Skin Aging Process Research Articles

Anti-skin Aging Activities of Sideritis scardica and 3 Flavonoids With an Uncommon 8-Hydroxyl Moiety

The skin plays various crucial biological functions and gradually degenerates due to the process of skin aging. Hence, the development of new ingredients for delaying or even reversing skin aging is an essential subject that needs to be addressed. Our screening effort for anti-skin aging ingredients has led to the discovery that Sideritis scardica extract (SSE) possesses collagenase inhibition, advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation inhibition, antioxidative, and antiallergic activities, as well as ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression inhibition activity. However, the effect of S. scardica, commonly known as a mountain herb, on skin aging is unknown and needs additional study. Further studies on SSE have led to the isolation of 3 flavonoids with an uncommon 8-hydroxyl moiety, isoscutellarein (1), 4′- O-methylhypolaetin (2), and 4′- O-methylisoscutellarein (3). Biological evaluations also revealed that 1-3 possess SSE collagenase inhibition, AGE formation inhibition, antioxidative, and antiallergic activities, while 3 was identified to possess SSE UVB-induced MMP-1 expression inhibition activity. Moreover, the AGE formation inhibition activity and antiallergic activity of 1-3 were speculated to be derived from their antioxidative activity, while direct inhibition of the collagenase enzyme led to their observed collagenase inhibition activity. Regarding the inhibition activity of 1-3 on UVB-induced MMP-1 expression, further studies are necessary to reveal their possible mechanism of action. Collectively, the biological activities of SSE and the isolated flavonoids 1-3 highlight the potential of S. scardica to be further developed as an agent to delay or reverse skin aging.

Facial Skin Aging Stages in Chinese Females.

BackgroundFacial skin is exposed to the environment, which marks it with obvious signs of aging. Based on multi-dimensional non-invasive evaluation data, female facial skin can be characterized in detail. However, there are few studies on the general aging rules of facial skin. Most skin aging studies divide the ages into 5–10-year intervals, so they have lacked dynamic matching with facial skin aging.AimTo explore facial skin aging rules, discuss the main parameters of facial skin aging, propose an unequal-distance aging division method based on the main skin parameters, and study the skin characteristics of Chinese women of different aging stages.MethodsWe comprehensively described the skin status as 24 non-invasive skin parameters belonging to five dimensions: skin wrinkles, texture, stain, color and barrier function. We performed polynomial fitting on the 21 skin parameters that were significantly correlated with age and derived the rules of aging in the different dimensions. Based on the wrinkle dimension, the facial skin aging process was divided into four stages, and the skin characteristics of the different stages were compared.ResultsSkin wrinkles increased, texture deteriorated, acne decreased, pigment spots increased, skin tone darkened, and sebum secretion decreased with age, according to the polynomial fitting. The aging stage was divided into an incubation period (18–30 years old), an aging occurrence period (31–42 years old), a rapid aging period (43–47 years old), and a stable aging period (48–60 years old), according to the wrinkles. Different aging stages had different skin characteristics.ConclusionThe incubation period is the critical period for the appearance of skin stains; the skin texture gradually deteriorates during the aging occurrence period; the rapid aging period is a critical period for the aging of skin parameters; skin status during the stable aging period is the worst.

Potential use of native fruits waste from Argentina as nonconventional sources of cosmetic ingredients.

Collagenase, hyaluronidase, elastase, and tyrosinase enzymes are overexpressed and overactive in the skin aging process and hydrolyze the components of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin; these enzymes produce the clinical framework of aging, which includes skin dryness, hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, and inelasticity. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of waste from two Argentine native fruits, namely Ziziphus mistol, and red and orange varieties of Solanum betaceum, as sources of bioactive compounds. Phenolic enriched extracts (PEE) from waste of Z.mistol and S.betaceum were obtained, and their total contents of phenolics and flavonoids were evaluated. The bioactive properties of the extracts were analyzed by measuring their antioxidant capacity and the inhibitory activity on collagenase, hyaluronidase, elastase, and tyrosinase enzymes. The increased ability to inhibit the collagenase was demonstrated by the PEE of Z.mistol seeds and peel, while the enzyme elastase was mostly inhibited by extracts of S.betaceum skin. Z.mistol seed extract was the most active to inhibit hyaluronidase, reaching 96% inhibition at a concentration of 100μg GAE/mL. The most active extracts to inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme were obtained from the peel of two varieties of chilto fruits, orange and red, and the mistol seed. The results obtained suggest that Z.mistol and S.betaceum waste may be considered as a source of bioactive phenolics. Here, Argentine native fruits waste is presented as a most promising alternative in cosmetic products, with future uses such as hydrogels, creams, or lotions.

