Skin Penetration Research Articles

Topical gel formulations as potential dermal delivery carriers for green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles.

This study aimed to incorporate green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and linked to doxorubicin (DOX), into various topical gel formulations (hydrogel, oleogel, and bigel) to enhance their dermal delivery. The ZnO NPs were produced using the aqueous extract of the root hair of Phoenix dactylifera. The optimized green-synthesized ZnO NPs, PEGylated and conjugated to DOX, demonstrated a particle size below 100nm, low polydispersity index, and zeta potential between - 11 and - 19 mV. The UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis confirmed characteristic absorption peaks at 351 and 545nm for ZnO and DOX, respectively. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles without aggregation. Additionally, ZnO NPs-loaded gels exhibited uniformity, cohesion, no phase separation, pseudoplastic flow, and viscoelastic properties. The in vitro release studies showed that DOX-PEG-ZnO NPs hydrogel released 99.5% of DOX after 5h of starting the release. Moreover, the penetration of DOX-PEG-ZnO NPs through excised rat skin was visualized by TEM. In conclusion, the hydrogel formulation containing green-synthesized DOX-PEG-ZnO NPs holds great promise for dermal administration in skin cancer treatment. Furthermore, the release rate and skin penetration of DOX from gels were varied based on the type of gel matrix and corroborated with their corresponding rheological properties.

Selective Binding of Tannic Acid-Conjugated Lipid Nanovesicles to Proline-Rich Proteins Enhances Transdermal Lipophilic-Antioxidant Delivery.

Tannic acid (TA) possesses a notable ability to adhere to proline-rich proteins that make up skin cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the skin tissue. Drug carriers with this specific adhesion ability exhibit improved drug delivery efficiency on the skin. Taking advantage of this, this study presents skin-adhesive TA-conjugated lipid nanovesicles (TANVs) for enhanced transdermal antioxidant delivery. We found that TANVs exhibited selective intermolecular interactions with keratinocyte proline-rich proteins (KPRPs) and collagen that makes up skin cells by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, further enabling the strong bonding to macroscopic skin itself and ECM. We used vitamin E (α-tocopherol), which is known to effectively reduce oxidative stress but has limited skin penetration, as a drug to verify improved in vitro delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The evaluation revealed that the antioxidant-loaded TANVs exerted excellent scavenging effects against reactive oxygen species induced by ultraviolet light or peroxides in the skin, thereby enabling the development of an active drug delivery system for dermal therapy.

The Remarkable Role of Nano-phytocosmeceuticals for Elevating Skincare in Facial Hyperpigmentation

: The common skin disorder known as facial hyperpigmentation is caused by an uneven distribution of melanin, which leaves the face with dark areas or spots. Numerous factors, such as inflammation, hormonal fluctuations, and sun exposure, might contribute to this condition. Chemical peels, laser therapy, and topical whitening agents are examples of traditional treatments for facial hyperpigmentation. On the other hand, these treatments may cause scarring, dryness, and inflammation of the skin. For the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation, nano-phytocosmeceuticals— cosmeceuticals containing nanoparticles generated from plant extracts—have shown great promise. Compared to traditional cosmeceuticals, these innovative formulations provide several benefits, such as better skin penetration, increased active ingredient bioavailability, and fewer side effects. Additionally, they have proved to be useful in lowering melanin synthesis and lightening hyperpigmented skin. Thus, an overview of the recent advances in the development and application of nanophytocosmeceuticals for facial hyperpigmentation, along with clinical studies and patents that have been granted have been provided in this article.

Design and characterization of 3D-printed hollow microneedle arrays for transdermal insulin delivery

The delivery of insulin to diabetic patients remains a challenge due to the limitations of current insulin delivery paradigms, including painful cannula insertion, potential infections, interference with activity, embarrassment, and sometimes cost. To address this problem, we designed and fabricated nine prototypes of stereolithographic 3D-printed microneedle arrays (MNAs) appropriate for the minimally invasive delivery of insulin. We characterized their transdermal penetration performance by delivering fluid at a constant rate to porcine skin through these MNAs. Moreover, we characterized the force required for these MNAs to puncture porcine skin using a mechanical testing apparatus. We developed an improved method of mechanical testing for the MNAs against porcine skin by incorporating an imitation soft tissue layer under the skin and compared the MNA results with those using a single microneedle and a hypodermic needle. In addition, we investigated the mechanical flexural strength of the MNAs by performing a flexural failure load test on them. We confirmed that the prototype MNAs are mechanically robust and do not fracture during skin penetration, setting the stage for future trials in vitro and in vivo. The final, optimized designs are freely available in stereolithography (STL) file format.

