Skin Dysbiosis Research Articles

091 Neonatal skin dysbiosis and altered Th2/Th17 signaling are associated with the development of infantile atopic dermatitis

091 Neonatal skin dysbiosis and altered Th2/Th17 signaling are associated with the development of infantile atopic dermatitis

Facial disbiosis and UV filters.

Acne is a multifactorial inflammatory disease with a robust microbial component and numerous correlations with dysbiosis states. Furthermore, various factors are recognized as triggers for skin dysbiosis, including the use of certain cosmetics. Based on these arguments, we hypothesized that using photoprotective formulations could trigger dysbiosis and the occurrence of acne manifestations. To verify this assumption, six volunteers between 19 and 23 years of age, meeting all the inclusion criteria, received two applications a day of a non-commercial sunscreen formulation developed with the sun filters ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, methyl anthranilate, and octocrylene dispersed in a base gel, with an estimated protection factor of 28.8. The pure base gel was used as a control. The samples were applied to an area delimited by a standard template (15 cm2) in an amount corresponding to 30mg (2mg cm2) for ten days. At two points in time, pre- and post-sample applications, the facial skin surface was swabbed to collect extracted DNA and processed to verify divergent degrees of 16S RNA coding sequences. The data obtained allowed us to determine the abundance of different bacterial entities at the genus and species levels. The results showed that critical species of the acne process, such as Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, seem to tolerate the evaluated formulation well and are not significantly affected by the formulation, suggesting no interference of its use concerning dysbiosis induction. These findings refute the idea that photoprotectors may cause skin dysbiosis in men.

Skin infections in atopic dermatitis: clinic, treatment. A review

Infection is the most common complication of atopic dermatitis (AtD). In particular, some patients with AtD exhibit increased susceptibility to skin infections of bacterial, viral, and fungal etiologies. In some cases, infections can even be systemic. Bacterial skin infections are more common than viral and fungal ones. An especially severe infection caused by the herpes virus is herpetic eczema, which can cause life-threatening complications. Infections of fungal etiology are represented mainly by the Malassezia species, especially in patients with dermatitis of the head and neck. The review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms identified to date that are thought to predispose to skin infections. The main ones are impaired skin barrier function, complex immunological changes, as well as poorly understood factors such as environmental exposure and skin dysbiosis. The review also includes the clinical characteristics of patients with various skin infections, as well as appropriate treatment for complications of AtD.

The Contribution of the Skin Microbiome to Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Its Implications for Therapeutic Strategies.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease, associated with significant morbidity and a considerable negative impact on the patients' quality of life. The complex pathogenesis of psoriasis is still incompletely understood. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, psychological stress, consumption of certain drugs, and mechanical trauma, as well as specific immune dysfunctions, contribute to the onset of the disease. Mounting evidence indicate that skin dysbiosis plays a significant role in the development and exacerbation of psoriasis through loss of immune tolerance to commensal skin flora, an altered balance between Tregs and effector cells, and an excessive Th1 and Th17 polarization. While the implications of skin dysbiosis in psoriasis pathogenesis are only starting to be revealed, the progress in the characterization of the skin microbiome changes in psoriasis patients has opened a whole new avenue of research focusing on the modulation of the skin microbiome as an adjuvant treatment for psoriasis and as part of a long-term plan to prevent disease flares. The skin microbiome may also represent a valuable predictive marker of treatment response and may aid in the selection of the optimal personalized treatment. We present the current knowledge on the skin microbiome changes in psoriasis and the results of the studies that investigated the efficacy of the different skin microbiome modulation strategies in the management of psoriasis, and discuss the complex interaction between the host and skin commensal flora.

