Type Of Skin Cancer Research Articles

LPCAT1 promotes melanoma cell proliferation via Akt signaling.

Melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with an increasing cutaneous cancer‑related mortality rate worldwide. Despite therapeutic advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the overall survival of patients with melanoma remains unsatisfactory. Thus, a further understanding of the pathogenesis of melanoma may aid towards the development of therapeutic strategies. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) is a key enzyme that converts lysophosphatidylcholine into phosphatidylcholine in lipid remodeling. In the present study, LPCAT1 was found to play a pro‑proliferative role in melanoma. Firstly, the expression of LPCAT1 was found to be upregulated in tissues from patients with melanoma compared with that in benign nevi. Subsequently, LPCAT1 knockdown was performed, utilizing short hairpin RNA, which induced melanoma cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition and promoted cell death. Moreover, LPCAT1 facilitated melanoma cell growth in an Akt‑dependent manner. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that targeting LPCAT1 may impede cell proliferation by inhibiting Akt signaling, thus providing a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma in clinical practice.

Ensemble Deep Learning Methods for Detecting Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a common and possibly fatal condition. Effective treatment results are greatly influenced by early identification. Deep learning (DP) algorithms have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in skin cancer detection computer-aided diagnostic systems. This article investigates the many forms of skin cancer, such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and offers a system for detecting skin cancer utilizing convolutional neural network (CNN) approaches, particularly the multi-model ResNet (M-ResNet) architecture. We present a ResNet architecture that is capable of handling deep networks and has increased skin cancer detection performance. The proposed approach uses a thorough pipeline to find skin cancer. The dataset first goes through pre-processing (PP) procedures, such as picture resizing, normalization, and augmentation approaches, to improve the model's capacity for generalization. The multi-model assembles, leading to improved accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in skin cancer LEARNING Classification SYSTEM (SC-LCS) tasks. In this study FINAL highlights, the effectiveness of deep learning (DL)techniques, specifically the multi-model ResNet architecture, AND skin cancer LEARNING classification SYSTEM (SC-LCS) for skin cancer detection. The suggested framework seems to have promising results in accurately identifying different types of skin cancer, assisting in diagnosis and therapy at an early stage. Further research and development in this field can potentially contribute to improving healthcare systems and reducing the global burden of skin cancer-related EFFECTED and DEATH RATE.

Magnesium-Catalyzed Dye-Embedded Polylactide Nanoparticles for the Effective Killing of Highly Metastatic B16F10 Melanoma Cells.

In the current research, dye-embedded polylactic acid (PLA) conjugate materials were synthesized using one-pot ring-opening polymerization (ROP), i.e., (dtHPLA) (2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) imino]-1(2H)-acenaphthylenone-reduced-PLA) and (dmHPLA) (monoiminoacenaphtheneone-reduced-PLA), and then, nanoparticles (NPs) were engineered in the size range of 150 ± 30 nm. P(dtHPLA) NPs were employed in the treatment of melanoma, an aggressive type of skin cancer, which mandates the development of novel techniques to enhance healing outcomes and eliminate adverse effects related to existing treatments. In addition to exhibiting strong intracellular absorption in the spheroid model, the P(dtHPLA) NPs exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect on B16F10 cells, which resulted in oxidative stress from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. Additionally, a live/dead experiment using P(dtHPLA) NPs revealed a notable reduction in cell viability.

A primary cutaneous carcinosarcoma of the retro auricular region, how to treat and literature review.

Carcinosarcomas are malignant biphasic tumours of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. They are most often found in visceral organs, but also appear on the skin. Older age, male sex and chronic sun exposure are risk factors for its development. In this article we report a case and provide a review of literature regarding primary cutaneous carcinosarcoma (CCS) with special regard to its management. A manual electronic search of the PubMed Medline and Web of Science Core Collection databases was performed encompassing all included reports until 30th November 2022 to identify studies that reported primary CCS. CCS is a rare and aggressive tumour. Diagnosis requires histological examination and immunoreactivity of epithelial and mesenchymal components to specific markers. On its diagnosis, possibility of metastasis of a visceral carcinosarcoma should always be excluded. Surgical excision with clear margins, including the use of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), is the primary treatment for CCS. Reconstruction the excision defect should be performed. Regular follow-up for 5 to 10 years after initial treatment is advised. Awareness for CCS is necessary in the diagnostic evaluation of skin tumours. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of CCS and to establish optimal management strategies for this challenging malignancy. We recommend complete surgical excision using MMS as the treatment modality for this type of skin cancer. Dermatological follow-up for at least 5 years should be conducted to monitor for recurrence.

