Skin Care Ingredients Research Articles

Acetyl Zingerone: A Photostable Multifunctional Skincare Ingredient That Combats Features of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Skin Aging.

The cumulative damage skin sustains from exposure to environmental stressors throughout life exerts significant effects on skin aging and cancer development. One of the main ways by which environmental stressors mediate their effects within skin is through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we chronicle the multiple properties by which acetyl zingerone (AZ) as a skincare ingredient can benefit skin (1) by helping manage overproduction of ROS through multiple routes as an antioxidant, physical quencher and selective chelator, (2) by fortifying protection after UV exposure ends to prevent the type of epidermal DNA damage that correlates with development of skin cancer, (3) by modulating matrisome activity and nurturing the integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the dermis and (4) through its proficient ability to neutralize singlet oxygen, by stabilizing the ascorbic acid precursor tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate (THDC) in the dermal microenvironment. This activity improves THDC bioavailability and may blunt pro-inflammatory effects of THDC, such as activation of type I interferon signaling. Moreover, AZ is photostable and can sustain its properties during UV exposure, in contrast to α-tocopherol. All these properties of AZ translate into measurable clinical benefits to improve the visual appearance of photoaged facial skin and to strengthen the skin's own defenses against sun damage.

Synergy of GHK-Cu and hyaluronic acid on collagen IV upregulation via fibroblast and ex-vivo skin tests.

GHK-Cu and HA are two commonly used skin care ingredients, both of which were reported to enhance collagen synthesis. This work aims to investigate their co-effect on collagen regulation. In cell experiments, human dermal fibroblasts were treated by a series of GHK-Cu and HA combinations, and the expressions of collagen I, IV, and VII were measured by qRT-PCR. The best formula screened out from cell experiments were further studied by ex-vivo skin model, and the content of collagen IV was quantified by immunofluorescence method. The combination GHK-Cu and HA was found to promote the generation of collagen I, IV, and VII. Especially, they form a synergy on collagen IV. At the ratio of 1:9, GHK-Cu and LMW HA deliver the strongest effect to elevate collagen IV synthesis by 25.4 times in cell test and 2.03 times in ex-vivo skin test. The co-effect of GHK-Cu and HA was revealed. Their synergy brings an insight to anti-aging technology: choosing proper molecular weight of HA and managing its ratio with GHK-Cu could enhance DEJ health via stimulating collagen IV synthesis.

Biogenic silica microparticles as a new and sustainable cosmetic ingredient: Assessment of performance and quality parameters

The demand for sustainable products is increasing worldwide and cosmetic industry is not an exception. Besides exploring nature as source of new ingredients, their production must be sustainable and should use environmentally friendly processes. In this work, biogenic silica microparticles were synthesized from sugarcane ash, and their potential application as cosmetic and skincare ingredient was evaluated. For such application, several properties were validated, including cytotoxicity in skin keratinocytes, potential sensitization effect on skin peptides, stimulation of pro-collagen I alpha 1, wound healing capacity, as well as the ingredient stability along a storage period. Biogenic silica showed to be non-cytotoxic on skin keratinocytes, at concentrations up to 5 wt%, and non-skin sensitizer. A positive effect on the stimulation of pro-collagen I alpha 1 suggests a potential anti-ageing activity, while the migration of fibroblasts to a wounded area suggests a regenerative capacity. Under an accelerated stability study, biogenic silica showed an increase on the loss on drying, but no changes were observed on its functional properties, mainly oil absorption capacity, as well the microbiological quality, which was maintained. Overall, novel biogenic silica microparticles produced from a sustainable source are safe, stable over time and have potential to be used as a cosmetic and skincare ingredient.

