Skin Of Nose Research Articles

Improving the Supraalar Groove Aesthetic Subunit and Lateral Crura Convex-Concave Deformity.

Lateral crura surface problems are one of the most difficult challenges in nose tip surgery. Closed Preservation Rhinoplasty (CPR) is a revolutionary concept keeping nose tip flexibility and elasticity. Solving lateral crura surface problems and keeping tip flexibility the surgeon will accomplish a sharper supraalar groove transition between the dorsum and the tip. The convex-concave lateral crura deformity (CCLCD) or S shape lateral crura is one of the biggest constraints to accomplish a beautiful tip and dorsum-tip transition (DTT). This deformity is the reason of commonly said parenthesis deformity of cephalic malposition. This LLC convexityconcavity shape creates a C shape shadow. This DTT is one of the key areas to accomplish natural results and it depends on different nose structures, not just the lower lateral cartilages (LLC). A total 560 rhinoplasty cases were studied retrospectively between September and December 2023. Three hundred and twenty patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. Patients had follow-up at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. No secondary rhinoplasty was included. Just 2 secondary septoplasty cases were included without any nose skin undermining in the previous surgery. Surgical details were documented, including the 6 fundamental steps of this technique (1) mucosal lower lateral incision, (2) dorsum subperichondral dissection and vertical scroll release, (3) lateral crura tail caudal release, lateral crura steal and slide under flap lateralization, (4) upper laterals caudal resection, (5) vertical scroll reconstruction, and (6) turning point extension graft. Three hundred and twenty patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. 516 underwent a closed approach and 47 patients an open approach. All patients had subperichondral dissection of the hump envelope. All patients who underwent a closed approach had a low strip let down dorsal preservation technique. All patients who underwent an open approach had structural technique with spreader flaps or grafts at the keystone area. All the patients underwent their osteotomies with a piezoelectric device. Twenty-three revision surgeries were necessary. CPR taught us how important ligament and soft tissue preservation are. It taught the less damage you do to the nose soft tissues and scaffold the less support you need on it. Surgeons have been over grafting the lateral crura to solve postoperative problems mainly due to dissection problems and lack of lateral crura support. This paper shows how to solve lateral crura surface problems keeping the tip flexible and elastic creating also a nice and natural supraalar groove transition by applying 6 surgical manoeuvres.

Photogrammetry is a useful tool to assess the aesthetic outcome after excision and reconstruction of the nose skin tumors

BackgroundobjectivePost-oncological nasal reconstruction presents both aesthetic and functional challenges. While established methods exist for quantitatively evaluating functional results following surgery, equivalent systems for assessing aesthetic outcomes are lacking. Three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry, already used in maxillofacial and orthodontic surgery for aesthetic evaluation, overcomes some limitations of traditional methods like direct anthropometry. However, its applicability in oncological facial reconstruction has not yet been explored. In our study, we applied the 3dMDtrio™ system for the quantitative analysis of line and surface modifications following nasal reconstruction. MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study enrolling patients with skin neoplasms located on the nose undergoing surgical excision and reconstruction. Using the 3dMDtrio™ system, we measured the dimensions and projections of nasal surfaces and the positions of specific landmarks before and after surgery. The surface measurements were then correlated with aesthetic evaluations performed by three plastic surgeons, not involved in the procedure, using a 5-point Likert scale. ResultsWe included 33 patients with a mean age of 71 years, ranging from 40 to 94. We obtained complete documentation of all postoperative measurements for 21 patients. We observed significant changes in the positions of the landmarks post-surgery, limited to the right ala and nasion. The average nasal surface area was 4674.41 mm2 ± 477.24 mm2 before surgery and 4667.95 mm2 ± 474.12 mm2 after surgery, with no significant discrepancies. The evaluation using the Likert scale revealed an average score of 3.04 ± 0.48, with a significant negative correlation to the measured surface changes. ConclusionOur findings suggest that 3D photogrammetry can be considered a valid method for objectively assessing volumetric changes associated with post-oncological nasal reconstructive surgery.