Immunoexpression of Ki67, P16 and Beta-catenin in precursor lesions of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer, after basal cell carcinoma, representing about 10-20% of all malignant skin tumors. The mortality rates of CSCC approach those of renal and oropharyngeal carcinomas, as well as melanoma, with the increasing of the risk once metastases and perineural invasion occur. Both actinic keratosis (AK) and Bowen's disease (BD) are direct precursors with the potential for progression to CSCC. In this study, we analyzed the expression of Ki67, P16 and Beta-catenin in the precursor lesions of CSCC in relation to histological prognostic parameters, respectively between them, with the aim of identifying possible correlations with a role in prognosis. Ki67 and P16 presented higher scores in advanced precancerous lesions, such as keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia (KIN) III and BD and low scores in seborrheic keratosis (SK). The immunoreactivity to the investigated markers confirms the multistage skin carcinogenesis, and their involvement starting from the initiation phase of the cancer process. The importance of the studied markers in the evolution and prognosis of precancerous lesions of CSCC is also supported by the linear correlations revealed between the immunoexpressions of P16, Ki67 and the membranous immunoexpression of Beta-catenin in AK.

Abstract 1559: IKZF1 plays a crucial role in the spread of melanoma

Abstract Melanoma is one of the most fatal type of skin cancer. If melanoma has spread to distant sites, it is refractory to existing therapies with the 5-year survival rate declining to 17%. Metastasis remains as the main barrier to successful therapy, persisting as the main cause of cancer-related death. Thus, understanding metastasis mechanism is vital. First, we confirmed that IKZF1 gene was more increased in circulating tumor cells than primary tumor cells. Using GFP+ B16F10, we generated an orthotopic melanoma mouse model and isolated GFP+ tumor cells of primary footpad, blood, and lung. In single cell RNA sequencing, IKZF1, IRF8, NFE2 genes were more upregulated in circulating tumor cells than primary tumor cells. We also found these correlations in human melanoma cell line orthotopic mouse model and Braf/Pten mouse model. Next, we conduct intervention study to find causality in IKZF1 and metastasis. IKZF1 KO led to fewer CTCs and IKZF1 inhibitor, lenalidomide, reduced metastasis in mice. Collectively, we demonstrate that IKZF1 could contribute the formation of CTC and IKZF1 could be a target for metastasis treatment. Citation Format: Jongwook Oh, Dong Ki Lee, Soyeon Lee, Hyun Woo Park, Heon Yung Gee. IKZF1 plays a crucial role in the spread of melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1559.

Abstract 7310: Dietary feeding of silibinin effectively protects against UVB-induced basal cell carcinoma