In Silico Prediction of Stratum Corneum Partition Coefficients via COSMOmic and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Stratum corneum (SC) is the main barrier of human skin where the inter-corneocytes lipids provide the main pathway for transdermal permeation of functional actives of skin care and health. Molecular dynamics (MD) has been increasingly used to simulate the SC lipid bilayer structure so that the barrier property and its affecting factors can be elucidated. Among reported MD simulation studies, solute partition in the SC lipids, an important parameter affecting SC permeability, has received limited attention. In this work, we combine MD simulation with COSMOmic to predict the partition coefficients of dermatologically relevant solutes in SC lipid bilayer. Firstly, we run MD simulations to obtain equilibrated SC lipid bilayers with different lipid types, compositions, and structures. Then, the simulated SC lipid bilayer structures are fed to COSMOmic to calculate the partition coefficients of the solutes. The results show that lipid types and bilayer geometries play a minor role in the predicted partition coefficients. For the more lipophilic solutes, the predicted results of solute partition in SC lipid bilayers agree well with reported experimental values of solute partition in extracted SC lipids. For the more hydrophilic molecules, there is a systematical underprediction. Nevertheless, the MD/COSMOmic approach correctly reproduces the phenomenological correlation between the SC lipid/water partition coefficients and the octanol/water partition coefficients. Overall, the results show that the MD/COSMOmic approach is a fast and valid method for predicting solute partitioning into SC lipids and hence supporting the assessment of percutaneous absorption of skin care ingredients, dermatological drugs as well as environmental pollutants.

Facial Skin Type Prediction Based on Baumann Skin Type Solutions Theory Using Machine Learning

The lack of knowledge of different facial skin types is still a frequent problem in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to build a facial skin type prediction system using machine learning to classify facial skin types based on Baumann Skin Type Solutionswhich provides information on different skin types and suitable skincare ingredients. The dataset is collected manually by distributing a questionnaire among Indonesian citizens. The prediction models are built using three machine learning methods namely SVM, XGBoost, and 1D-CNN, and compared using 5-fold stratified cross-validation. XGBoostachieved the best performance on facial skin type prediction and optimized through hyperparameter tuning using Bayesian Optimization with a result of 93.5% averaged F1-score.

Phenolic Glycosides Citrulluside H and Citrulluside T Isolated From Young Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Fruit Have Beneficial Effects Against Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation

Acne vulgaris, typically caused by Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes) involves chronic inflammation of the sebaceous follicles and is the most common skin disease, afflicting 85% of adolescents. We previously isolated 2 novel phenolic glycosides, 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3′-hydroxybenzyl ester (citrulluside H [CH]) and 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (citrulluside T [CT]), from young fruits of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus). Both compounds suppressed UVB-induced photoaging in human fibroblasts by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus might be useful as natural skin care ingredients. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of these phenolic glycosides on C. acnes growth and C.acnes-induced inflammation. Neither phenolic glycoside inhibited the growth of C. acnes. However, they both significantly suppressed toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 or TLR2/6/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in heat-killed C. acnes (hk- C. acnes) -stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, both phenolic glycosides decreased the expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers (cluster of differentiation [ CD] 80, CD86, and inducible NO synthase [ iNOS]), suggesting that they attenuate M1 macrophage activation. These results indicated that both CH and CT are potential therapeutic substances against C. acnes-induced skin inflammation.

Community Service: Safe, Effective, and Beneficial Skincare Counseling for Kalam Kudus II Jakarta High School Students

Teenagers with inadequate knowledge about cosmetics are more likely to use harmful or unlawful goods. Students at SMA Kalam Kudus II Jakarta have never received instruction on the selection and application of beauty products. This counseling session is anticipated to raise the SMA Kalam Kudus II Jakarta students' awareness of the importance of utilizing adolescent-appropriate and safe skin care products and how to select them. This counseling procedure is conducted offline for counseling participants at Kalam Kudus II Jakarta High School. The given counseling material addresses a variety of adolescent skin conditions, as well as the many types of skincare ingredients and how to choose the appropriate one based on the adolescent's skin. Compared to the Pre-test, which was administered prior to the presenter's explanation of the topic, there was an increase in knowledge on the Post-test. Therefore, it can be inferred that participants gained knowledge from this activity's material and conversations, particularly in regards to the skincare material offered.

