Skin Moisture Levels Research Articles

Skin Moisture Level of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients In the Hemodialysis Room of Dr. Soekardjo Hospital, Tasikmalaya City

CKD patients often experience fluctuations in body fluid volume, which is a major risk factor for infections such as cellulitis because it weakens the skin's natural defenses. Delayed wound healing in kidney disease patients increases the risk of infection and impaired skin integrity caused by loss of lipids and natural moisturizing factors in the outermost layer of skin (stratum corneum). This study aims to evaluate the skin moisture level of CKD patients in the Hemodialysis Room at RSUD dr. Soekardjo Tasikmalaya City uses a descriptive approach. The population of this study consisted of 76 CKD patients in this room using total sampling techniques. The research results showed that the majority of CKD patients in the Hemodialysis Room at RSUD dr. Soekardjo in Tasikmalaya City experienced dry skin on the face as many as 56 people (73.68%), and dry skin on the hands as many as 64 people (84.21%). The recommendation that can be given is that respondents continue to monitor and maintain the moisture level of their skin and use oil emulsions.

Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation alleviates pruritus, enhances skin moisture, and mitigates depression in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of oral supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on circulating inflammatory factors, cardiometabolic parameters, skin moisturization, and the consequent symptoms of pruritus and depression in maintenance hemodialysis patients. A total of 60 maintenance hemodialysis patients with severe pruritus symptoms completed this randomized, placebo-controlled study. Subjects of treatment group (n = 30) were instructed to consume 1000 mg fish oil (>900 mg EPA) and subjects of placebo group (n = 30) were instructed to consume 1000 mg soybean oil twice daily for 3 months. 5-D pruritus scoring, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale, skin moisture, serum creatinine, inflammatory factors, and cardiometabolic parameters were examined at baseline, and at the first, second, and third month post-supplementation. A significantly decreased pruritus level was observed in the treatment group, whereas an opposite result was observed in the placebo group. Increased skin moisture levels on both the face and arms were observed in the treatment group, but not in the placebo group. Supplementation of EPA significantly decreased serum CRP and IL-6 levels. Significant decreases in total cholesterol (CHO), and triglycerides (TG) levels were observed; however, a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was observed in the treatment group. There was no change in plasma creatinine (CR) observed in both groups. A significantly decreased BDI score was observed, whereas the opposite result was observed in the placebo group. A correlational study showed that the severity of pruritus was significantly associated with skin moisture and serum CRP. The severity of pruritus was also positively correlated with the BDI score. Supplementation of EPA may provide multiple benefits including alleviating pruritus symptoms, addressing skin dryness, and mitigating depression in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Wrinkle Reduction Using Tetrapeptide-68 Contained in an O/W Formulation: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

Peptides, composed of 2-50 amino acids, have gained attention in anti-aging treatments due to their high safety, low irritation, and cost-effective production. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-wrinkle efficacy of Tetrapeptide-68, derived from the skin structural protein Loricrin, on periorbital wrinkles in women aged 30-65 years. A 12-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 25 participants who applied the Tetrapeptide-68 (100 ppm) O/W formulation around the eyes. Skin physiological parameters were assessed at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Participants also completed efficacy and usability questionnaires. Significant improvements in wrinkle reduction were observed with Tetrapeptide-68 cream treatment, as measured by various skin roughness parameters and 3D imaging analysis. Participants reported positive changes in skin texture and moisture levels, with no adverse reactions noted. Tetrapeptide-68 cream demonstrates promising anti-wrinkle effects, highlighting its potential as an effective ingredient in anti-aging skincare formulations. Further studies are recommended to explore its long-term benefits and underlying mechanisms.

The Skin Sebum and Moisture Levels of Children with Allergic Diseases: How Predictive Are They for House Dust Mite Allergy?