Microenvironmental host-microbe interactions in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Several microbiome studies have recently demonstrated microbial dysbiosis in various chronic inflammatory skin diseases, and it is considered an important role in the pathogenesis. Although the role of skin dysbiosis in inflammatory skin diseases is debatable, the local microenvironment is considered essential concerning compositional changes and functional alterations of the skin microbiota. Indeed, various local nutrients (e.g., lipids), pH values, water, oxygen, and antimicrobial peptides may affect the level of skin dysbiosis in these skin diseases. In particular, in atopic dermatitis and hidradenitis suppurativa, significant changes in skin dysbiosis have been associated with local aberrant host immune changes. In this review, the potential pathogenic crosstalk between the host and the microbiota is reviewed in relation to the physical, chemical, and biological microenvironments of various chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Delphi Consensus Statement on the Role of Probiotics in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis.

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by intense itching and recurrent eczematous lesions.Important factors in the etiopathogenesis of AD include genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and gut and skin dysbiosis. Probiotics could be a potential preventive strategy for allergies including AD through immune system modulation as well as enhancement of the epithelial barrier integrity. To further understand the role of probiotics in the management of AD, a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) survey was conducted. Materials and methods A steering committee comprising nine experts formulated consensus recommendations on the role of probiotics in the management of AD and associated flare-ups through the use of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices questionnaire while analyzing literature reviews and responses from a national panel consisting of 175 members. The evidence strength and quality were evaluated based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) criteria. The acceptance of expert opinions as recommendations was considered upon receiving an endorsement from ≥70% of the panelists, as indicated by a Likert scale. Results The national panel emphasized that the improvement in nutritional status, immunomodulatory properties, and beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and skin support the use of probiotics in AD. The panel agreed that probiotics should be a part of the complementary therapy in the management of AD and associated flare-ups. Mostly, a probiotics supplementation duration of eight to 12 weeks is preferred by dermatologists. Probiotics, when used as an adjuvant therapy, may serve as a strategy to reduce steroid usage or maintenance therapy in high-risk cases with flares. Conclusion A Delphi-mediated KAP response provides a real-life approach to the use of probiotics in the management of AD. It suggests that probiotics could be useful as an adjuvant therapy in the management of AD and associated flare-ups when used along with traditional treatment.

Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus species over representation in the exit site skin microbiota of hemodialysis patients carrying tunneled cuffed central venous catheter

Objectives Hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are susceptible to infections and dysbiosis. Catheter-related infections are typically caused by opportunistic skin pathogens. This study aims to compare the skin microbiota changes around the exit site of tunneled cuffed catheters (peri-catheter group) and the contralateral site (control group). Methods ESRD patients on hemodialysis were recruited. The skin microbiota were collected with moist skin swabs and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rDNA V3–V4 region. After denoising, de-replication, and removal of chimeras, the reads were assigned to zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTU). Results We found significantly reduced alpha diversity in the peri-catheter group compared to the control group, as indicated by the Shannon, Jost, and equitability indexes, but not by the Chao1 or richness indexes. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant deviation of the peri-catheter microbiota from its corresponding control group. There was an overrepresentation of Firmicutes and an underrepresentation of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria at the phylum level in the peri-catheter group. The most abundant ZOTU (Staphylococcus spp.) drastically increased, while Cutibacterium, a commensal bacterium, decreased in the peri-catheter group. Network analysis revealed that the skin microbiota demonstrated covariance with both local and biochemical factors. Conclusions In conclusion, there was significant skin microbiota dysbiosis at the exit sites compared to the control sites in ESRD dialysis patients. Managing skin dysbiosis represents a promising target in the prevention of catheter-related bacterial infections.

The skin barrier and microbiome in infantile atopic dermatitis development: can skincare prevent onset?