Dermal Delivery of Hypericum perforatum (L.) Loaded Nanogel: Formulation to Preclinical Psoriasis Assessment.

Nanophytosomes represent an effective choice for topical drug delivery systems thanks to their small size, general non-toxicity, ease of functionalization and high surface to volume ratio. The goal of the current study was to investigate the potential benefits of using Hypericum perforatum extract nanogel as a means of improving skin penetration and prolonging skin deposition in dermatitis similar to psoriasis. Nanophytosomes (NPs) were developed, optimised and thoroughly characterised. The optimised NPs were then placed in a Carbopol gel base matrix and tested ex-vivo (skin penetration and dermatokinetic) and in-vivo (antipsoriatic activity in an Imiquimod-induced psoriatic rat model). The optimised NPs had a spherical form and entrapment efficiency of 69.68% with a nanosized and zeta potential of 168 nm and -10.37mV, respectively. XRD spectra and transmission electron microscopy tests confirmed the plant botanical encapsulation in the NPs. Following 60 days of storage at 40 ± 2°C/75 ± 5% RH, the optimised formula remained relatively stable. As compared to extract gel, nano-gel showed a much-improved ex vivo permeability profile and considerable drug deposition in the viable epidermal-dermal layers. When developed nano-gel was applied topically to a rat model of psoriasis, it demonstrated distinct in vivo anti-psoriatic efficacy in terms of drug activity and reduction of epidermal thickness in comparison to other formulations and the control. ELISA and histopathologic studies also demonstrated that nano-organogel had improved skin integrity and downregulated inflammatory markers (IL-17, IL-6, IFN-γ and MCP-1). Findings suggest that a developed plant botanicals-based nanogel has a potential for the treatment of psoriasis-like dermatitis with better skin retention and effectiveness.

13‐1: Invited Paper: New Frontier in Display Technology: OPD Sensor in OLEDs for Healthcare Application

People's interest in health care has increased these days. As various health care platforms are emerging, the corresponding market is also expanding. In order to monitor health conditions in everyday life, no physical damage should be made. One of the non‐invasive method, using light for sensing, is preferred due to this effect. In general, as the wavelength increases, light can penetrate deeper into the skin, leading to different bio‐signals. For example, All‐in‐One Sensor Display, which was announced by Samsung Display at SID 2023, used green light to selectively sense fingerprints on the skin surface by reducing the depth of skin penetration. To apply this progress to health care, red light can also be used for OPDs in the All‐in‐One Sensor Display. In this case, red light from red pixel is used as the light source. The light can reach blood vessels under the epidermis because the skin penetration depth is deeper than green light. The light reaching the blood vessel becomes a signal to gather biometric information. This biometric information is then collected at OPD as the signal reaches the OPD in the panel again. For these series of processes, an OPD capable of effective detecting of light in the 625 nm region emitted by red pixels is required. In this study, OPD was fabricated using RD‐01, a high absorption donor material suitable for red light absorption, and RA‐01, a non‐fullerene acceptor for mass production, to respond to red light near 625 nm. The EQE of the OPD was 25% at wavelength of 625 nm. In addition, absorption spectrum of the OPD covers the Red emission effectively. Our results represent that OLED panel can be used for not only fingerprint recognition but also health care platform.

Multispectral Depolarization Based Living-Skin Detection: A New Measurement Principle.