The aim was to evaluate the prediction of house dust mite allergy in children diagnosed with allergic disease based on their skin moisture and sebum levels. This is a case-control study including children with asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and atopic dermatitis (AD) and a healthy control group. The participants' skin moisture and sebum levels were measured non-invasively using a digital device. A total of 421 patients and 143 healthy children were included. The median value of skin moisture percentage was statistically significantly lower in asthma, AR, and AD patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001 for each). The median value of skin sebum percentage was significantly lower in asthma and AD patients compared to the control group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively). ROC analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of skin moisture percentage for house dust mite allergy in respiratory allergic diseases (asthma and AR) and AD separately. Using a cut-off point of 35.5% for skin moisture in asthma and AR patients, the sensitivity and specificity were 81.3% and 56.5%, respectively. Although the specificity is low, the high sensitivity value is promising. The non-invasive measurement of skin sebum and moisture could provide convenience to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases.

Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions for Topical Delivery of Tripeptide-3: From Design of Experiment to Anti-Sebum Efficacy on Facial Skin.

The targeted delivery of a hydrophilic Tripeptide-3 to the skin using microemulsions or nanoemulsions for facial oil reduction was the focus of this study. The impact factors affecting oil/water transparent dispersion formation, such as the surfactant system, HLB value, and co-solvent, were identified through the water titration method and pseudoternary phase diagram plots. The interfacial tension between caprylic/capric triglyceride (CCT oil) and water was significantly reduced by the surfactant/co-surfactant combination (Smix) of Cremophore® RH40 and a double-tails co-surfactant, polyglycerol-3-diisostearate, at an HLB of 13 together with a water-to-co-solvent (PG) ratio of 1:1. A two-level full factorial design of experiment (FFD-DoE) emphasized the independent variables of the HLB value, co-solvent, and CCT oil contents affecting the optimal compositions for micro- or nanoemulsion formation. The low-energy spontaneous emulsification of the optimized combination at a low Smix content (10%) yielded the translucent oil-in-water Tripeptide-3 nanoemulsions with an internal droplet size of 25.7 ± 1.20 nm, a narrow polydispersity index of 0.237 ± 0.129, and 70.6 ± 0.58% transmittance. The in vitro skin permeation study revealed a significantly higher skin penetration and retention of the Tripeptide-3 nanoemulsions compared to the high surfactant microemulsions and coarse emulsions. Skin irritation and oil control efficacy were evaluated in healthy volunteers before and after product application for 28 days. The obtained nanoemulsions not only decreased sebum production but also enhanced skin moisture levels. In conclusion, the meticulously designed nanoemulsions, incorporating suitable excipients, show a promising delivery system for hydrophilic peptides to control sebum overproduction in oily facial skin.

Influence of cosmetic foundation cream on skin condition during treadmill exercise.

There is a growing trend of individuals wearing cosmetics while participating in physical activities. Nonetheless, there remains a need for further understanding regarding the effects of makeup on the facial epidermis during exercise, given the existing knowledge gaps. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cosmetic foundation cream on skin conditions during physical activity. Forty-three healthy college students, 20 males (26.3 ± 1.5 years) and 23 females (23.1 ± 1.0 years), were enrolled in this study. Foundation cream was applied to participants on half of the face in two different areas (MT: makeup T zone and MU: makeup U zone). The other half of the face served as internal control (T: non-makeup T zone and U: non-makeup U zones). Skin levels of moisture, elasticity, pore, sebum, and oil were measured using a skin analysis device (Aramhuvis, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea) before and after a 20-min treadmill exercise. Paired t-test and independent t-test were performed for skin condition measurements at pre- and postexercise. The skin moisture levels in both the T and MT significantly increased after exercise (p < 0.05) (pre-T: 24.5 ± 1.3, post-T: 38.5 ± 3.5 and pre-MT: 18.7 ± 0.7, post-MT: 40.4 ± 4.8). Elasticity also significantly improved in both the T and MT (p < 0.05) (pre-T: 25.6 ± 1.3, post-T: 41.5 ± 3.5 and pre-MT: 20.0 ± 0.9, post-MT: 41.7 ± 3.7). The size of the pores in the T zone observed a significant increase after exercise (p < 0.05) (pre-T: 41.7 ± 2.1, post-T: 47.8 ± 2.4). The sebum levels in the T zone exhibited a reduction following physical activity, whereas there was a notable increase in sebum levels in the makeup zones (p < 0.05) (pre-MT: 2.4 ± 0.7, post-MT:4.2 ± 0.8 and pre MU 1.8 ± 0.34, post MU 4.9 ± 0.9). The oil level was increased in the non-makeup zones (pre-T: 6.1 ± 1.4, post-T: 11.8 ± 2.0 and pre-U: 7.3 ± 1.5, post-U: 11.9 ± 1.9; p < 0.05) and decreased in the makeup zones (pre-MT: 13.3 ± 1.9, post-MT: 7.4 ± 2.3 and pre-MU: 22.1 ± 2.4, post-MU: 3.2 ± 1.0; p < 0.05). The findings suggest that using foundation cream during aerobic exercise can reduce skin oil, causing dryness. Additionally, makeup can clog pores and increase sebum production. Therefore, wearing makeup may not be recommended for people with dry skin conditions based on the results of the current study. This research offers important insights to the public, encouraging them to consider the possible consequences of using makeup while exercising.