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a prevalent Th2-dominant skin disease, involves complex genetic and environmental factors, including mutations in the Filaggrin gene and dysbiosis of skin microbiota characterized by an increased abundance of Staphylococcus aureus. Our recent findings emphasize the pivotal role of the skin barrier's integrity and microbial composition in infantile AD and allergic diseases. Early skin dysbiosis predisposes infants to AD, suggesting targeted skincare practices as a preventive strategy. The effects of skincare interventions, particularly the application of moisturizers with the appropriate molar concentration of ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids, play a crucial role in restoring the skin barrier. Notably, our study revealed that appropriate skincare can reduce Streptococcus abundance while supporting Cutibacterium acnes presence, thus directly linking skincare practices to microbial modulation in neonatal skin. Despite the mixed outcomes of previous Randomized Controlled Trials on the efficacy of moisturizers in AD prevention, our research points to the potential of skincare intervention as a primary preventive method against AD by minimizing the impact of genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, our research supports the notion that early aggressive management of eczema may reduce the incidence of food allergies, highlighting the necessity for multifaceted prevention strategies that address both the skin barrier and immune sensitization. By focusing on repairing the skin barrier and adjusting the skin's microbiome from birth, we propose a novel perspective on preventing infantile AD and allergic diseases, opening new avenues for future studies, and practices in allergy prevention.

New-Onset Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Psoriasis Patients: A Multi-Center, Retrospective Cohort Study.

Previous research has indicated a potential correlation between hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and psoriasis (PSO), two chronic inflammatory dermatological diseases. However, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations that consider a variety of clinical and demographic factors, and the risk of developing HS in PSO patients remains unclear. Our study aims to examine HS risk over time among PSO patients versus matched controls while considering the influence of confounders to provide insights into the potential link between these two diseases. In this multi-institutional cohort study using the TriNetX database, we matched 202,318 patients with PSO with an equivalent number of individuals without PSO, using propensity score matching. The study period extended from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2018. We computed hazard ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the probability of HS manifestation over a period of 5 years in patients with PSO in comparison to those without PSO. PSO patients demonstrated a consistently higher risk of developing HS than matched controls across all analytic models with the hazard ratios (HR) ranging from 1.43 (95% CI 1.30-1.56) to 5.91 (95% CI 2.49-14.04). Stratified analyses showed the increased HS risk was observed in both genders but only significant in those aged 18-64 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated PSO patients had a higher cumulative probability of developing HS over time (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.49-1.89). PSO was associated with increased HS risk, highlighting the importance of considering HS as a potential comorbidity in PSO patients and may have implications for early detection, prevention, and management strategies for both conditions. Shared inflammatory pathways, genetic components, and skin dysbiosis may contribute. Further research should elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Role of Nutribiotics in Skin Care

The study of the human microbiome has been a hot topic during the recent decades. More recently, the skin microbiome has attracted great interest as well. So, the scientific community has become interested in the role of the skin microbiome in skin health and its relationship with different disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and rosacea, among others. Numerous studies and investigations have been performed to study the role of pre- and probiotics as nutraceuticals in the treatment of skin diseases, with growing evidence over the recent ten years. This review gathers information on the use of “nutribiotics” in skin care health, focusing on the main dermatological diseases and other skin conditions. Clinical studies show that nutribiotics could be a new tool to improve skin health, and pre-, pro-, syn-, post-, and para-probiotics seem to be beneficial for several skin disorders as well as for repairing the skin barrier and promoting wound healing. In conclusion, the skin microbiome has become a new field with great potential to develop innovative products to manage skin health and diseases. Future advances in this field may facilitate the treatment of skin dysbiosis, with nutribiotics being a suitable method for skin care.

Spatial modeling connecting childhood atopic dermatitis prevalence with household exposure to pollutants

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by dry, pruritic skin. In the U.S., the prevalence of AD has increased over three-fold since the 1970s. We previously reported a geographic association between isocyanate-containing air pollution and AD as well as mechanistic data demonstrating that isocyanates induce skin dysbiosis and activate the host itch receptor TRPA1. However, non-spatial models are susceptible to spatial confounding and may overlook other meaningful associations.MethodsWe added spatial analysis to our prior model, contrasting pollution data with clinical visits. In addition, we conducted a retrospective case-control survey of childhood exposure to BTEX-related products. Finally, we assessed implicated compounds, in pure form and as part of synthetic fabric, for their effect on the growth and metabolism of skin commensal bacteria.ResultsSpatial analysis implicate benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and, most significantly, xylene (BTEX) compounds. Survey odds ratios for AD were significant for xylene-derived polyester bed sheets (OR = 9.5; CI 2.2–40.1) and diisocyanate-containing wallpaper adhesive (OR = 6.5; CI 1.5–27.8). Staphylococcus aureus lives longer on synthetic textiles compared to natural textiles. Meanwhile, synthetic fabric exposure shifts the lipid metabolism of health-associated commensals (Roseomonas mucosa and S. epidermidis) away from therapeutic pathways.ConclusionsWe propose that BTEX chemicals in their raw forms and in synthetic products represent a unifying hypothesis for environmentally induced AD flares through their ability to create dysbiosis in the skin microbiota and directly activate TRPA1. Unequal distribution of these pollutants may also influence racial disparities in AD rates.