An Inflamed and Infected Reconstructed Human Epidermis to Study Atopic Dermatitis and Skin Care Ingredients.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common inflammatory skin disorder, is a multifactorial disease characterized by a genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier disruption, a strong T helper (Th) type 2 immune reaction to environmental antigens and an altered cutaneous microbiome. Microbial dysbiosis characterized by the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been shown to exacerbate AD. In recent years, in vitro models of AD have been developed, but none of them reproduce all of the pathophysiological features. To better mimic AD, we developed reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) exposed to a Th2 pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail and S. aureus. This model well reproduced some of the vicious loops involved in AD, with alterations at the physical, microbial and immune levels. Our results strongly suggest that S. aureus acquired a higher virulence potential when the epidermis was challenged with inflammatory cytokines, thus later contributing to the chronic inflammatory status. Furthermore, a topical application of a Castanea sativa extract was shown to prevent the apparition of the AD-like phenotype. It increased filaggrin, claudin-1 and loricrin expressions and controlled S. aureus by impairing its biofilm formation, enzymatic activities and inflammatory potential.

34945 An in vitro evaluation of a niacinamide-panthenol-glycerin complex on skin barrier function, hydration, and neuroinflammation

A skincare ingredient complex containing niacinamide, panthenol, and glycerin (NPG) was developed to address qualitative and quantitative issues relating to sensitive skin. The impact of NPG on various markers of skin inflammation and differentiation was assessed using a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) in vitro model. Six-day-old RHEs were stimulated with a cytokine mix (IL-4 + IL-13 + IL-25 + IL-31 + TNF-α, added at 15 ng/mL each, which is sufficient to induce inflammatory pathways in this model).

Photo-Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. Fruit Extract against UVB-Induced Keratinocyte Cell Damage.

The main cause of most skin cancers is damage from UVB from sunlight, which penetrate the skin surface and induce inflammation. For this reason, this study aims to identify natural products with photo-protection properties and their mode of action by using the UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocyte model. Antidesma thwaitesianum fruit extracts at 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL recovered cell viability following UVB exposure in a dose-dependent manner. Cell survival was associated with the reduction in intracellular ROS and NO. In addition, we showed that the pre-treatment with the fruit extract lowered the phosphorylation level of two MAPK-signaling pathways: p38 MAPKs and JNKs. The resulting lower MAPK activation decreased their downstream pro-inflammatory cascade through COX-2 expression and subsequently reduced the PGE2 proinflammatory mediator level. The photoprotective effects of the fruit extract were correlated with the presence of polyphenolic compounds, including cyanidin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and protocatechuic acid, which have been previously described as antioxidant and anti-inflammation. Together, we demonstrated that the pre-treatment with the fruit extract had photo-protection by inhibiting oxidative stress and subsequently lowered stress-induced MAPK responses. Therefore, this fresh fruit is worthy of investigation to be utilized as a skincare ingredient for preventing UVB-induced skin damage.

Impact of the Interactions between Fragrances and Cosmetic Bases on the Fragrance Olfactory Performance: A Tentative to Correlate SPME-GC/MS Analysis with That of an Experienced Perfumer

“Seta e Ciliegia” and “Narguilé” fragrances were mixed to form a binary blend with chemically stable, non-volatile, odourless, simple bases of different lipophilicity widely used in skin care and hair care formulations, such as caprylic-capric triglyceride, glycerine, paraffin, dimethicone, isopropyl myristate and butylene glycol, with the objective to verify how the olfactory performance of fragrances can be influenced by skin or hair care ingredients. The semiquantitative approach applied in this study aims in providing a practical solution to appropriately combine a fragrance with cosmetic ingredients. Pure fragrance and binary blends were analysed by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), based on the assumption that the solid phase microextraction is able to extract volatile compounds, mimicking the ability of the nose to capture similar volatile compounds. Fifty-seven and forty-four compounds were identified by SPME-GC/MS in pure fragrances “Seta e Ciliegia” and “Narguilé”, respectively. Once mixed with the bases, the analysis of the blends revealed that a qualitative modification in the chromatograms could occur according to the characteristics of the bases. In general, for both fragrances, blends with glycerin and butylene glycol, which are the most hydrophilic bases among the ones tested, were able to release most of the peaks, that were thus still present in the chromatograms. Differently, in the blends with caprylic-capric triglyceride, most of the peaks are lost. Blends with paraffine, dimethicone and isopropyl myristate showed an intermediate behaviour. These results were thus compared with the sensory evaluation made by an experienced perfumer, capable of assessing the different olfactory performances of pure fragrances and their different binary blends. The evaluation made by the perfumer fitted well with the analytical results, and in the blends where most of the peaks were revealed in the chromatogram, the perfumer found a similar olfactory profile for example with glycerin, butylene glycol, while a modification of the olfactory profile was highlighted when several peaks were not still present in the chromatogram, as it was the case with caprylic-capric triglyceride. Interestingly, when the most typical peaks of a fragrance were still observed in the blend, even if some of them were lost, the olfactory performance was not lost, as was the case of paraffin and isopropyl myristate. In the case of dimethicone, its high volatility was considered responsible for a certain decrease in the fragrance “volume”. The results achieved with this investigation can be used to hypothesize that the different compounds of a fragrance, characterized for the first time by different volatility and solubility, could be differently retained by the bases: the more lipophilic are strongly retained by the lipophilic bases with a consequently reduced volatility that limits the possibility of being appreciated by the nose and that corresponds to disappearance or a percentage reduction from the chromatogram. Therefore, in a more accurate and helpful view for a formulator, we could come to the conclusion that based on the results achieved by our investigation, the inclusion of a less lipophilic base can be more appropriate to exalt more lipophilic fragrances.

