Skin Granulation Research Articles

MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE SKIN GRANULATION TISSUE IN PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS.

The aim: To examine morphological peculiarities of the skin granulation tissue from the laparotomy wound in patients with malignant neoplasms of the abdominal organs. Materials and methods: 36 bodies of deceased people were examined after midline laparotomy performed for surgical treatment of diseases of the abdominal organs. The main group included 22 bodies of deceased people suffering from malignant neoplasms of the abdominal organs, mostly in ІІІ-IV stages of diseases. The group of comparison included 14 bodies of deceased individuals suffering from acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs. An average length of the laparotomy wound was 24,5 ± 0,28 cm. An average distance from the reticular elements to the external border of the granulation tissue was measured by means of computed histometry (mcm), the optical density (OD) of staining of the collagen fibers was determined by means of computed microdencitometry (expressed in OD absorbance coefficient - the absorbance of the solution per unit length per mole of solute), the specific volume of the blood vessels in the granulation tissue - by means of computed histostereometry (%), the granulation tissue cells were calculated by means of the score test (within eyeshot 10000 mcm2). The specimens were stained with hematoxylin, eosin and methylene blue/Chromotrop 2B. Results: The obtained results of the investigation conducted are indicative of more prominent chromotropic properties in the samples of the main group, confirming certain biochemical changes and features of the collagen fibers respectively. Moreover, slide mounts of the main group possess reliably lower optic density of staining of the collagen fibers which is indicative of their slow formation. It may suggest a reduced solidity of the postoperative scar on the laparotomy wound skin promoting easier wound disruption, that is, occurrence of subcutaneous eventration in patients with malignant neoplasms of the abdominal organs. Conclusions: Oncological process in the body results in the aggravation of swelling and chromotropophilia in the deep layers of derma during more remote terms after surgery and reduced optic density of the collagen fibers staining, which promotes easier laparotomy wound disruption and occurrence of true postoperative eventration.

Granulation tissue myofibroblasts during normal and pathological skin healing: The interaction between their secretome and the microenvironment.

The first role that was proposed for the myofibroblasts located in skin granulation tissue was to contract the edges of the wound in order to reduce the surface to be repaired. This role, linked to the presence of alpha smooth muscle actin, was very quickly confirmed and is part of the definition of granulation tissue myofibroblasts. However, myofibroblasts are cells that also play a much more central role in wound healing. Indeed, it has been shown that these cells produce large quantities of matrix components, and that they stimulate angiogenesis and can recruit immune cells. These actions take place via the secretion of molecules into their environment or indirectly via the production of microvesicles containing pro-fibrotic and pro-angiogenic molecules. Pathologically, granulation tissue can develop into a hypertrophic scar that histologically looks like granulation tissue, but which can remain for months or even years. It has been hypothesized that the myofibroblasts in these tissues remained present instead of disappearing by apoptosis, causing the maintenance of granulation tissue rather than allowing its change into a mature scar. Understanding the roles of both pathological and healthy myofibroblasts in wound tissue is crucial in order to better intervene in the healing mechanism.

Chitosan-Gentamicin Conjugate Hydrogel Promoting Skin Scald Repair.

Our earlier research indicated that chitosan-gentamicin conjugate (CS-GT) possesses superior antimicrobial activity and good water solubility. To develop CS-GT-based scald dressings, the antibacterial properties of CS-GT were further studied, and the biosafety of CS-GT and the healing mechanism of CS-GT hydrogel was systematically explored in this article. It was found that cell viability shows a declined inclination with the prolonged culture time and the increased concentration of CS-GT. After three day’s culture, the cell viability could still remain at 79.72% when CS-GT concentration was as high as 1000 μg/mL. On the other hand, the hemolysis rate of CS-GT was lower than 5% when its concentration is 800 μg/mL. Therefore CS-GT has good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. A wound-healing experiment has shown that the skin healing rate of CS-GT hydrogel was the highest at 99.61%, followed by the positive control (wet burn ointment) 94.98%, GT hydrogel 87.50%, and matrix 77.39%. The blank control group, however, possessed the lowest healing rate of 75.45%. Further analysis indicated that CS-GT hydrogel could promote the synthesis of total protein (TP) in skin granulation tissue, resulting in the enhanced hydroxyproline (HYP) content, which facilitated collagen fibrogenesis, reduced cytokine expression in an inflammatory response, and, ultimately, accelerated wound healing. To sum up, CS-GT hydrogel is a promising scald dressing.

The clinical effect of flavored qufusheng muscle paste combined with moxibustion with moxa stick in the treatment of stage III and IV pressure sores and its effect on the healing time of pressure sores

Objective To explore the clinical effect of flavored qufusheng muscle paste combined with moxibustion with moxa stick in the treatment of stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ pressure sores and its effect on the healing time of pressure sores. Methods A total of 64 patients with stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅳ pressure ulcers admitted to the rehabilitation, orthopedic and encephalopathy departments of Baoan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2019 to June 2020 who met the inclusion criteria were selected as the experimental subjects, and were randomly divided into experimental group and control group using the number table method, 32 cases of each group. The control group was treated with conventional debridement treatment, antibacterial dressing packing, alginate packing and dressing changing, etc. On this basis, the experimental group was given the patients with flavored qufusheng muscle paste external application combined with moxibustion treatment. The growth time of skin granulation tissue, the healing time of pressure ulcer wound, the curative effect and the quality of life were observed. Results The total effective rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The growth time of skin granulation tissue and wound healing time of the experimental group were significantly shorter than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The GQOL-74 quality of life score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions Flavored remove metatrophic ointment topical joint moxa roll maneuver, moxibustion therapy Ⅲ and Ⅳ period of pressure ulcers in, effectively shorten the patient wound healing time and granulation tissue growth time, improve the quality of life, great application value. Key words: Stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ pressure sores; Moxa twirl moxibustion; Flavored qufusheng muscle paste; Curative effect; The quality of life

COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF HEALING OF SURGICAL WOUNDS IN THE ORAL MUCOSA AND SKIN OF PIGS. LIGHT OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

Objective: to study the specific features of the structural elements of the hard palate and skin in the healing of incised and sutured wounds at the stage of hemostasis and inflammation in pigs. Materials and methods. Nine piglets weighing 35–40 kg were taken for an experiment. 2.5–3.0-cm rectilinear incisions (surgical wound models) were made in the back skin and hard palate. Three skin biopsy specimens and 3 hard palate mucosal biopsy specimens were taken for morphological examinations in each experimental series (control, 6 hours and 3 and 7 days postsurgery). The electron microscopic material was fixed by an in situ immersion method and then processed by the conventional procedure. Semi- and ultrafine sections were examined under a Latimet light microscope (Leica) and a JEM-1400 electron microscope (JEOL), respectively, at an accelerating voltage of 80–120 kW. Results. A rapid decrement of inflammatory processes in the incised and sutured wounds in the early stages of healing results in delayed cleansing of damaged structures and fibrinoids from the wound surface compared to those in the heard palate mucosa. So formation of mature skin granulation tissue begins on day 7 rather on day 3. Conclusion. The differences in the phases of hemostasis and inflammation affect the further phases of reparative regeneration (proliferation and scar formation), which may lead to a difference in the development of postoperative wound scar tissue.

Activation and regulation of the granulation tissue derived cells with stemness-related properties.

IntroductionSkin as the largest and easily accessible organ of the body represents an abundant source of adult stem cells. Among them, dermal stem cells hold great promise in tissue repair and the skin granulation tissue has been recently proposed as a promising source of dermal stem cells, but their biological characteristics have not been well investigated.MethodsThe 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) lineage tracing approach was employed to chase dermal stem cells in vivo. Granulation tissue derived cells (GTCs) were isolated and their in vitro proliferation, self-renewing, migration, and multi-differentiation capabilities were assessed. Combined radiation and skin wound model was used to investigate the therapeutic effects of GTCs. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) antagomir was used to antagonize miR-21 expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were scavenged by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC).ResultsThe quiescent dermal stem/progenitor cells were activated to proliferate upon injury and enriched in granulation tissues. GTCs exhibited enhanced proliferation, colony formation and multi-differentiation capacities. Topical transplantation of GTCs into the combined radiation and skin wound mice accelerated wound healing and reduced tissue fibrosis. Blockade of the miR-21 expression in GTCs inhibited cell migration and differentiation, but promoted cell proliferation and self-renewing at least partially via a ROS dependent pathway.ConclusionsThe granulation tissue may represent an alternative adult stem cell source in tissue replacement therapy and miR-21 mediated ROS generation negatively regulates the stemness-related properties of granulation tissue derived cells.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0070-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Role of growth factors and the wound healing response in age-related macular degeneration.

Growth factors (GF) are important in several stages of the pathogenesis of age-related macular disease (AMD). In choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in exudative AMD, the GF involved are similar to those involved in wound healing of the skin. Like granulation tissue of skin, CNV is characterized by clotting, inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis, and like in skin wounds, members of the VEGF, angiopoietin, PDGF and TGF-beta families of GF are expressed. However, several of these GF may also serve physiological functions in the normal eye, where the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) employs them to provide trophic support to the neuroretina and choriocapillaris, in addition to maintaining an anti-angiogenic state. Derangement of these physiological functions may underlie the initiation of CNV in AMD. Basolateral secretion of VEGF-A by the RPE maintains the choriocapillaris, and is enhanced by hypoxia. Age-related changes in Bruch's membrane lead to impairment of this trophic function and choriocapillaris atrophy, as well as to decreased diffusion of oxygen towards the neuroretina. The resulting outer retina hypoxia may be an important driving force of CNV formation, by stimulating VEGF overexpression by the RPE, in addition to the effects of increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation. RPE senescence and hypoxia may also decrease expression of angiogenesis inhibitors such as PEDF, further shifting the balance to a pro-angiogenic state in the aging eye.

Influence of irradiation on collagen content during wound healing in diabetic rats.

The aim of the present experimental research was to investigate the effects of electron irradiation on the collagen content and on the organization of the granulation tissue of skin, in diabetic rats. In this study, 48 Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: control, irradiated, diabetic and irradiated diabetic. First, diabetes mellitus was induced in the last two groups, by means of a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin. Fifteen days later, all animals underwent a surgery in order to create an excisional wound on their anterior dorsal skin. On the third post-operative day, only an approximately 1-cm-wide area around the wounds was exposed to 1 Gy of 6 MeV electron beam radiation, which was delivered in a single dose. Wound healing was examined by means of polarized light microscopy at 4-, 7-, 13- and 21-day time intervals after wounding. Based upon an essentially qualitative evaluation, it was possible to conclude that local electron irradiation and diabetes' associated dysfunctions caused a decrease in the collagen content of newly-formed tissue, which was more pronounced in irradiated diabetic animals. The macromolecular organization of granulation tissue was delayed in irradiated, diabetic and irradiated diabetic animals, in relation to what was observed in control animals.

Alterations in purine salvage and hypoxanthine levels in granulation tissue during skin wound repair

We report the levels of hypoxanthine in rabbit skin granulation tissue, harvested at different postwound intervals and from various locations within the wounds. The effect of full-thickness autogenous skin grafts on hypoxanthine levels has also been examined. The levels of inosine, xanthine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and inosine 5'-monophosphate are reported as well. The correlation between the level of these compounds and the healing process suggests they may be useful indicators of the extent of tissue damage.