Abstract Exposure to UVB radiation causes various malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC is the most prevalent skin cancer type worldwide; ~3.6 million cases of BCC are diagnosed annually in the USA. Silibinin (SB) is a naturally occurring flavonolignan that is present in milk thistle seeds. It has been shown to effectively reduce BCC occurrence upon UVB radiation exposure, in both pre- and post-treatment studies, when applied topically. However, SB efficacy, when fed in diet, against UVB-induced BCC formation and growth has not been reported. We addressed this question employing Ptch+/- mice, where animals were divided into three groups. Group 1: control group, mice were fed adjusted vitamin diet (AIN-76A; TD94096) with no UVB exposure. Group 2: UVB group, mice were fed pellet control diet (semi-purified, modified AIN-76A) and exposed to UVB (240 mJ/cm2) 3 times/week (Mon, Wed, Fri). Group 3: SB group, mice were fed 1% SB (w/w)-supplemented diet and exposed to UVB similar to that in Group 2. This protocol was followed for 26 weeks; thereafter, animals were sacrificed at 14 weeks and 26 weeks post-UVB initiation, and skin samples were harvested and analyzed for BCC formation. β-galactosidase staining showed the development of BCC lesions at 26 weeks in the UVB group; however, SB-fed group had both lesser number of BCC lesions and decreased area covered by BCCs as compared to the UVB group. Non-UVB exposed control group had no BCC lesions. To address if SB feeding starts exerting its efficacy earlier than 26 weeks, we selected the early efficacy timepoint for transcriptomics analysis to determine the mechanism of SB efficacy. Skin RNA samples from the 14-week time point (n=4/group; RIN≥7; DV200>85%) were subjected to library preparation (550 ng of total RNA; Zymo-Seq RiboFree Total RNA Library Kit), ribosomal RNA-depletion RNA sequencing (80 million paired-end reads/sample), and data processing. About 16,000 unique genes were identified, of which ~65% were protein-coding genes. The samples within each group were highly correlated (mean>0.99; Pearson’s correlation). The UVB cluster was sequestered away from the other groups, indicating that the SB diet effectively mitigated the effects of UVB exposure, even at the transcriptome level. Additionally, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, Qiagen) of differentially expressed genes (p<0.05; fold change≤2) showed UVB-induced aberration and SB-associated enrichment in mitotic prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase pathways, RHO GTPase signaling, and cell cycle regulation; the top functional network found to be dysregulated was lipid metabolism. Taken together, these results highlight the potential of dietary SB intake (apart from topical SB) to be an effective modality against UVB-induced BCC formation and growth and identify molecular targets that are plausibly involved in SB efficacy. Citation Format: Sandeep Paudel, Neha Mishra, Komal Raina, Chapla Agarwal, Rajesh Agarwal. Dietary feeding of silibinin effectively protects against UVB-induced basal cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7310.

Dual-specificity kinase DYRK3 phosphorylates p62 at the Thr-269 residue and promotes melanoma progression

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in melanin-producing melanocytes. It is considered a multifactorial disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as UV radiation. Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) phosphorylates many substrates involved in signaling pathways, cell survival, cell cycle control, differentiation, and neuronal development. However, little is known about the cellular function of DYRK3, one of the five members of the DYRK family. Interestingly, it was observed that the expression of DYRK3, as well as p62 (a multifunctional signaling protein), is highly enhanced in most melanoma cell lines. This study aimed to investigate whether DYRK3 interacts with p62, and how this affects melanoma progression, particularly in melanoma cell lines. We found that DYRK3 directly phosphorylates p62 at the Ser-207 and Thr-269 residue. Phosphorylation at Thr-269 of p62 by DYRK3 increased the interaction of p62 with TRAF6, an already known activator of mTORC1 in the mTOR-involved signaling pathways. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p62 at Thr-269 promoted the activation of mTORC1. We also found that DYRK3-mediated phosphorylation of p62 at Thr-269 enhanced the growth of melanoma cell lines and melanoma progression. Conversely, DYRK3 knockdown or blockade of p62-T269 phosphorylation inhibited melanoma growth, colony formation, and cell migration. In conclusion, we demonstrated that DYRK3 phosphorylates p62, positively modulating the p62-TRAF6-mTORC1 pathway in melanoma cells. This finding suggests that DYRK3 suppression may be a novel therapy for preventing melanoma progression by regulating the mTORC1 pathway.

Spectrum of malignant and premalignant skin lesions in 505 adult subjects at risk of skin cancers

Patients at risk of skin cancers can develop varying types of cutaneous malignancies. However, some subjects may develop only one type of lesion. In this cross-sectional study, the spectrum of premalignant (PM) and malignant skin lesions and their risk factors were studied. Therefore, 505 adult subjects (aged 21–79 years, 256 males and 249 females, 96 with immunosuppression) at risk of any type of skin cancer were examined for cutaneous malignancies, nevi, actinic keratoses, photodamage, and possible risk factors. First, 12 different groups were identified with a varying set of PM and/or malignant skin lesions. Next, 5 larger groups were formed from them: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) only, malignant melanoma (MM) only, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and/or PM, BCC + SCC and/or PM, and MM + keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) and/or PM. The groups with BCC or MM only were younger and showed less photodamage than the mixed groups, while SCC/PM showed similarity with them. In logistic regression analyses, the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio was associated with an increased risk of concomitant KC (OR 1.028, p = 0.023) or SCC/PM (OR 1.009, p = 0.047) in subjects with MM or BCC, respectively. Actinic keratoses produced ORs 0.246–0.252 (p = 0.008–0.020) for BCC in subjects with SCC/PM. Interestingly, atypical mole syndrome decreased the risk of SCC/PM in subjects with BCC (OR 0.092, p = 0.001). Advanced age was a significant risk factor for an additional type of lesion in all 3 comparisons (ORs 1.088–1.388, p = 0.001). In conclusion, even though there are numerous patients with only one lesion type, advancing age may determine the final lesion multiplicity.