The role of polyphenols in atopic dermatitis: a literature review

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin with the appearance of pruritic eczema lesions, mostly found in young children, and impact their quality of life (QoL). In concordance with numerous treatment options, some adverse effect might. Recently, it has been discovered that polyphenols may provide satisfactory results for AD therapy and patient’s QoL.&#x0D; Objectives: This literature review objective to summarize recent research the use of polyphenols for AD therapy.&#x0D; Methods: This is a literature review. Literature search was conducted in Pubmed, EBSCOHOST, Proquest, and Google Scholar, using keywords: “atopic dermatitis”, “atopic eczema” and “polyphenols”. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Randomized clinical trials, case reports, case series, literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, cohorts, and experimental studies, 2) Available in full text, 3) Written in English, 4) Research studies with intervention conducted in human, 5) Research studies from early 2000s . While article with lack of available data is excluded. The author use Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) to assess the role of polyphenols in QoL for AD.&#x0D; Results: The use of polyphenols in AD shows satisfactory results through their antioxidant, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have observed improvements in sleep disturbance scores, itchiness, and levels of skin moisture and elasticity levels in patients with AD.&#x0D; Conclusions: Polyphenols use in AD provide satisfactory results in reducing symptoms that interfere with QoL. However, due to the limited number of studies conducted on human, further studies of larger-scale participants are needed to confirm the effect of polyphenols in AD treatment.

A modified protocol for studying filaggrin degradation using a reconstructed human epidermis model under low and high humidity.

Filaggrin (FLG) is an essential protein that plays a vital role in maintaining skin barrier function and moisture levels, allowing the skin to adapt to dry environments. However, the precise temporal dynamics of FLG metabolism in the human epidermis remain poorly understood, and suitable tools to study these time-dependent effects are currently lacking. To investigate the molecular mechanisms and time course of FLG metabolism and skin barrier function under high- and low-humidity conditions, utilizing a reconstructed epidermis model. EpiSkin specimens cultured under humid or dry conditions for varying durations (2-48 h) were compared by assessing FLG degradation and skin barrier formation using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. Under conditions of low humidity, the proteolysis of FLG in EpiSkin increased between 4 and 12 h and was accompanied by elevated levels of cysteine-aspartic protease (caspase)-14. The expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 1 and calpain 1 also increased at 4 h. However, after 24 h, the expression of these three FLG-degrading proteins significantly decreased. Conversely, the levels of pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid and urocanic acid initially decreased at 2 h and then increased between 12 and 24 h. Additionally, the expression of skin barrier proteins, such as FLG, transglutaminase 5, loricrin and zonula occludens-1, decreased starting from 12 h. Notably, epidermal cell viability and activity were also inhibited. We propose a reliable and ethical model to study the temporal dynamics of FLG metabolism and its role in skin barrier function. Using a commercially reconstructed epidermis to mimic dry skin formation obviates the need for animal and human testing.