Camera-based photoplethysmographic imaging enabled the segmentation of living-skin tissues in a video, but it has inherent limitations to be used in real-life applications such as video health monitoring and face anti-spoofing. Inspired by the use of polarization for improving vital signs monitoring (i.e. specular reflection removal), we observed that skin tissues have an attractive property of wavelength-dependent depolarization due to its multi-layer structure containing different absorbing chromophores, i.e. polarized light photons with longer wavelengths (R) have deeper skin penetrability and thus experience thorougher depolarization than those with shorter wavelengths (G and B). Thus we proposed a novel dual-polarization setup and an elegant algorithm (named "MSD") that exploits the nature of multispectral depolarization of skin tissues to detect living-skin pixels, which only requires two images sampled at the parallel and cross polarizations to estimate the characteristic chromaticity changes (R/G) caused by tissue depolarization. Our proposal was verified in both the laboratory and hospital settings (ICU and NICU) focused on anti-spoofing and patient skin segmentation. The clinical experiments in ICU also indicate the potential of MSD for skin perfusion analysis, which may lead to a new diagnostic imaging approach in the future.

A Review Article on Permeability Enhancement

Abstract: Human skin acts as a barrier, thermo regulator and prevents excess water loss from internal organs. Various ways of transferring drugs have been developed by altering the barrier properties of the skin. Improvement of skin penetration, partitioning and solubility effects through hydration of the stratum corneum or the use of chemical enhancers acting on lipids and keratinized structures in the stratum corneum is a promising tool in potential clinical applications. Penetration enhancement is a new emerging technology that has the potential to increase the amount of trans-dermally administered drugs. Also drugs with short biological half-lives can be easily administered. Among the many advantages over other routes, three important ones are avoidance of hepatic metabolism, minimal adverse effects, and increased bioavailability. The stratum corneum prevents the loss of physiologically essential substances and consequently provides penetration resistance by acting as a protective barrier. This is the rate-limiting step for absorption of the drug percutaneously. In this review article, we summarize the various advances made in the field of access enhancers based on a literature survey of various research articles.

Effect of Edge Activator Combinations in Transethosomal Formulations for Skin Delivery of Thymoquinone via Langmuir Technique

Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound found in Nigella sativa seeds, possesses diverse therapeutic properties for skin conditions. However, formulating TQ presents challenges due to its hydrophobic nature and chemical instability, which hinder its skin penetration. Transethosomes, as a formulation, offer an environment conducive to enhancing TQ’s solubility, stability, and skin permeation. To optimize TQ transethosomal formulations, we introduced a combination of ionic and nonionic surfactants, namely Tween 20 and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG). Surfactants play a crucial role in stabilizing the formulation, reducing aggregation, improving biocompatibility, and minimizing potential toxicity. We fine-tuned the formulation composition and gained insights into its interfacial behavior using the Langmuir monolayer technique. This method elucidated the interfacial properties and behavior of phospholipids in ethosome and transethosome formulations. Our findings suggest that monolayer studies can serve as the initial step in selecting surfactants for nanocarrier formulations based on their interfacial dilational rheology studies. It was found that the addition of surfactant to the formulation increased the elasticity considering the capability of transethosomes to significantly decrease their radius when permeating the skin barrier. The results of the dilational rheology experiments were most relevant to drug permeation through the skin for the largest amplitude of deformation. The combination of Tween 20 and SLS efficiently modified the rheological behavior of lipids, increasing their elasticity. This conclusion was supported by in vitro studies, where formulation F2 composed of Tween 20 and SLS demonstrated the highest permeation after 24 h (300.23 µg/cm2). Furthermore, the F2 formulation showed the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 94%, surpassing those of the control and ethosomal formulations. Additionally, this transethosomal formulation exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 26.4 ± 0.3 mm. Importantly, we assessed the cytotoxicity of both ethosomes and transethosomes at concentrations ranging from 3.5 µM to 50 µM on HaCaT cell lines and found no cytotoxic effects compared to TQ hydroethanolic solution. These results suggest the potential safety and efficacy of TQ transethosomal formulations.