Illuminating microflora: shedding light on the potential of blue light to modulate the cutaneous microbiome.

Cutaneous diseases (such as atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, alopecia and chronic wounds) rank as the fourth most prevalent human disease, affecting nearly one-third of the world's population. Skin diseases contribute to significant non-fatal disability globally, impacting individuals, partners, and society at large. Recent evidence suggests that specific microbes colonising our skin and its appendages are often overrepresented in disease. Therefore, manipulating interactions of the microbiome in a non-invasive and safe way presents an attractive approach for management of skin and hair follicle conditions. Due to its proven anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects, blue light (380 - 495nm) has received considerable attention as a possible 'magic bullet' for management of skin dysbiosis. As humans, we have evolved under the influence of sun exposure, which comprise a significant portion of blue light. A growing body of evidence indicates that our resident skin microbiome possesses the ability to detect and respond to blue light through expression of chromophores. This can modulate physiological responses, ranging from cytotoxicity to proliferation. In this review we first present evidence of the diverse blue light-sensitive chromophores expressed by members of the skin microbiome. Subsequently, we discuss how blue light may impact the dialog between the host and its skin microbiome in prevalent skin and hair follicle conditions. Finally, we examine the constraints of this non-invasive treatment strategy and outline prospective avenues for further research. Collectively, these findings present a comprehensive body of evidence regarding the potential utility of blue light as a restorative tool for managing prevalent skin conditions. Furthermore, they underscore the critical unmet need for a whole systems approach to comprehend the ramifications of blue light on both host and microbial behaviour.

Blockade of interleukin-13 signalling improves skin barrier function and biology in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

Interleukin (IL)-13 is a key driver of inflammation and barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis (AD). While there is robust evidence that tralokinumab - a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes IL-13 - reduces inflammation and clinical disease activity, less is known about its effects on barrier function. To characterize the effects of tralokinumab treatment on skin barrier function. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), natural moisturizing factor content, histopathological characteristics, biomarker expression and microbiome composition were evaluated in lesional, nonlesional and sodium lauryl sulfate-irritated skin of 16 patients with AD over the course of 16 weeks of tralokinumab treatment. All clinical severity scores decreased significantly over time. At week 16, mean TEWL in target lesions decreased by 33% (P = 0.01) and SCH increased by 58% (P = 0.004), along with a histological reduction in spongiosis (P = 0.003), keratin 16 expression and epidermal thickness (P = 0.001). In parallel, there was a significant decrease in several barrier dysfunction-associated and proinflammatory proteins such as fibronectin (P = 0.006), CCL17/TARC (P = 0.03) and IL-8 (P = 0.01), with significant changes seen as early as week 8. Total bacterial load and Staphylococcus aureus abundance were significantly reduced from week 2. Tralokinumab treatment improved skin physiology, epidermal pathology and dysbiosis, further highlighting the pleiotropic role of IL-13 in AD pathogenesis.

Virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from the skin of captive bred reptiles

Knowledge of the composition and properties of skin microbiota in healthy reptiles is essential for preservation strategies and thus the prevention of skin dysbiosis leading to dermatological diseases. Despite the greatly increasing popularity of reptiles as pets, only a few studies have dealt with this topic. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyse species composition of bacteria isolated from skin swabs of 40 reptiles (17 species) using MALDI-TOF spectrometry and to characterise the virulence properties of identified staphylococci (n = 51). The most common species were Staphylococcus xylosus and S. sciuri. Bacilli, enterococci, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Acinetobacter sp. were also common. The most frequent antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal isolates was observed for ampicillin (100.0%) and cefoxitin (98.0%) with the blaZ gene being most prevalent (58.8%). In contrast, all staphylococci were susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin and imipenem. Slime and biofilm production was observed in 86.3% and 76.5% of isolates, respectively. Gelatinase, DNase, protease and lipase activity was found more rarely (41.2%; 25.5%; 27.5% and 21.6%). Since reptiles are a reservoir of bacteria for their owners, common multi-drug resistance (84.3%, MAR index average 0.29 ± 0.09) and biofilm formation must be kept in mind, especially in the case of injury when handling reptiles.

Bacterial Skin Dysbiosis in Darier Disease

Introduction: Darier disease is a rare inherited disease with dominant skin manifestations including keratotic papules and plaques on sebaceous and flexural areas. Secondary infection of skin lesions is common, and Staphylococcus aureus commonly colonizes these lesions. The aim of the study was to characterize the bacterial microbiome of cutaneous Darier lesions compared to normal-looking skin and disease severity. Methods: All patients with a history of Darier followed up at Emek Medical Center were invited to participate in the study. Patients that did not use antibiotics in the past month and signed informed consent had four skin sites sampled with swabs: scalp, chest, axilla, and palm. All samples were analyzed for bacterial microbiome using 16S rDNA sequencing. Results: Two hundred and eighty microbiome samples obtained from lesional and non-lesional skin of the scalp, chest, axilla, and palm of 42 Darier patients were included in the analysis. The most abundant bacterial genera across all skin sites were Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Paracoccus, Micrococcus, and Anaerococcus. Scalp and chest lesions featured a distinct microbiome configuration that was mainly driven by an overabundance of Staphylococci species. Patients with more severe disease exhibited microbiome alterations in the chest, axilla, and palm compared with patients with only mild disease, driven by Peptoniphilus and Moryella genera in scalp and palmar lesions, respectively. Conclusion: Staphylococci were significantly associated with Darier lesions and drove Darier-associated dysbiosis. Severity of the disease was associated with two other bacterial genera. Whether these associations also hold a causative role and may serve as a therapeutic target remains to be determined and requires further investigation.

Systematic mining of the human microbiome identifies antimicrobial peptides with diverse activity spectra.

Human-associated bacteria secrete modified peptides to control host physiology and remodel the microbiota species composition. Here we scanned 2,229 Human Microbiome Project genomes of species colonizing skin, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, mouth and trachea for gene clusters encoding RiPPs (ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides). We found 218 lanthipeptides and 25 lasso peptides, 70 of which were synthesized and expressed in E. coli and 23 could be purified and functionally characterized. They were tested for activity against bacteria associated with healthy human flora and pathogens. New antibiotics were identified against strains implicated in skin, nasal and vaginal dysbiosis as well as from oral strains selectively targeting those in the gut. Extended- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics were found against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Mining natural products produced by human-associated microbes will enable the elucidation of ecological relationships and may be a rich resource for antimicrobial discovery.

Skin microbiome and possibilities of bacteriotherapy (on example of skin aging and atopic dermatitis)

Currently, the microbial community of the skin is considered as a dynamic functional system that develops synergistically with the body in general and the skin in particular, participates in the regulation and implementation of its functions, contributes to skin aging and the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory dermatoses. Understanding the contribution of skin dysbiosis to skin aging and the pathogenesis of chronic dermatoses has provided the basis for the development of strategies aimed at correcting the skin microbiota, or bacteriotherapy. The latter includes the use of allogeneic or autologous living bacteria, as well as inactivated microorganisms, components of their cell wall, signaling molecules and metabolites. The latter are included in products for external use, including dermatocosmetics. Among the bacteria that are considered as potential sources of active ingredients for cosmetics, lactic acid bacteria deserve special attention. Not only are they members of the normal microbiota of the skin and gastrointestinal tract and produce antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids and bacteriocins, but they are also widely used as probiotics. The article discusses the importance of the skin microbiota for the implementation of its functions normally, including in the age aspect, as well as the prospects for using methods of bacteriotherapy with products for external use containing inactivated Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium and the prebiotics inulin and trehalose, using the example of atopic dermatitis and age-related skin changes.