Porcine Placenta Peptide Inhibits UVB-Induced Skin Wrinkle Formation and Dehydration: Insights into MAPK Signaling Pathways from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight accelerates skin aging, leading to various clinical manifestations such as wrinkles, dryness, and loss of elasticity. This study investigated the protective effects of porcine placenta peptide (PPP) against UVB-induced skin photoaging. Female hairless SKH-1 mice were orally administered PPP for 12 weeks, followed by UVB irradiation. PPP significantly reduced wrinkle formation, improved skin moisture levels, and prevented collagen degradation. Mechanistically, PPP inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and upregulated collagen production. Moreover, PPP elevated hyaluronic acid levels, contributing to enhanced skin hydration. Additionally, PPP demonstrated antioxidant properties by increasing the expression of the antioxidant enzyme GPx-1, thereby reducing UVB-induced inflammation. Further molecular analysis revealed that PPP suppressed the activation of p38 MAP kinase and JNK signaling pathways, crucial mediators of UV-induced skin damage. These findings highlight the potential of porcine placental peptides as a natural and effective intervention against UVB-induced skin photoaging. The study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of PPP, emphasizing its potential applications in skincare and anti-aging formulations.

Exploring the Impact of Hydrolyzed Collagen Oral Supplementation on Skin Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

With increasing life expectancy, the quest for skin rejuvenation has gained prominence among individuals of diverse age groups. The popularity of nutricosmetics, notably dietary supplements, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Many scientific investigations have amassed compelling evidence highlighting the positive impact of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation in mitigating the visible signs of skin aging.This study aims to know the powerful effect of hydrolyzed collagen on the skin. This research method is to conduct a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis of the clinical trial focusing on randomized, double-blind, and controlled trials that examined the oral consumption of hydrolyzed collagen and reported outcomes related to skin aging, wrinkles, moisture levels, elasticity, and firmness. The selected articles from CENTRAL, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databaseswere published from 2017 to 2023.The subsequent meta-analysis, comprising 14 distinct studies and a collective cohort of 967 participants, revealed encouraging findings favoring hydrolyzed collagen supplementation. It consistently demonstrated substantial enhancements in skin moisture levels and elasticity compared to the placebo group, a trend robustly corroborated by subgroup analysis. These compelling findings underscore the effectiveness of a 12-week regimen of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation in revitalizing the skin by augmenting its hydration and elasticity.

Evaluation of changes in skin sebum and moisture content with treatment in children with atopic dermatitis

Aims: Since the deterioration of the skin barrier plays a role in the development of atopic dermatitis, it is necessary to investigate the moisture and sebum content of the skin. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the change of skin sebum and moisture content with treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Methods: This study is a cohort study. Patients aged 0-18 years, diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, and those who did not have any accompanying skin disease were included. Skin moisture and sebum levels were measured with a portable pen-shaped LCD Display Digital Skin Moist Oil Analyzer (Reyoung-Beauty, Guangdong, China) digital skin moisture and sebum measurement device from the cubital fossa before and 1 month after the treatment. Skin sebum and moisture were obtained as percentages. Results: The median values of skin moisture and sebum content before treatment in 55 atopic dermatitis patients were 30.0 % (10.0-55.0) and 24.0% (16.0-49.0), respectively. The percentages of skin moisture and sebum content after treatment were 38.0 % (15.0-60.0) and 28.0 % (18.0-50.0), respectively. In atopic dermatitis patients, the increase in skin moisture and sebum percentages was statistically significant for both (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.022, respectively) Conclusion: Skin moisture and skin sebum contents improved significantly with treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. This situation highlights the importance of adherence to treatment and continuity of selected treatments in patients.

Formulasi Sediaan Masker Peel Off dari Ekstrak Buah Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill.) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Polivinil Alkohol (PVA)