Exploring the correlation and synchronicity between environmental factors and occupant thermal response in dynamic outdoor cabin environments

To improve the cabin thermal environment and explore advanced automotive air-conditioning control methods, it is essential to understand the key factors affecting occupant thermal response as well as the synchronicity of the thermal response to environmental changes in outdoor conditions. Given the current gaps in research, this study conducted outdoor experiments in summer to analyze the correlation and synchronicity between the cabin thermal environment and occupant thermal sensation as well as facial skin temperature. Results showed that, during the cooling phases of experiments with high initial cabin air temperatures, occupant thermal sensation improved significantly within 7 min. After 15 min, facial skin temperature and thermal sensation reached quasi-steady states. Thermal sensation was primarily influenced by air temperature, followed by solar radiation, and exhibited significant synchronicity with changes in these factors. When the air temperature stabilized at around 26 °C, every 200 W/m2 of solar radiation exposure increased the thermal sensation unit during the 40-min experiment period. Cheek and nose skin temperatures were significantly correlated with air temperature and solar radiation, and were sensitive to environmental changes, synchronizing with changes in air temperature and relative humidity. Further analysis showed the feasibility of using cheek and nose skin temperatures to characterize the occupant thermal sensation in a cabin. Additionally, this study found sex differences in the occupant thermal response in a cabin. The results provide insight into the key optimization parameters for comfort-oriented cabin thermal environment design and offer support for future air conditioning control in cabins based on thermal imaging.

DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS AND METHODS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE SKIN OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE AND EAR

DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS AND METHODS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE SKIN OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE AND EAR

A Novel Technique of infra palpebral and lateral dorsum of nose skin reconstruction

A Novel Technique of infra palpebral and lateral dorsum of nose skin reconstruction

Statistical Learning for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems with Applications to Aircraft-UAV Collisions

ABSTRACT This article investigates a physics-informed statistical approach capable of (i) learning nonlinear system dynamics by using data generated from a nonlinear system as well as the underlying governing physics, and (ii) predicting system dynamics with reasonable accuracy and a computational speed much faster than numerical methods. The proposed approach obtains the reduced-order model from the full-order governing equations. A function-to-function regression, based on multivariate Functional Principal Component Analysis, establishes the mapping between external forcing and system dynamics, while a multivariate Gaussian Process is used to capture the relationship between parameters and external forcing. In the application, the proposed approach is applied to predict aircraft nose skin deformation after Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) collisions at different impact attitudes (i.e., pitch, yaw and roll degrees). We show that the proposed physics-informed statistical model can achieve a 12% out-of-sample mean relative error, and is more than 103 times faster than Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Computer code and sample data are available on GitHub.

Some aspects of the clinic, diagnostics and effectiveness of the treatment of solitary and primary multiple tumors of the nose skin and nosolabial folding (SPMTNSNF)

Aim . To study the features of the clinic, diagnose and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of solitary and primarily multiple tumors of the skin of the nose and nasolabial fold (SPMTNSNF). Material and methods . Work is based on a prospective analysis of clinical data of case histories of 74 patients with various solitary and primarily multiple tumors of the skin of the nose and evaluation of the treatment effectiveness in the State Institution “Republican Oncological Scientific Center” of the MoH and SPP of the RT 2015 to 2019. Results and its discussion . Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of 70 (100%) patients with malignant SPMTNSNF in 63 (90%) cases showed excellent result, in 4 (6%) - good results and in 3 (4%) cases unsatisfactory results. The quality of life of patients according to Karnowski scale improved from a minimum of 60% to 100%. Conclusion . Adequate treatment methods for SPMTNSNF made it possible to achieve satisfactory and excellent results in 96% of patients, which accelerated rehabilitation and improved the quality of life of these patients.