A Review Article on Transdermal Drug Delivery System

When compared to more conventional drug delivery methods, transdermal administration has many benefits. High bioavailability, the lack of first pass hepatic metabolism, stable medication plasma concentrations, and the non-invasive nature of therapy are a few of these. The stratum corneum, the skin's topmost layer, is the main barrier to medication molecules penetrating it. The study of how to get beyond this layer and improve transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is therefore of great interest. The purpose of this review article is to offer a remark on the most current developments in TDD enhancement methods. Techniques to increase skin penetration have been developed to boost bioavailability and broaden the range of medications for which topical and transdermal distribution is an effective alternative. These approaches include drug selection, prodrugs and ion pairs, supersaturated drug solutions, eutectic systems, complexation, liposomes, vesicles, and particles. These enhancement strategies are centered on optimizing the interaction between the drug and the vehicle. Enhancement through hydration-induced stratum corneum change, chemical enhancers that affect the stratum corneum's lipid and keratin composition, and effects on partitioning and solubility are also covered. It is discussed how penetration enhancers and retarders work and how they could be used in therapeutic settings.

Composite Hydrogel with Oleic Acid-Grafted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Doxorubicin.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are inorganic nanocarriers presenting versatile properties and the possibility to deliver drug molecules via different routes of application. Their modification with lipids could diminish the burst release profile for water-soluble molecules. In the case of oleic acid (OA) as a lipid component, an improvement in skin penetration can be expected. Therefore, in the present study, aminopropyl-functionalized MSNs were modified with oleic acid through carbodiimide chemistry and were subsequently incorporated into a semisolid hydrogel for dermal delivery. Doxorubicin served as a model drug. The FT-IR and XRD analysis as well as the ninhydrin reaction showed the successful preparation of the proposed nanocarrier with a uniform particle size (352-449 nm) and negative zeta potential. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to evaluate any possible changes in morphology. High encapsulation efficiency (97.6 ± 1.8%) was achieved together with a sustained release profile over 48 h. The composite hydrogels containing the OA-modified nanoparticles were characterized by excellent physiochemical properties (pH of 6.9; occlusion factor of 53.9; spreadability of factor 2.87 and viscosity of 1486 Pa·s) for dermal application. The in vitro permeation study showed 2.35 fold improvement compared with the hydrogel containing free drug. In vitro cell studies showed that loading in OA-modified nanoparticles significantly improved doxorubicin's cytotoxic effects toward epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431). All of the results suggest that the prepared composite hydrogel has potential for dermal delivery of doxorubicin in the treatment of skin cancer.

Preparation and characterization of novel nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing coenzyme Q10 as potent antioxidants and antityrosinase agents

We developed novel and optimal Q10-NLC/SLN formulations as antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase agents. The formulations were analyzed for particle size, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE %), and long-term stability. The in vitro drug release and in vivo skin penetration were evaluated using dialysis bag diffusion and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, respectively. Cytotoxicity and protecting effects were assessed by AlamarBlue® assay, ROS level by DCFH-DA, and tyrosinase activity by l-DOPA assay, measuring the absorbance at 470 nm. The selected formulations had optimal surface characterizations, including Z-average size, PDI, and Zeta potential ranging from 125 to 207 nm, 0.09–0.22, and −7 to −24, respectively. They also exhibited physiochemical stability for up to 6 months and EE% above 80 %. The lipids ratio and co-Q10 amount as variable factors significantly affected particle size and zeta potential but were insignificant on PDI. The in vitro release diagram showed that Q10-NLC/SLN revealed a fast release during the first 8 h and prolonged release afterward. The in vivo skin permeation revealed a higher accumulative uptake of co-Q10 in the skin for Q10-NLC/SLN compared to Q10 emulsions. Both selected Q10-NLC and Q10-SLN could reduce intracellular ROS after exposure to H2O2. The Q10-NLC was found to be more potent for inhibiting the tyrosinase activity compared to O10-SLN. The results suggest that the new formulations are promising carriers for topical delivery of co-Q10 as an anti-aging and skin-whitening agent.

Influence of Surfactant on the Skin Permeation of Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone.