The status and prospects of studies about atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, pruritic inflammatory disease with a high prevalence, ranking as the leading non-fatal burden of skin diseases. The pathogenesis of AD involves interactions among genetic factors, impaired skin barrier function, dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation. The immune phenotype is highly heterogeneous, with the Th2-dominant immune response. AD exhibits diverse clinical phenotypes, posing challenges for the establishment of clinical diagnostic criteria and personalized management. Targeted biologic therapies focusing on Th2-type inflammatory responses and small-molecule drugs blocking inflammatory signaling pathways have significantly improved the management of the moderate or severe AD. However, the balance between efficacy and safety remains to be evaluated due to limited data. Despite significant advancement in basic and clinical research on AD in recent years, there are still many questions that need to be resolved urgently.

The immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction and skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis-an update.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with various clinical presentations and combinations of symptoms. The pathophysiology of AD is complex and multifactorial. There are several factors involved in the etiopathogenesis of AD including structural and immunological epidermal barrier defect, imbalance of the skin microbiome, genetic background and environmental factors. Alterations in structural proteins, lipids, proteases, and their inhibitors, lead to the impairment of the stratum corneum which is associated with the increased skin penetration and transepidermal water loss. The elevated serum immunoglobulin E levels and blood eosinophilia have been shown in the majority of AD patients. Type 2 T-helper cell immune pathway with increased expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, has an important role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. Both T cells and keratinocytes contribute to epidermal barrier impairment in AD via a dynamic interaction of cytokines and chemokines. The skin microbiome is another factor of relevance in the etiopathogenesis of AD. It has been shown that during AD flares, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization increased, while Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) decreased. On the contrary, S. epidermidis and species of Streptococcus, Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium increased during the remision phases. However, it is not clear whether skin dysbiosis is one of the symptoms or one of the causes of AD. There are several therapeutic options, targeting these pathways which play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. Although topical steroids are the mainstay of the treatment of AD, new biological therapies including IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 inhibitors, as well as Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), increasingly gain more importance with new advances in the therapy of AD. In this review, we summarize the role of immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune abnormalities, impairment of lipids, filaggrin mutation and skin microbiome in the etiopathogenesis of AD, as well as the therapeutic options for AD and their effects on these abnormalities in AD skin.

The human microbiome: A critical player in health and disease

The human microbiome is a remarkable and sophisticated ecology made up of billions of bacteria that live in various regions of the human body, and its importance in supporting human health cannot be understated. The gut microbiome, in particular, has been widely studied and determined to have an important role in immune system regulation, digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the creation of numerous metabolites. Gut microbiome dysbiosis has been related to a variety of conditions and diseases, including metabolic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the encouraging outcomes of microbiome-based therapeutics like fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics have given fresh hope for the treatment and prevention of many disorders. Similarly, the skin microbiome and oral microbiome have been discovered to play significant roles in pathogen protection, inflammatory regulation, and general health. Skin and mouth microbiome dysbiosis have been linked to a variety of dermatological and dental illnesses, respectively. Microbiome-based treatments, such as topical probiotics, oral probiotics, and prebiotics, have shown success in the treatment and prevention of various disorders.The human microbiome is an intriguing and promising field of research that might lead to new ways of preserving and improving human health. We can create novel ways for preventing and treating a variety of illnesses and diseases by better understanding the intricate connections between the microbiome and the host. It is imperative to continue exploring the microbiome to discover novel and effective therapeutics to battle the increase in chronic illnesses and enhance the general health of our communities.