Evaluation of the EtOAc Extract of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a Potential Skincare Cosmetic Material for Acne Vulgaris.

This study evaluated the biological properties of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts. The EtOAc extract of lemongrass had DPPH, TEAC, and nitric oxide-scavenging activity assay results of 58.06, 44.14, and 41.08% at the concentration of 50, 10, and 50 μg/ml, respectively. The EtOAc extract had higher elastase and collagenase inhibitory activities than the 80% MeOH, n-hexane, BuOH, and water extracts and comparable whitening activity toward monophenolase or diphenolase. Also, the EtOAc fraction had higher lipase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities against Cutibacterium acnes among extracts which is known to an important contributor to the progression of inflammatory acne vulgaris, and an opportunistic pathogen present in human skin. Total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in the EtOAc extract were 132.31 mg CAE/g extract and 104.50 mg NE/g extract, respectively. Biologically active compounds in lemongrass extracts were analyzed by LC-MS. This study confirms that lemongrass extracts have potential use as cosmetic skincare ingredients. Thus, lemongrass can be considered a promising natural source of readily available, low-cost extracts rich in antioxidant, skincare, and antimicrobial compounds that might be suitable for replacing synthetic compounds in the cosmeceutical industry.

A Phlorotanin, 6,6'-bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP-1, -3 and -9 Expression on UVB-induced HaCaT Keratinocytes.

Skin is the outmost layer of human and sustains most of the external UVB irradiation, which possibly causes the skin photoaging. As a natural antioxidant, marine natural products have been paid more and more attention to their positive effects on photoaging. 6,6'-bieckol is a phlorotanin isolated from Ecklonia cava, while its antiphotoaging bioactivity and mechanism have not been clear yet. This study proves that 6,6'-bieckol enhances cells viability and decreases the level of ROS in UVB-induced human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. It also resulted in significant downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), p-c-Fos, phosphorylated JNK, p38, IκB and p65. In addition, molecular docking also showed that 6,6'-bieckol could bind to MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Finally, it was proved that 6,6'-bieckol acts on MMPs through the MAPK/AP-1 and NF-κB pathways to reduce UVB-induced oxidative stress damage in HaCaT cells. Therefore, 6,6'-bieckol is a functional food and skin care ingredient with great potential in preventing photoaging.

Catalase Activity in Keratinocytes, Stratum Corneum, and Defatted Algae Biomass as a Potential Skin Care Ingredient.