Facial skin temperature and overall thermal sensation of sub-tropically acclimated Chinese subjects in summer

This study explored the facial skin temperature and thermal sensation of sub-tropically acclimated subjects in summer. We conducted a summer experiment that simulated the common indoor temperatures in Changsha, China. Twenty healthy subjects experienced five exposure conditions: 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32 °C with a relative humidity of 60%. During exposure (140min), the sitting participants documented their thermal sensation, comfort and acceptability of the environment. Their facial skin temperatures were continuously and automatically recorded by using iButtons. These facial parts include the forehead, nose, left and right ears, left and right cheeks and chin. The results found that the maximum facial skin temperature difference increased with air temperature reduction. The forehead skin temperature was the highest. Nose skin temperature is lowest when air temperature is not higher than 26 °C during summer. Correlation analysis confirmed that the nose is the potential facial part that is most suitable to evaluate thermal sensation. Based on the published winter experiment, we further explored their seasonal effects. The seasonal analysis showed that, compared with winter, thermal sensation is more sensitive to indoor temperature changes and facial skin temperatures were less susceptible to thermal sensation changes in summer. Facial skin temperatures were higher in summer under the same thermal conditions. It suggests that seasonal effects should be considered when facial skin temperature can be used as an important parameter for indoor environment control in the future through monitoring thermal sensation.

QUAD SHOT - an effective hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer. A single-institution experience.

The primary approach for managing skin cancer involves surgery, although radical radiotherapy (RT) may be considered as an alternative option in cases where patients decline the treatment themselves or are not eligible for surgical intervention. Herein we assess single-institution material in terms of the use of hypofractionated QUAD SHOT RT in patients disqualified from surgery. Between December 2019 and December 2022, nine patients with locally advanced non-melanoma skin cancer were disqualified from surgery and as a result were treated at the Radom Oncology Centre, Poland. Patients were treated with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 8502 QUAD SHOT regimen (14.8 Gy/4 fractions, twice-daily treatment with a 6 h interval, on 2 consecutive days). Courses were repeated every 4 weeks 3 times using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Grade 2 toxicities were observed in 4 of 9 (44.4%) patients, no grade ≥ 3 acute toxicity was observed. The median age was 79.1 (60-98) years. Irradiated areas were as follows: nose skin (2), cheek (2), eyebrow with eyelid (1), forehead (1), temple (1), sternum (1), and scapula (1). Performance status was as follows: WHO II - 5 patients (55.6%), WHO I - 3 patients, WHO III - one patient. One patient underwent 3 RT courses in 2 areas for a total of 6 treatment courses, 6 patients received 3 courses of treatment, and 2 patients received 2 courses. Additionally, as of 14 March 2023, four patients died of non-malignant causes. QUAD SHOT schedule with VMAT RT may be an effective palliative treatment method with a good response rate, which positively affects patients' quality of life in locally advanced non-melanoma skin cancer patients disqualified from surgery.

SNP associations and genetic-parameter estimation for nose and hoof pigmentation in Corriedale sheep

Context Quantity and quality of both meat and wool are important for selection programs of the dual-purpose Corriedale sheep. In Corriedales, black pigmentation of nose skin and hooves is preferred as part of the breed standard. However, within the breed, pigmentation can vary from none to complete pigmentation. Aims The aim was to discover single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genes associated with nose and hoof pigmentation and to estimate genetic parameters of nose and hoof pigmentation, wool traits and meat traits. Methods The phenotype and genotype data on Corriedale lambs (n = 764) produced from 44 sires (12 studs) and 300 ewes in 2017–2019 were used in this study. Lambs were slaughtered at 6–7 months of age. Nose pigmentation and hoof pigmentation were scored on a five-point scale, where no pigmentation was scored 0 and complete pigmentation was scored 5. Wool- and meat-quality traits were measured, including greasy fleece weight, fibre diameter, weaning weight, hot standard carcass weight and intramuscular fat percentage. The lambs were genotyped with the GGPOvine50K SNP chip. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted. Genetic parameters and bivariate analyses were estimated using ASReml-R. Results The lambs had a mean nose-pigmentation score of 3.69 and hoof-pigmentation score of 4.12. The nose pigmentation (h2 = 0.58) and hoof pigmentation (h2 = 0.51) were highly heritable and highly correlated (rG = 0.73). The GWAS identified a genome-wide significant SNP (OAR19_33278780.1) associated with nose pigmentation (q-value = 0.04). This SNP is positioned in a known pigmentation gene, melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF). The same SNP was the sixth-most associated SNP for hoof pigmentation but did not reach significance level. OAR19_33278780.1 also had a significant effect on back conformation and weaning weight. Conclusions The results of these analyses have provided information and an understanding of the genetics for pigmentation of nose and hooves in Corriedale sheep. Implications Nose and hoof pigmentation are highly genetically correlated with each other, but with no negative effects on production traits.