Preparation and characterization of vemurafenib microemulsion based hydrogel using surface active ionic liquid

Cancer is considered the second leading cause of death worldwide. Skin melanomas account for the highest mortality rate amongst all types of skin cancer. Systemic treatment with vemurafenib has a high rate of adverse effects, so attempts have been made to prepare a topical form of this drug. Microemulsions have been used to improve drug delivery to the skin. The microemulsions were prepared by dissolving vemurafenib in a mixture of peppermint oil and Smix, followed by the addition of water. The characteristics and effectiveness of surface-active ionic liquid-based vemurafenib microemulsions were characterised and evaluated in vitro. The vemurafenib microemulsions (CP5, CP7 and CP8) had droplet sizes in the microemulsion range (less than 200 nm), and they were used to prepare microemulsion-based hydrogels using HPMC K15M via the hot and cold method. The prepared microemulsion-based hydrogels were then evaluated. The microemulsion-based hydrogel GP5 exhibited higher skin deposition (45.4%) than the other hydrogels; thus, GP5 is a promising candidate for the topical treatment of melanoma by vemurafenib.

Unraveling Skin Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Examination of Diagnosis, Treatment Strategies, and Emerging Therapeutic Avenues in Skin Cancer Management.

Cancer that begins in the skin is by far the most common kind of skin cancer found everywhere in the globe. It is further subdivided into groups, such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, in addition to other, less common types of skin cancer. In this article, the diagnostic aspects that need to be taken into consideration when utilizing these new guidelines, go over the essential features of cutaneous SCC, conduct an analysis of recent changes in the category of cutaneous SCC, and speak about recent advancements in the categorization of cutaneous SCC. Over the course of the past decade, photodynamic therapy has developed into a potentially effective treatment for a variety of solid tumors that may be found in people. The combination of metallic nanoparticles and phytoconstituents as a therapy for skin cancer has the potential to be more successful than each treatment used independently. In this article, the various treatment modalities for skin cancer were examined. This included excision surgery, Mohs surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. These were then followed by targeted therapy or immunotherapy, in addition to surgery, radiation, or photodynamic therapy. Since excision surgery is the most typical procedure used to eradicate skin cancer, we concentrate on it in particular.

Role of hippo pathway and cuproptosis-related genes in immune infiltration and prognosis of skin cutaneous melanoma.

Melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with an increasing incidence. Cuproptosis is the most recently identified copper-dependent form of cell death that relies on mitochondrial respiration. The hippocampal (Hippo) pathway functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) activity. However, its role in cuproptosis remains unknown. In addition, the correlation of cuproptosis-related genes and Hippo pathway-related genes with tumor prognosis warrants further investigation. In the present study, we explored the correlation of cuproptosis-related genes and Hippo pathway-related genes with the prognosis of melanoma through analysis of data from a public database and experimental verification. We found eight Hippo pathway-related genes that were downregulated in melanoma and exhibited predictive value for prognosis. There was a significant positive correlation between cuproptosis-related genes and Hippo pathway-related genes in skin cutaneous melanoma. YAP1 expression was positively correlated with ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) expression in the GSE68599 dataset and A2058 cells. Moreover, YAP1 was positively and negatively correlated with M2 macrophages and regulatory T cell infiltration, respectively. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the prognostic value of Hippo pathway-related genes (particularly YAP1) in melanoma, revealing the correlation between the expression of Hippo pathway-related genes and immune infiltration. Thus, the present findings may provide new clues on the prognostic assessment of patients with melanoma and a new target for the immunotherapy of this disease.

Review of the application of the most current sophisticated image processing methods for the skin cancer diagnostics purposes.

