1906, p. 1102). Again, I published an article calling attention to the same method in American Medicine , November, 1906. I reviewed the history of the iodin method of skin sterilization in a paper read before the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists at Louisville, Ky., in

THE USE OF IODIN IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT FOR DELIVERY

To the Editor: —In connection with the communication by Dr. Thorns (The Journal, April 13, 1918, p. 1115), I wish to say that while I agree that his technic is effective, it is possible to obtain equally good results with weaker solutions than he uses. Lambert of New York has shown us that an aqueous solution of iodin (1:2,000) will prove effective against the Staphylococcus pyogenes , and that it will not prevent cell growth. Alcohol alone is an irritant, and any diluted tincture of iodin may cause pain and irritation when used on delicate or sensitive surfaces. After anesthesia has been induced, we use the diluted tincture, U. S. P., 1 part to 3, of 95 per cent, alcohol. This is perfectly satisfactory in skin sterilization of any part of the body or any mucous surface. After an experience of many years I have had no reason to return to

Sterilization of the Skin by McDonaldʼs Solution

Sterilization of the Skin by McDonaldʼs Solution

Sterilization of the Skin by McDonaldʼs Solution

Sterilization of the Skin by McDonaldʼs Solution

The Sterilization of Skin and Wounds

The Sterilization of Skin and Wounds