Patch tests are often used in safety evaluations to identify the substance causing skin irritation, but the same substance can sometimes give positive or negative results depending on the test conditions. Here, we investigated differences in the skin penetration of two test compounds under different application conditions. We studied the effects of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (PS) on skin penetration of the preservatives methylisothiazolinone (MT) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCT), which are used in cosmetics such as shampoos. The skin permeation of MT was enhanced by SDS but was unchanged by PS. Skin impedance decreased in the presence of SDS whereas PS had the same effect as the control aqueous solution, suggesting that SDS reduction of the barrier function of skin affects the permeation of MT, a hydrophilic drug. Application of a mixture of MCT and MT in the presence of SDS did not affect the skin permeation of MCT whereas the permeation of MT was enhanced by SDS, indicating that the skin permeation of MCT is less affected by SDS than is MT. Thus, attention should be paid to the possible effect of co-solutes, especially hydrophilic drugs.

Deep eutectic solvent self-assembled reverse nanomicelles for transdermal delivery of sparingly soluble drugs

BackgroundTransdermal delivery of sparingly soluble drugs is challenging due to their low solubility and poor permeability. Deep eutectic solvent (DES)/or ionic liquid (IL)-mediated nanocarriers are attracting increasing attention. However, most of them require the addition of auxiliary materials (such as surfactants or organic solvents) to maintain the stability of formulations, which may cause skin irritation and potential toxicity.ResultsWe fabricated an amphiphilic DES using natural oxymatrine and lauric acid and constructed a novel self-assembled reverse nanomicelle system (DES-RM) based on the features of this DES. Synthesized DESs showed the broad liquid window and significantly solubilized a series of sparingly soluble drugs, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models with good prediction ability were further built. The experimental and molecular dynamics simulation elucidated that the self-assembly of DES-RM was adjusted by noncovalent intermolecular forces. Choosing triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as a model drug, the skin penetration studies revealed that DES-RM significantly enhanced TA penetration and retention in comparison with their corresponding DES and oil. Furthermore, in vivo animal experiments demonstrated that TA@DES-RM exhibited good anti-psoriasis therapeutic efficacy as well as biocompatibility.ConclusionsThe present study offers innovative insights into the optimal design of micellar nanodelivery system based on DES combining experiments and computational simulations and provides a promising strategy for developing efficient transdermal delivery systems for sparingly soluble drugs.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon skin permeation efficiency in vitro is lower through human than pigskin and decreases with lipophilicity

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are persistent environmental pollutants, which occasionally appear as contaminants in consumer products. Upon dermal contact, transfer of PAH into the stratum corneum (s.c.) and migration through the skin may occur, resulting in this class of highly toxic compounds to become bioavailable. In this study, dermal penetration through human and porcine skin of 24 PAH, comprising broad molar mass (M: 152–302 g/mol) and octanol-water partition coefficient (logP: 3.9–7.3) ranges, was evaluated via Franz diffusion cell in vitro assays. More lipophilic and potentially more toxic PAH had decreased permeation rates through the rather lipophilic s.c. into the more hydrophilic viable (epi-)dermis. Furthermore, human skin was less permeable than pigskin, a commonly used surrogate in skin penetration studies. In particular, the s.c. of human skin retains a greater share of PAH, an effect that is more pronounced for smaller PAH. Additionally, we compared the skin permeation kinetics of different PAH in pigskin. While small PAH (M < 230 g/mol, logP < 6) permeate the skin quickly and are detected in the receptor fluid after 2 h, large PAH (M > 252 g/mol, logP ≥ 6) do not fully permeate the skin up to 48 h. This indicates that highly lipophilic PAH do not become bioavailable as readily as their smaller congeners when transferred to the skin surface. Our data suggest that pigskin could be used as a surrogate for worst case scenario estimates of dermal PAH permeation through human skin.

Nano-Formulation Approaches to Enhance Transdermal Drug Delivery-An Updated Review of Nanovesicular Carrier "Transethosomes".

Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive and patient-friendly route for administering therapeutic agents. However, the skin's natural barrier, the stratum corneum, restricts the passage of many drugs, limiting their effectiveness. To overcome this challenge, researchers have developed various nanocarriers to enhance drug penetration through the skin. Transethosomes, a novel and promising drug delivery system, have emerged as an innovative solution for improving transdermal drug delivery. Transethosomes are a hybrid of two established nanocarriers: ethosomes and transfersomes. Ethosomes are lipid-based vesicles that can accommodate lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, while transfersomes are deformable lipid vesicles designed to enhance skin penetration. Transethosomes combine the advantages of both systems, making them ideal candidates for efficient transdermal drug delivery. They are composed of phospholipids, ethanol, and water and exhibit high flexibility, enabling them to squeeze through the tight junctions of the stratum corneum. This abstract reviews the key characteristics of transethosomes, including their composition, preparation methods, mechanisms of action, characterization parameters, and prospects. Moreover, the recent advancements and applications of transethosomes in delivering various therapeutic agents, such as analgesics, anti-inflammatories, hormones, and skincare products, are explored. The enhanced skin penetration capabilities of transethosomes can potentially reduce systemic side effects and improve patient compliance, making them a valuable tool in the field of transdermal drug delivery. In conclusion, transethosomes represent a promising platform for overcoming the challenges of transdermal drug delivery. Their unique properties enable efficient drug permeation through the skin, offering a more controlled and effective means of administering a wide range of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. This abstract highlights the potential of transethosomes as a valuable addition to the field of transdermal drug delivery and paves the way for further research and development in this area.

Design and Evaluate Terbinafine Hydrochloride Loaded gel by using Modified Tamarind for Topical Drug Delivery

The principal objective of this study is to make and survey the properties of Gel containing terbinafine hydrochloride (TH) stacked niosomal gel by functionalized tamarind involving that might work as effective antifungal medication conveyance frameworks (DDS) for the helpful treatment of contagious contaminations by postponing the prescription delivery. Utilizing a characteristic direct functionalized polymer and the ethanol infusion strategy, niosomal gel was made (thionatinated and sulphonated tamarind). TH stacked niosomal scattering of size going from 100 to 627nm and percent ensnarement effectiveness of 63 to 87% were acquired. Both the factors for example length 60 and cholesterol impact the molecule size and EE (%). In-vitro discharge concentrates on completed in PBS (pH 5.5) for N4 and showcased cream displayed an arrival of 82.72% and 74.92% separately more than 24hr. The details of the Nanosponges were assessed for their rates of creation yield (PY), entanglement effectiveness (EE), and medication stacking (%DL). FTIR, DSC and PXRD studies uncovered that the greater part of the medication was scattered all through the niosomes. DSC and XRD concentrates on additionally shown that medication was in undefined state in the N4 cluster while unadulterated TH was in translucent state. FESEM, TEM and AFM pictures showed that niosomes had round shape with smooth surface. CLSM picture demonstrated the smooth and bilayer design of niosomes. 1%w/v TH (0.1%) stacked niosomal Sulphonated and thionated tamarindgel were ready and portrayed for consistency studies. The consistency of fake treatment Sulphonated and thionated tamarind and TH stacked niosomal gels with both were viewed as 20,500cps, 43,000cps, 10,300cps and 34,600cps respectively. It was apparent from the pH and spreadability boundaries that the fake treatment and TH stacked niosomal gels are viable for skin delivery.In-vitro discharge concentrates on did in PBS (pH 5.5) for THNTT gel, THNST gel and showcased cream wereshowed 74.92±0.98 %,99.07±1.03% and 101.02±0.87% discharge toward the finish of 24 hr respectively.Amount of medication held in skin after 24 hr was 47.68 for THNTT gel while for promoted gel, it was viewed as 27.67 showing THNTT has great skin maintenance properties than advertised cream (Texifen).CLSM investigation of Wistar rodent skin uncovered that niosomes were circulated all through skin with high fluorescence power which ready to help ex vivo skin penetration and maintenance result.No indications of disturbance were seen upon the utilization of fake treatment gel, N4 niosomal scattering, THNTT gel, and advertised cream of TH to the Wistar rodents skin ,affirming that pre-arranged N4 niosomal scattering as well as THNTT gel are liberated from irritation. In vitro antifungal movement study for THNTT gel and showcased cream were performed for both Aspergillusniger (ATCC 10578) and Candida albicans (CA14, clinical confine) and results showed that N4 gel would be advised to antifungal action in contrast with promoted cream.In vivo pharmacodynamic concentrates on showed that THNTT gel lessens parasitic weight or count more actually than advertised cream.