Facial skin temperature and its relationship with overall thermal sensation during winter in Changsha, China.

Facial skin temperature has been applied to evaluate thermal comfort in a few studies, but the related theoretical basis is not sufficient. We conducted a climate-controlled experiment in winter. The air temperatures were 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24°C, and the relative humidity was set to 60%. During exposure (140 min), the subjects were in a sedentary state, and their thermal sensation, comfort, and acceptability of perceived thermal environments were documented many times. iButton instruments were used to continuously and automatically record skin temperatures on the forehead, nose, right ear, right cheek, left cheek, left ear, and chin. The measurement accuracy of the corrected skin temperature was within 0.1°C after calibrating each i-Button. The experimental results showed that the skin temperatures at different measurement points varied significantly. The forehead skin temperature was the highest, whereas the nose, being the facial part, exhibited the lowest skin temperature (except 24°C). The uneven degree of the skin temperature distribution increased as air temperature decreased. Correlation analysis confirmed that the facial skin temperature can be used to evaluate thermal sensation. Nose skin temperature and the average skin temperature of the forehead, nose, and chin are the most suitable indicators of thermal sensation. The correlation between facial skin temperature and the thermal sensation was significantly higher after 15 min of exposure time than that during 0-15 min. This study provides a theoretical basis for using facial skin temperature to dynamically monitor thermal sensations.

Description of Novel Technique for Managing Insufficient Nasal Skin Volume.

A short nose is a common esthetic problem faced by facial plastic surgeons. Rhinoplasty of the short nose has been recognized as a complex procedure to perform for achieving satisfactory results. The authors presented 4 cases of short nose in 4 Saudi men who underwent rhinoplasty using septal extension graft and closure the skin with secondary intention as an option to control skin tension after graft placement and to increase nose skin volume to prevent skin retraction, which may occur postoperatively during the healing process. Furthermore, the authors have also discussed the surgical outcomes of these 4 cases and overall satisfaction. Finally, the authors reviewed the literature to identify published papers on correcting the short nose technique.

Supratip suture and skin scoring technique in the patient with thick skin in rhinoplasty

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to demonstrate a new surgical technique to achieve ideal nasal tip rotation and projection with nasal supratip angle in patients with thick skin. MethodSupratip suture and skin scoring technique was used in 24 patients who underwent open technique septorhinoplasty operation between the years 2019 and 2022. In this technique the nose skin was thinned with scissors. Scoring and supratip sutures were applied to the skin. Kenacort (Triamcinolone 8 mg) was injected into the supratip area without closing the skin. Fourteen of the patients were female and 10 were male. ResultThe mean age of the patients was 22. The mean follow-up time of the patients was between 6 and 18 months. No complications were observed due to this technique. Satisfactory results were obtained in the postoperative period after surgery. ConclusionA new surgical approach has been proposed to create the desired dimensions with nasal tip rotation and projection and supratip angle in patients with thick skin using the supratip suture and skin scoring technique.

Fluorescent border diagnosis and surgical treatment of the malignant process of external nose skin

Abstract OBJECTIVE. The purpose of the study was to find out the diagnostic value of the Photolon® as a fluorescent visualization of the borders of malignant lesions of the external nose, with the aim of radical surgical removal of the tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS. During the period from 2016 until 2018, 30 patients with malignant neoplasms of the external nose were examined and operated on in the Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Department. During the study, patients underwent surgical removal of tumors by using a complex of anemic Klein’s solution and fluorescent imaging of the lesion in 15 patients, while 15 patients were operated on without using Klein’s solution and fluorescent imaging. RESULTS. Observation in the postoperative period showed that, in the group of patients who underwent fluorescent imaging with adding anemic Klein’s solution, the postoperative period was satisfactory, and no signs of recurrence were observed. In the group operated on without fluorescent imaging and without conducting anemic Klein’s solution, after two years 4 (26.6%) patients were diagnosed with a superficial recurrence of skin cancer at the border of the cartilage and bone. CONCLUSION. The authors provide suggestions for the effectiveness of the use of a complex of fluorescent imaging of the border of the tumor lesion and prophylactic anemic solution in the surgical removal of the tumor of the outer nose.