The generation of reactive oxygen species presents a destructive challenge for the skin organ and there is a clear need to advance skin care formulations aiming at alleviating oxidative stress. The aim of this work was to characterize the activity of the antioxidative enzyme catalase in keratinocytes and in the skin barrier (i.e., the stratum corneum). Further, the goal was to compare the activity levels with the corresponding catalase activity found in defatted algae biomass, which may serve as a source of antioxidative enzymes, as well as other beneficial algae-derived molecules, to be employed in skin care products. For this, an oxygen electrode-based method was employed to determine the catalase activity and the apparent kinetic parameters for purified catalase, as well as catalase naturally present in HaCaT keratinocytes, excised stratum corneum samples collected from pig ears with various amounts of melanin, and defatted algae biomass from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Taken together, this work illustrates the versatility of the oxygen electrode-based method for characterizing catalase function in samples with a high degree of complexity and enables the assessment of sample treatment protocols and comparisons between different biological systems related to the skin organ or algae-derived materials as a potential source of skin care ingredients for combating oxidative stress.

The potential prebiotic effect of 2-Butyloctanol on the human axillary microbiome.

The human axilla is colonized by a wide array of microorganisms that contribute to the generation of body odour. Traditional antiperspirant/deodorant products are used to reduce perspiration in the axillary region and to treat or prevent the growth of bacteria in this region, thereby reducing or eliminating body odour. However, they may also compromise the axillary microbiome balance. The personal care industry has been seeking new ingredients, such as prebiotics or probiotics, to maintain a healthy balance of the skin microbiome by inhibiting odour-causing bacteria, whilst maintaining and promoting the growth of good bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic effect of a skin-care ingredient, 2-butyloctanol, on the human axillary microbiome. An in vitro growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to test whether 2-butyloctanol inhibited or promoted skin bacterial growth. The impact of 2-butyloctanol on the axillary microbiome was also investigated in a human clinical study using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In-vitro testing showed that 2-butyloctanol significantly inhibited the growth of corynebacteria at concentrations of 0.64%, 2.56% and 5.12%, whilst the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis was maintained at the same concentrations. The impact of 2-butyloctanol on the axillary microbiome was also validated in a human clinical study. A deodorant roll-on product containing 3% of 2-butyloctanol significantly reduced the relative abundance of corynebacteria, whilst increasing the relative abundance of Staphylococcus and the ratio of Staphylococcus to corynebacteria after four weeks of application, whilst the placebo showed no significant change. For the first time, it was demonstrated that 2-butyloctanol had a potential prebiotic effect on the human underarm microbiome in inhibiting odour-causing Corynebacterium, whilst maintaining and promoting skin-friendly Staphylococcus in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Therefore, 2-butyloctanol could be used as a potential prebiotic ingredient in personal care products for underarm microbiome protection.

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Containing 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid-Rich Cratoxylum formosum Leaf Extract for Skin Application.

Purpose: To investigate the in vitro anti-skin-aging properties of Cratoxylum formosum extract and encapsulate this plant extract in nanostructured lipid carriers (CFE-NLCs) for dermal application. Methods: The biological properties of the plant extract, including enhanced procollagen type I synthesis and anti-matrix metalloproteinase activity, were evaluated to assess its cosmetic benefits. An artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with K-fold cross-validation was applied to investigate the effects of the formulants and optimize the CFE-NLCs. The physicochemical properties, percutaneous absorption, and irritation potential of the CFE-NLCs were analyzed. Results: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that CFE contained 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid as the vital constituent. Appropriate skin-care properties were also demonstrated with respect to enhanced type I procollagen synthesis and the inhibition of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 in primary human dermal fibroblasts. The optimal CFE-NLCs exhibited better skin absorption and biocompatibility and lower irritation potential than the free botanical extract solution. Conclusion: The findings obtained highlight CFE-NLCs as promising skin-care ingredients.