This paper presents the most current and innovative solutions applying modern digital image processing methods for the purpose of skin cancer diagnostics. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancers. It is said that in the USA only, one in five people will develop skin cancer and this trend is constantly increasing. Implementation of new, non-invasive methods plays a crucial role in both identification and prevention of skin cancer occurrence. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed in order to decrease the number of deaths due to this disease. This paper also contains some information regarding the most common skin cancer types, mortality and epidemiological data for Poland, Europe, Canada and the USA. It also covers the most efficient and modern image recognition methods based on the artificial intelligence applied currently for diagnostics purposes. In this work, both professional, sophisticated as well as inexpensive solutions were presented. This paper is a review paper and covers the period of 2017 and 2022 when it comes to solutions and statistics. The authors decided to focus on the latest data, mostly due to the rapid technology development and increased number of new methods, which positively affects diagnosis and prognosis.

Echoes of images: multi-loss network for image retrieval in vision transformers.

This paper introduces a novel approach to enhance content-based image retrieval, validated on two benchmark datasets: ISIC-2017 and ISIC-2018. These datasets comprise skin lesion images that are crucial for innovations in skin cancer diagnosis and treatment. We advocate the use of pre-trained Vision Transformer (ViT), a relatively uncharted concept in the realm of image retrieval, particularly in medical scenarios. In contrast to the traditionally employed Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), our findings suggest that ViT offers a more comprehensive understanding of the image context, essential in medical imaging. We further incorporate a weighted multi-loss function, delving into various losses such as triplet loss, distillation loss, contrastive loss, and cross-entropy loss. Our exploration investigates the most resilient combination of these losses to create a robust multi-loss function, thus enhancing the robustness of the learned feature space and ameliorating the precision and recall in the retrieval process. Instead of using all the loss functions, the proposed multi-loss function utilizes the combination of only cross-entropy loss, triplet loss, and distillation loss and gains improvement of 6.52% and 3.45% for mean average precision over ISIC-2017 and ISIC-2018. Another innovation in our methodology is a two-branch network strategy, which concurrently boosts image retrieval and classification. Through our experiments, we underscore the effectiveness and the pitfalls of diverse loss configurations in image retrieval. Furthermore, our approach underlines the advantages of retrieval-based classification through majority voting rather than relying solely on the classification head, leading to enhanced prediction for melanoma - the most lethal type of skin cancer. Our results surpass existing state-of-the-art techniques on the ISIC-2017 and ISIC-2018 datasets by improving mean average precision by 1.01% and 4.36% respectively, emphasizing the efficacy and promise of Vision Transformers paired with our tailor-made weighted loss function, especially in medical contexts. The proposed approach's effectiveness is substantiated through thorough ablation studies and an array of quantitative and qualitative outcomes. To promote reproducibility and support forthcoming research, our source code will be accessible on GitHub.

Nanoparticle‐Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling Favors the Communication with the Immune Cells for Tumor Killing

AbstractMelanoma is one of the most common types of skin cancer with a bad prognosis and limited treatment options in advanced stages. Immunotherapy has changed the landscape of oncology. Cancer cells can activate various mechanisms to suppress immune responses, such as the immunological checkpoint programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), whose blockage reactivates immune killing of melanoma cells. Moreover, exposure to inhibitory cytokines such as transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) induces T regulatory cell differentiation, which promotes cancer immunosuppression. These advances provided exciting outcomes in the clinical treatment of melanoma, however, there are still limitations, and a combination of several treatments is usually needed. Based on the above, inhibition of the TGF‐β production and the PD‐1/PD‐L1 checkpoint may be a feasible strategy to increase T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity and thus overcome tumor immune escape. Here, mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with a PD‐L1 inhibitor (JQ1, a thienotriazolodiazepine and a potent bromodomain family inhibitor) and capped with polyethyleneimine and a small interfering RNA targeting TGF‐β are reported. An efficient PD‐L1 downregulation and TGF‐β silencing are achieved using the nanoparticles, along with the promotion of cancer death. This system demonstrates to be a specific and innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of melanoma.

Hybrid channel and spatial attention-UNet for skin lesion segmentation

<span>Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which has affected many lives globally. The American Cancer Society research has suggested that it a serious type of skin cancer and lead to mortality but it is almost 100% curable if it is detected and treated in its early stages. Currently automated computer vision-based schemes are widely adopted but these systems suffer from poor segmentation accuracy. To overcome these issue, deep learning (DL) has become the promising solution which performs extensive training for pattern learning and provide better classification accuracy. However, skin lesion segmentation is affected due to skin hair, unclear boundaries, pigmentation, and mole. To overcome this issue, we adopt UNet based deep learning scheme and incorporated attention mechanism which considers low level statistics and high-level statistics combined with feedback and skip connection module. This helps to obtain the robust features without neglecting the channel information. Further, we use channel attention, spatial attention modulation to achieve the final segmentation. The proposed DL based scheme is instigated on publically available dataset and experimental investigation shows that the proposed Hybrid Attention UNet approach achieves average performance as 0.9715, 0.9962, 0.9710.</span>

Utilizing systems genetics to enhance understanding into molecular targets of skin cancer.