Face mask peel off is a skin care product that when applied to the skin will dry out which can be peeled off from the skin of the face. Avocado Flesh (Persea americana Mill.) has powerful antioxidants that can be used in moisturizing and anti-aging products. This study aims to produce mask preparations to peel off gel from avocado fruit extract (Persea americana Mill.) to moisturize facial skin. This study used the maceration method to obtain a thick extract from avocado fruit. Mask formulation peel off made in a variety of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bases, namely 10% (F1), 12% (F2) and 14% (F3) as a film-forming agent. The evaluation is based on physical parameters including organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, viscosity, flow properties, drying time and measurement of facial skin moisture levels. The evaluation results on the pH test, homogeneity and drying time showed that all formulas met the standard parameters, namely the PVA pH test 10% = 6.46; PVA 12% = 6.4; PVA 14% = 6.35, in the long test the drying time of 10% PVA = 18.97 minutes; PVA 12% = 20.82 minutes; and 14% PVA = 24.66 minutes. Meanwhile, in the organoleptic test,viscosity, the three formulas were pharmaceutically unstable, namely in the organoleptic test the three formulas experienced a change in consistency, in the spreadability test the spreadability value of PVA 10% = 5.41; PVA 12% = 4.75; PVA 14% = 4.03, in the viscosity test of the three formulas after forced conditions = E (error: the viscosity value exceeds the maximum limit of the viscometer). Based on the results of the facial skin moisture test, it shows that Avocado fruit extract with a concentration of 0.6% can provide effectiveness as a moisturizer for facial skin.

Characterization, development and evaluation of a cream by using terminalia chebula and cucumber sativus extracts

Background: Continual exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation damages skin. Freckles are little brown patches that develop on the skin after repeated sun exposure. Terminalia chebula and Cucumber Sativus extracts-infused water in oil (W/O) emulsion is created, that has anti-freckle and emollient effect. Methodology: Base with no extract and formulation containing three different extract concentrations 4% of Terminalia Chebula with 1% Cucumber Sativus, 5% T. Chebula with 2% C. Sativus and 6% of T. Chebula with 3% of C. Sativus are formulated and after 4 weeks of study and their stability parameters are evaluated at 8oC, 25oC, 40oC and 40oC + 75RH. Different parameters such as anti freckle effect, skin melanin, skin moisture content, sebum level and TEW loss level are investigated by applying these formulations on the volunteer’s cheeks for 4 weeks. Results: Skin melanin levels, sebum level, moisture level and TEW loss level of three formulations containing both plant extracts are significant statistically (p &lt; 0.05). Skin melanin level and TEW loss are decreased after application of cream. But skin moisture and sebum level are increased after application of formulation.

FORMULATION FACE MIST WITH GOTU KOLA (Centella asiatica) EXTRACT AS ANTIOXIDANT AND MOISTURIZING FOR ELDERLY SKIN

Background: The skin in the elderly will experience structural, and physiological changes, and a decrease in the function of the skin, this is the basis for various skin disorders in the elderly or geriatric. The most common skin disorder in the elderly is dry skin. The gotu kola plant (Centella asiatica) has been studied to have antioxidant abilities. Face mist is included in skin fresheners or freshener cosmetics. &#x0D; Objectives: The purpose of this study was to produce a face mist product with gotu kola extract in overcoming skin health problems in the elderly. &#x0D; Methods: This research method begins with the manufacture of ethanol extract from gotu kola leaves, then gotu kola extract as the active ingredient in making face mist formulations. antioxidant activity of the gotu kola plant and the physical quality of the gotu kola leaf face mist was tested, namely the pH test and the organoleptic test. &#x0D; Results: The organoleptic test obtained the characteristic odor of leaves, a liquid form with a brownish clear color. Furthermore, the pH test showed a pH range of 5. pH 5 is the pH of the preparation that is allowed for cosmetics used on the skin, especially on the face, as the pH of the skin in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) is 4.5 - 7.5. &#x0D; Conclusion: the formulation of this face mist is following the standard, it is hoped that this research can be continued for the development of research in increasing skin moisture levels in overcoming the skin of the elderly.

PEDOT:PSS-Based Disposable Humidity Sensor for Skin Moisture Monitoring

This letter presents a flexible and disposable humidity sensor based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The sensing layer is developed by drop casting PEDOT:PSS on screen printed graphene-carbon-ink-based interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) on paper substrate. The humidity sensing properties are investigated in a wide humidity range (25%RH–90%RH) at room temperature (RT; 27 °C ± 2 °C). The sensor exhibits substantial % response (118.5% at 90%RH) in the considered range with response/recovery time as 70/30 s. The applicability of the sensor has been demonstrated for skin moisture/humidity monitoring under normal and moist conditions. A read-out circuit is designed for demonstrating the real-time monitoring of skin moisture level. The obtained results indicate the suitability of the developed sensor for skin moisture monitoring, environmental humidity monitoring, and noncontact switching in areas such as healthcare and agriculture.