Thermal imaging reveals audience-dependent effects during cooperation and competition in wild chimpanzees

Accessing animal minds has remained a challenge since the beginnings of modern science. Here, we used a little-tried method, functional infrared thermal imaging, with wild chimpanzees during common social interactions. After removing confounds, we found that chimpanzees involved in competitive events had lower nose skin temperatures whereas those involved in cooperative events had higher temperatures, the latter more so in high- than low-ranking males. Temperatures associated with grooming were akin to those of cooperative events, except when males interacted with a non-reciprocating alpha male. In addition, we found multiple audience effects. Notably, the alpha male’s presence reduced positive effects associated with cooperation, whereas female presence buffered negative effects associated with competition. Copulation was perceived as competitive, especially during furtive mating when other males were absent. Overall, patterns suggest that chimpanzees categorise ordinary social events as cooperative or competitive and that these perceptions are moderated by specific audiences.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND TREATMENT MANAGEMENT IN MALIGNANT PROCESSES OF THE SKIN OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE

Diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms of the head and neck is an urgent modern problem of oncology, as there is a steady increasing of this pathology. At the same time are untimely diagnosis and frequent recurrences take place. The purpose is to test the method of excision of the tumor of the skin of the external nose and assess its feasibility in radical surgical removal by using anemic Klein solution. Material and methods of research: 64 patients were examined with skin neoplasms that received surgical treatment options using Klein’s anematize solution at the ENT department from 2015 to 2020 years. Patients ranged in age from 28 to 65 years, 15 women and 49 men. Patients are divided into two groups depending on the morphology of the tumor. The first group — 50 (78.2%) patients with malignant skin lesions. From this sample, 17 (34%) with basal cell carcinoma of the nasal skin and 33 (66%) with squamous cell carcinoma (G1) of the nasal skin. The second group consists of 14 (21.8%) patients with melanoma of the skin of the nose and torso. Metastasis in the deep jugular chain were diagnosed in 6 (16.7%) patients from the group of patients with melanoma. Results of the study and discussion: observations of patients for 5 years showed a satisfactory quality of life of all patients with malignant skin tumors. No recurrence of nasal cancer in the first group was registered during the follow-up of patients. Among a group of patients with melanoma, 1 (7.1%) patient was diagnosed with recurrence in the visual organ and brain. Conclusions: 1. Clinically, skin cancer was non-aggressive, had a relatively slow growth and 100% of patients had no recurrence of cancer after surgery for 5 years (p<0.05). 2. Melanoma of the skin was aggressive in a year — 1 (7.1%) patient was diagnosed recurrence in the visual organ and brain. 3. The use of Klein’s solution 5 minutes before the surgery under the base of the tumor provided a pronounced hemostasis due to vasospasm and contributed to the prevention of intraoperative recurrence in 63 (98.4%) patients (p<0.05). Key words: malignant tumors, skin of the external nose, surgical treatment, recurrences.

CLINICAL-OBJECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDITION OF MALIGNANT FORMATIONS OF THE SKIN

Relevance. The diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the scalp and neck is an urgent problem of modern oncology, as there is a steady increase in this pathology. At the same time, late diagnosis and frequent recurrences remain. Objective. The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of clinical and objective characteristics of the signs of malignant neoplasms of the skin in comparison with morphological studies. Materials and methods. 110 patients with malignant skin tumors were examined: 80 (72.7%) patients with malignant neoplasms of the face and 30 (27.3%) patients with skin lesions of the body, aged 48–70 years. Of them 82 (74.5%) were men and 28 (25.5%) were women. At first differential diagnosis of skin tumors was performed on the basis of objective signs: contours, edges, color, size, ulcers, etc., and secondly by clinical symptoms: complaints of patients with tumors, pain, itching, bleeding. Results. All the patients underwent surgical treatment according to the radical program. The postoperative period proceeded without complications during the year. In addition, the immunohistochemical examination of the material was performed in 12 patients due to the need to confirm the diagnosis. The results of the morphological examination were confirmed in all patients. So, it should be determined that the clinical semiotics (diagnosis) of the examined patients in 100% is confirmed by morphological examination. Conclusion. 1. If there is a clinical suspicion to malignant skin tumor, a morphological examination should be performed in a specialized laboratory. 2. Our clinical examinations and objective signs in patients with suspected malignant skin disease were confirmed by morphological examination in 100%. 3. Knowledge of clinical objective features help in rapid detection of correct diagnosis and needed timely surgical treatment. Key words: malignant tumors, the skin of external nose and ear, clinical semiotics, and morphological diagnosis.