BUYING DECISION INFLUENCE WITH PRICE, PRODUCT QUALITY AND PROMOTING

Consumers continue to experience rashes due to inappropriate skin care, use of counterfeit products, and use of harmful ingredients such as skin care ingredients that influence Nature Republic skin care product decisions. The purpose of this study was to analyze and determine the effect of product quality, price and promotion which simultaneously or partially influences consumer purchasing decisions for Generation Y Skincare Nature Republic products in Binjai City. This research is a combined quantitative research. The population in this study was Generation Y in Binjai and the sample used in this study was 96 people using the Objective Sampling method. The data collection method in this study used a questionnaire. The data analysis technique in this study used multiple linear regression, classical hypothesis testing, t test and F test, and the coefficient of determination. Part of product quality has a big influence on purchasing decisions, part of price has a big influence on purchasing decisions, and promotions have a big influence on purchasing decisions. At the same time, product quality, price and promotion will have a significant impact on purchasing decisions for Generation Y skin care products in Binjai City. and promotions have a great influence on purchasing decisions. At the same time, product quality, price and promotion will have a significant impact on purchasing decisions for Generation Y skin care products in Binjai City. and promotions have a great influence on purchasing decisions. At the same time, product quality, price and promotion will have a significant impact on purchasing decisions for Generation Y skin care products in Binjai City.

Bacterial cellulose/glycolic acid/glycerol composite membrane as a system to deliver glycolic acid for anti-aging treatment

Glycolic acid (GA), as an anti-aging skincare ingredient, plays a pivotal role in anti-aging treatment. However, its benefits could be overshadowed due to its side effects including skin burning and irritation when overused. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose, biosynthesized in the form of a swollen membrane by several kinds of bacteria that was demonstrated to modulate the release of model drugs owing to its porous and 3D fibrous network structure, and glycerol (GL), as a plasticizer, could enhance the controlled drug delivery. Herein, we report a topical controlled drug delivery system based on BC membrane, GA and GL for controlling sustainable release of GA to reduce its side effects on the skin, while maintaining its prolonged and maximum therapeutic effect. The results showed that the incorporation of GL increased the malleability and flexibility of BC/GA/GL membrane, as compared with BC/GA membrane. In addition, the GL enhanced the control of the GA delivery, as evidenced by a higher swelling capacity and thereby a slower release of the GA from BC/GA/GL membrane. More importantly, in vitro study indicated that both BC/GA and BC/GA/GL membranes could effectively stimulate endogenous collagen synthesis in NIH3T3 cells owing to the release of GA, and that BC/GA/GL membrane is more conducive to a long-term cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of NIH3T3 and HaCaT cells due to its lower and sustainable release of GA than BC/GA membrane. This study suggests the BC/GL/GA composite membrane holds great promise as an appealing platform to control the release of GA to greatly promote renewal of skin cells for effective anti-aging treatment.

Iron oxides in novel skin care formulations attenuate blue light for enhanced protection against skin damage.

BackgroundUltraviolet (UV) radiation is a main cause of aging of sun‐exposed skin, but greater attention is being focused on the damaging effects of high‐energy visible (HEV) light (400 and 500 nm). HEV light exposure has increased with expanding use of consumer electronics, such as smartphones, which have a peak emission in the 400‐490 nm range. Sunscreens containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide protect against UVA and UVB radiation but provide limited protection against HEV light.AimIron oxides including red iron oxide (Fe2O3), yellow iron oxide (Fe(OH)3/FeOOH), and black iron oxide (Fe3O4) effectively block HEV light, each with a different attenuation profile. Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides with patented skin care ingredients have been incorporated into several formulations to provide enhanced skin protection (Colorescience, Inc).MethodsThe percent of HEV light attenuation from 400 nm to 490 nm light was measured in vitro using a technique known as diffuse transmittance spectroscopy using a Perkin Elmer Lambda™ 750 UV/Vis/NIR Spectrophotometer equipped with a 100‐mm integrating Labsphere® and PbS detector.ResultsProducts formulated with zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides demonstrated 71.9%‐85.6% attenuation across the tested wavelengths of 415‐465 nm.ConclusionSunscreens formulated with iron oxides provide enhanced protection against blue light, especially when combined with zinc oxide. To our knowledge, similar studies with iron oxides have not been performed.

Diabetic Wound Care: A Concise Review of Diabetic Wound and Skincare Ingredients

: Chronic wound healing remains a complicated issue in the world's scientific health society. Alterations in the human body conditions such as biochemical, immunological, and physiological states may lead to non-healing wounds, making the treatment an insurmountably long and expensive procedure. Diabetes mellitus disposes the body to many complicated conditions while preventing diabetic wounds away from the normal wound-healing process. As topical administration is a favorable route of treating wounds, here, in this article, different topical materials and their roles are briefly reviewed.