Effect of Using Ethanol Extract of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Leaves and Olea Europea Fruit Oil Combination on Facial Skin.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (A. heterophyllus) leaves and Olea europea (OE) fruit oil are natural sources that have been traditionally used for health and skin care purpose. To assess the potential synergistic effect of combining ethanol extract of A. heterophyllus leaves (AHLE) and OE fruit oil in the formulation of clay masks, specifically in terms of their effect on facial skin. AHLE was obtained by the maceration method, while OE was purchased commercially. Total phenol and flavonoid content were calculated and a DPPH assay was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the four formulas prepared were F1 (AHLE 5%), F2 (OE 10%), F3 (AHLE 5% + OE 10%), and F4 (AHLE 2.5% + OE 5%). Adult women received weekly facial treatments with the formulated mask for one month. The effect of these treatments was evaluated based on several skin parameters, including moisture, oiliness, texture, collagen levels, pigmentation, sensitivity, and the presence of wrinkles. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using the Wilcoxon sign-ranked test. AHLE contained total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity higher than OE. Clay masks in all formulations showed homogeneity and do not contain coarse grain. After four weeks of treatment, the efficacy of the formulations demonstrated a significant effect. F1 exhibited a reduction in wrinkles by 36.27%, while F3 improved oily skin by 21.39%, enhanced skin texture by 44.32%, reduced pigmentation by 30.30%, and decreased skin sensitivity by 49.18%. Furthermore, F4 demonstrated an increase in skin moisture levels by 27.89% and a boost in collagen production by 32.00%. The combination of AHLE and OE at 5% and 10% demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to their individual use.

Effect of Heat Shock Preconditioning on Pressure Injury Prevention via Hsp27 Upregulation in Rat Models.

Pressure injury (PI) prevention is a huge industry and involves various interventions. Temperature and moisture are important factors for wound healing; however, the active mechanism by which “moist heat” affects PI prevention has not yet been clarified. Thus, we explored the protective and therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy on PI based on the preconditioning (PC) principle, which might be useful for clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the preventive mechanisms of heat shock preconditioning on PIs in rat models. The experiment was performed in the basic medical laboratory of Nagano College of Nursing in Japan. Ten rats were divided into two groups, with five rats in each group. Rats in the control group were not bathed. Rats in the preconditioning group (PC group) were bathed with hot tap-water. Bathing was conducted thrice a week. After bathing for 4 weeks, the PI model was constructed on the rats’ dorsal skin. The skin temperature, skin moisture, and area of ulcers were compared between the two groups. In vitro, we investigated the expression of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in 6, 12, and 24 h after the PI model was constructed through Western blot analysis. Ulcers occurred in the control group 24 h after the PI model constructed, wheras the PC group exhibited ulcers after 36 h. The ulcer area was larger in the control group than that in the PC group after 24 h (all p < 0.05). The temperatures of PI wounds in the control group decreased and were lower than those in the PC group after 1, 6, 12, 36, and 48 h (all p < 0.05). However, the skin moisture levels of PI wounds increased in the control group and were higher than those in the PC group at the same time (all p < 0.05). Using Western blot analysis, hydrotherapy preconditioning showed the potential to increase Hsp27 expression after pressure was released (p < 0.05). We determine that heat shock preconditioning had a preventive effect on PIs in rat models, a result that may be associated with their actions in the upregulation of Hsp27.