Hallermann Streiff syndrome: Cranio-facial manifestations systematic review and report of two cases

Hallermann Streiff syndrome (HSS) is a rare congenital abnormality with about 200 case reports in the literature. Its etiology is unknown although it may be due to a sporadic mutation. Diagnosis is based on the association of craniofacial malformation, dental abnormalities, hypotrichosis, atrophy of the skin, proportionate nanism, congenital cataract and bilateral microphtalmos.Cranio-facial deformities are the main signs detected and the most easily recognizable.We report cranio-facial and oral signs from a systemic literature review, and illustrate our findings with two of our patients diagnosed with HSS.Common cranio-facial manifestations are craniofacial malformation with a « parrot beak » nose, micrognathia, aprominent skull, sutures closing anomaly, malocclusion, dental anomalies, eyebrows and eyelash lack and atrophy of the nose skin. Knowledge of these signs should allow for early diagnosis and adequate treatment and follow up.

Reconstructive Rhinoplasty-Our Experiences at a Rural Medical College in Gujarat.

Interpolated flaps remain the mainstay of nasal reconstruction. In this regard Paramedian forehead flap has been combined and modified variously by different surgeons. However, still multiple stages are required to give shape to the nose and ensure that skin and cartilaginous vault of nose are aesthetically and functionally reconstructed. However, we describe a technique in which cartilage is reconstructed at the same stage as harvesting the flap without risk of vascular compromise. We describe a retrospective chart review of reconstructive nasal procedure in 2 stages with reconstruction in the first sitting itself using Paramedian forehead flap and ipsilateral septal perichrondium and septal cartilage in 4 patients of lower nasal vault deficiency between Jan 2018 to Dec 2018. The patients age ranged from 10 to 67 Years. 2 of the patients needed surgery due to dog bite injury 1 due to excision of basal cell carcinoma and another due to road traffic accident. The technique involved harvesting an ipsilateral paramedian forehead flap along with ipsilateral septal perichondrial flap anteriorly based and using septal cartilage to make the skeleton. The flap was divided after 3weeks and thinned suitably. All the patients reported complete uptake of flap without any cartilage necrosis. Functionally none of the patient reported more nasal block than that seen preoperatively. The average NOSE VAS score remained 17.5 reported 1month after the second stage. Planning is the key for appropriate and cosmetically feasible nasal con-struction. Emphasis must be given to nasal subunit being reconstructed and the choice of flap must be robust. Our forehead flap uses 2 stage design with septal flap to allow for cartilage reconstruction in situ. We utilized post op small vessel dilators along with BACTIGRAS dressings to prevent infection. Our technique in both cases allowed for a greater nasal airway and greater nasal valve suppor.t.

What\u2019s in a face? The role of facial features in ratings of dominance, threat, and stereotypicality

Faces judged as stereotypically Black are perceived negatively relative to less stereotypical faces. In this experiment, artificial faces were constructed to examine the effects of nose width, lip fullness, and skin reflectance, as well as to study the relations among perceived dominance, threat, and Black stereotypicality. Using a multilevel structural equation model to isolate contributions of the facial features and the participant demographics, results showed that stereotypicality was related to wide nose, darker reflectance, and to a lesser extent full lips; threat was associated with wide nose, thin lips, and low reflectance; dominance was mainly related to nose width. Facial features explained variance among faces, suggesting that face-type bias in this sample was related to specific face features rather than particular characteristics of the participant. People’s perceptions of relations across these traits may underpin some of the sociocultural disparities in treatment of certain individuals by the legal system.