Despite progress made with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, skin cancer remains a significant public health concern in the United States. The intricacies of the disease, encompassing genetics, immune responses, and external factors, call for a comprehensive approach. Techniques in systems genetics, including transcriptional correlation analysis, functional pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction network analysis, prove valuable in deciphering intricate molecular mechanisms and identifying potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for skin cancer. Recent studies demonstrate the efficacy of these techniques in uncovering molecular processes and pinpointing diagnostic markers for various skin cancer types, highlighting the potential of systems genetics in advancing innovative therapies. While certain limitations exist, such as generalizability and contextualization of external factors, the ongoing progress in AI technologies provides hope in overcoming these challenges. By providing protocols and a practical example involving Braf, we aim to inspire early-career experimental dermatologists to adopt these tools and seamlessly integrate these techniques into their skin cancer research, positioning them at the forefront of innovative approaches in combating this devastating disease.

Risk Factors and Innovations in Risk Assessment for Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer globally and is preventable. Various risk factors contribute to different types of skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. These risk factors encompass both extrinsic, such as UV exposure and behavioral components, and intrinsic factors, especially involving genetic predisposition. However, the specific risk factors vary among the skin cancer types, highlighting the importance of precise knowledge to facilitate appropriate early diagnosis and treatment for at-risk individuals. Better understanding of the individual risk factors has led to the development of risk scores, allowing the identification of individuals at particularly high risk. These advances contribute to improved prevention strategies, emphasizing the commitment to mitigating the impact of skin cancer.

A comprehensive evaluation of the therapeutic potential of silibinin: a ray of hope in cancer treatment.

Natural compounds hold promise in the search for cancer therapies due to their unique chemical structures and combinations that may effectively combat cancer while minimizing toxicity and side effects compared to conventional treatments. Silibinin, a natural lignan, has been found to possess strong anti-cancer activity against several types of human cancers based on emerging research. This study aims to provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of silibinin in the treatment and prevention of cancers. A comprehensive search was conducted using various internet databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect to identify relevant research papers. Silibinin has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity against several types of cancers, including liver, lungs, breast, prostate, colorectal, skin, and bladder cancers. Its multifaceted mechanisms of action contribute to its therapeutic effects. Silibinin exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic activities, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. One of the key mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of silibinin is its ability to modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. It can inhibit the activation of various oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK pathways, thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and promoting apoptosis. Silibinin possesses great potential as an effective treatment agent for cancer. The multifaceted mechanisms of action, favorable safety profile, and potential synergistic effects of silibinin with conventional therapies make it an attractive candidate for further investigation and development as a cancer treatment. However, more extensive clinical studies are necessary to fully establish the efficacy, optimal dosage, and long-term effects of silibinin in cancer treatment.

Exploring Mechanisms and Promising Treatments of Malignant Melanoma

Malignant melanoma is one of the 4 main types of skin cancer, among basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, and it is the most aggressive and metastatic form. Unfortunately, advanced-stage, metastatic patients have a 5-year survival rate of a mere 5% to 19%. The traditional first-line treatment option for localized cutaneous melanomas is a tumor and margin excision surgery; however, in advanced-stage patients, chemotherapy drugs and targeted therapies have emerged as a more effective treatment option. The rising incidence of malignant melanoma in the fair-skinned populations of North America, Europe, and Australia, along with rising resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), underscores the importance of new, efficacious melanoma treatments. The novel and breakthrough development of two types of immunotherapies, T-cell receptor (TCR) engineered T-cell immunotherapy (TCR-T) and mRNA vaccines, are promising treatment options, especially for advanced-stage, metastatic patients. While these treatments are in the early stages of development, various clinical trials have resulted in positive outcomes. Lastly, this review will highlight the challenges and setbacks to immunotherapy and future directions. Immunotherapy may become the standard for melanoma treatment, however, by overcoming current barriers, only time will tell.