Braden Skin Score Subdomains Predict Mortality Among Cardiac Intensive Care Patients

BackgroundThe Braden Skin Score (BSS) is a bedside nursing assessment that may be a measure of frailty and predicts mortality among patients in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). We examined the association between each of the 6 individual BSS subscores with hospital mortality in patients in the CICU. We hypothesized that BSS subscores reflecting patient frailty would have a stronger association with outcomes. MethodsRetrospective cohort study of unique adult patients admitted to the Mayo Clinic CICU from 2007 to 2018 with BSS documented on admission. Primary outcome was all-cause hospital mortality. Odds ratios (ORs) were determined using multivariable logistic regression. ResultsThe 11,954 included patients had a mean age of 67.4 ± 15.2 years (37.8% women). Each individual BSS subscore was lower among patients who died in the hospital (all P < .001). The total BSS was inversely associated with in-hospital mortality across admission diagnoses and among patients with coma or mechanical ventilation; each individual subscore was inversely associated with in-hospital mortality. On multivariable regression, all subscores were inversely associated with hospital mortality after full adjustment. Shear had the strongest association (adjusted OR 0.59), followed by nutrition (adjusted OR 0.67), skin moisture (adjusted OR 0.76), mobility (adjusted OR 0.76), sensory perception (adjusted OR 0.82), and activity level (adjusted OR 0.85). ConclusionBSS can serve as a rapid noninvasive screening tool for identifying poor outcomes in patients in the CICU. BSS subdomains that are more strongly associated with mortality appear to reflect physical frailty. Insofar as the BSS and its subscores measure frailty, a low BSS may identify frail patients.

Lactoferrin-mediated Changes In Melanin And Moisture Levels In U V - A Exposed Mice

Background: Lactoferrin, known to be present in mammalian milk, affects immune function. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of lactoferrin on skin moisture and melanin levels in ultraviolet (UV) A-exposed mice. Methods and Findings: Male C57BL/6J mice were administered water or lactoferrin (100mg/kg body weight) via oral gavage and exposed to UV-A. Melanin and moisture levels were measured at 5, 10, and 15 weeks using a moisture checker and mobile skin tone (n=10 or 6, 5 and 10 weeks; n=5 or 4, 15 weeks, respectively). UV-A exposure significantly reduced moisture levels after 5 weeks, which continued over the 15-week duration. Melanin levels were increased significantly after 10 weeks. Treatment with lactoferrin for 15 weeks significantly enhanced moisture levels, reduced by UV-A exposure. Melanin levels were significantly decreased after 15 weeks when compared with the UV-A exposure group. Conclusions: Lactoferrin restored moisture and melanin levels in UV-A-exposed mice. The present study demonstrates the effect of lactoferrin following UV-A exposure. Dietary lactoferrin intake could prevent UV-induced reduction in moisture and enhanced melanin levels.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Lotion Ekstrak Alpukat (Persea Americana) sebagai Pelembab Kulit

Avocado (Persea a mericana) contains a lot of vitamin A, vitamin B , vitamin C and vitamin E which is good to be used in skin care. One of the cosmetics for skincare is lotion, which is a liquid emulsion consisting of oil p hase and water phase stabilized by emulgator . Lotion is used to protect and maintain skin moisture level . The purpose of t his research was to formulate and evaluate the lotion in order to assure the physical characteristic and stability were accepted accord ing to the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Indonesia Pharmacopeia requirements . Formulation were made by using the se following ingredients : g lyceryl monostearat e , cera alba, tween 80, glycerin, liquid paraffin, benzyl alcohol, perfume, aquadest. The study used 2 variation of concentration, which is 0.5% and 1% avocado extract as active substance , besides there is variations in g lyceryl m onostearat e (5.5% and 5.7%), c era alba (2.7% and 2.9%), t ween 80 (3.5% and 3.7%), g lycerin (10% and 12%), liquid paraffin (10% and 12%), and benzyl alcohol (0.15% and 0.17%) in formulations I and II. Lotion was then tested for its physical properties, which include organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, and spread ability test , lastly hedonic and irritation test were also being examined. Based on the results of physical properties test, both lotion formulations showed a viscous texture, beige and dark beige colo r with a distinctive odor, homogeneous, not irritating, hav e a pH value in the range of 4.55-5.31 with 4.9-5.15 cm spread . In the hedonic test on 10 panelists, lotion I formulation gave the most satisfaction score and comfort y fr om respondents. Respondent's satisfaction on the appearance comprise the texture, color, and odor. Besides, viscosity and s pread ability were also marked as how comfort the lotion is when it was a pplied to the respondent’s skin. Keywords : Avocado, Extract, Lotion, Cosmetic, Moisturizer