A Summarized Review of Formulation, in Vitro Evaluation of Sunscreen

The efficacy and safety of sunscreens are diminished when their agents permeate the skin, resulting in systemic circulation and unidentified negative effects. The filters in sunscreens muster main on the skin's surface with minimal penetration through the dermis in order to preserve their safety and efficacy. Sunscreen should always be worn, even in the event that filters manage get through. Damage like as erythema, the production of free radicals, aging of the skin, and skin cancer brought on by UV radiation. Research is being done to limit skin penetration, assess sun protection factor (SPF), and improve formulation properties and stability in order to target potential negative effects caused by topical absorption of sunscreens. In vitro or in vivo investigations are used in current assays to determine sunscreen penetration since they mimic the physiological conditions of use. This review objectives are to reexamine data on sunscreen skin penetration over the last ten years and identify variables that may increase skin penetration or boost sunscreen efficacy. Sunburn is caused by ultraviolet B radiation, but ultraviolet A may be more damaging to the skin. Sunscreens should ideally block both wavebands. A sunscreen sun protection factor is mostly determined by how well it blocks ultraviolet B. The efficiency of preventing ultraviolet A is not measured. Sunscreens may be organic or inorganic chemicals. If metal oxide sunscreens are made into nanoparticles, their cosmetic acceptance might increase. It doesn’t seem that absorbing organic sunscreens and nanoparticles has any appreciable systemic effects. Frequent use of sunscreen prevents melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis from developing.

Immediate dry decontamination using efficient absorbent materials is beneficial following skin exposure to low-volatile toxic chemicals.

In a chemical mass casualty incident requiring skin decontamination, dry removal using absorbent materials may be beneficial to enable immediate decontamination. The efficacy of absorbent materials has therefore been evaluated, alone or procedures including both dry and wet decontamination, following skin exposure to two low volatile toxic chemicals using an in vitro human skin penetration model. Additionally, removal using active carbon wipes was evaluated with or without the Dahlgren Decon solution. All dry decontamination procedures resulted in a significantly decreased skin penetration rate of the industrial chemical 2-butoxyethanol compared to the control without decontamination. Wet decontamination following dry absorption significantly improved the efficacy compared to dry removal alone. Dry decontamination post-exposure to the chemical warfare nerve agent VX showed no decontamination efficacy. However, dry and wet decontamination resulted in a decreased agent skin penetration rate during the last hour of the experiment. At -15°C, significantly reduced VX skin penetration rates were demonstrated for both dry decontamination alone and the dry and wet decontamination procedure. The Dahlgren Decon solution significantly reduced the amount of VX penetrating the skin, but the active carbon wipe alone did not impact the skin penetration rate. In conclusion, absorbent materials are beneficial for the removal of low-volatile chemicals from the skin, but the degree of efficacy varies between chemicals. Despite the variability, immediate dry decontamination using available absorbent materials prior to wet decontamination is recommended as a general procedure for skin decontamination. The procedure should also be prioritized in cold-weather conditions to prevent patient hypothermia.

Photothermal Radiometry Data Analysis by Using Machine Learning.

Photothermal techniques are infrared remote sensing techniques that have been used for biomedical applications, as well as industrial non-destructive testing (NDT). Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence, which includes a set of algorithms for learning from past data and analyzing new data, without being explicitly programmed to do so. In this paper, we first review the latest development of machine learning and its applications in photothermal techniques. Next, we present our latest work on machine learning for data analysis in opto-thermal transient emission radiometry (OTTER), which is a type of photothermal technique that has been extensively used in skin hydration, skin hydration depth profiles, skin pigments, as well as topically applied substances and skin penetration measurements. We have investigated different algorithms, such as random forest regression, gradient boosting regression, support vector machine (SVM) regression, and partial least squares regression, as well as deep learning neural network regression. We first introduce the theoretical background, then illustrate its applications with experimental results.