Age-Defying and Photoprotective Potential of Geranium/Calendula Essential Oil Encapsulated Vesicular Cream on Biochemical Parameters against UVB Radiation Induced Skin Aging in Rat

UVB irradiation promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress in the cell and the generation of toxic components, resulting in photoaging. Essential oils (EOs) are well-known in the cosmetics sector for their beneficial effects, as they have a wide range of biological activities. Considering this fact, the current study investigates the photoprotective potential of geranium essential oil (GEO)/calendula essential oil (CEO) encapsulated vesicular cream on the biochemical parameters of the skin of albino rats exposed to UVB radiation. After 30 days of treatment with cream formulations and UVB irradiation, the skin tissue was assayed for several biochemical parameters and histopathology analysis. The results of biochemical study revealed that, in comparison to non-vesicular creams, vesicular cream formulations were able to protect the endogenous skin natural antioxidant system by maintaining superoxide dismutase, catalase, total protein, ascorbic acid, and hydroxyproline levels and by decreasing malondialdehyde levels in the skin after UVB exposure. Changes in various cellular structures along with the change in the epidermis and dermis of the skin after UVB exposure in the treated group were observed by a histopathology of skin tissue and compared to the non-treated group, which revealed the skin damaging effect of UVB radiation and the protective effect of vesicular creams. The results suggest that the GEO/CEO-encapsulated vesicular creams have the potential to protect the skin against harmful UVB radiation by maintaining the natural antioxidant defence mechanism of the skin. In conclusion, this research presents novel herbal cosmetic formulations with improved antioxidant capacity and photoprotective potential that may help to slow down the skin aging process.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate loaded-zein nanoparticles: Characterization, stability and associated antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and sun protection properties

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an active polyphenol which has demonstrated interesting biological properties, such as antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Nonetheless, its therapeutic use is limited due to its cost, instability and low bioavailability. In the skin aging process, the search for delaying/masking the elderly signs has increased greatly in the last years, boosting the skin care industry. Zein is a natural polymer whose biological features gained attention recently. It has demonstrated the ability to entrap bioactive molecules, improve their stability and also their biological activities. This study aimed to develop and characterize zein nanoparticles containing EGCG (ZNp-EG) and evaluate the antioxidant, anti-tirosinase activities as well as the associated sun protection factor (SPF), in view of improving the skin aplicability. ZNp-EG were prepared by nanoprecipitation and appreciated morphologically by transmission electronic microscopy, characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, pH, encapsulation efficacy (EE) and drug loading (DL). Finally the zein-EGCG association was evaluated by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS radical scaverging method. The anti-tyrosinase and photoprotective activities were enumerated spectrophotometrically. The ZNp-EG nanoparticles showed an average size of 251.8 nm, EE and DL up to 98.43% and 28.35%, respectively. The ZNp-EG at 288 µg / mL remained stable up to 365 days under different storage conditions (5 °C, 25° and 40 °C). The interaction between zein and EGCG was confirmed by FT-IR and steady-state fluorescence. Both ZNp-EG and EGCG solution showed high antioxidant activity, with IC50 of 84.08 and 69.86 µg / mL after 48 h, respectively. The nanoencapsulation of EGCG enhanced the anti-tyrosinase activity (64.59%) compared to its solution (34.29%). Finally, BZNp, ZNp-EG and EGCG at 144 µg/mL presented SPF of 26.13, 29.71 and 15.69, respectively. In this context, our results demonstrate that zein nanoparticles were able to improve key biological properties related to the skin pigmentation and sun protection, where EGCG can be used in a nanodelivery system for pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic applications.

Processes in the human skin responsible for its aging

With reaching biological maturity, the skin, like other organs, undergoes aging processes. They are mainly related to the regenerative processes of cells being slowed down, as well as their reduced biological activity. The above-mentioned molecular mechanisms at the cellular level have a significant impact on the phenotypic signs of skin aging. They cause typical morphological changes within each layer of the skin’s integument. The characteristic appearance of aging skin is a clinical manifestation of changes within it. The aim of the article is to present the molecular mechanisms that occur during the skin aging process. There is no doubt that the aging phenomenon should be considered as the interaction of many factors of various etymology.

Artificial Intelligence analysis of over half a million European and Chinese women reveals striking differences in the facial skin ageing process.

Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and deep learning-based algorithms are increasingly being used in dermatology following the emergence of powerful smartphones with high-resolution cameras. To use an A.I-based algorithm, validated by dermatologists, to compare the evolution of the skin ageing process among Chinese and European women. Selfie images were taken by 465 587 European and 79 016 Chinese women ranging from 18 to 85 and 18 to 69 years old, respectively, without facial skin diseases and who had access to a smartphone with a high-resolution camera (≥4 Megapixels). The selfies were analysed by facial skin diagnostic using a smartphone application to grade the severity of 9 facial signs (including wrinkles, sagging, vascular, pigmentation signs, pores). Wrinkles/texture, ptosis and sagging increased linearly with age in European women compared to lower scores and more gradual increase in the younger age-classes in Chinese women. In Chinese women, pigmentation signs increased regularly between 18 and 40 years, plateaued between 40 and 60 years, then increased in the over 60s compared to lower scores and a slower more regular increase with age in European women. Vascularization signs increased steadily with age in European women compared to no significant change in Chinese women. Marked differences were observed in the skin ageing process between European and Chinese populations, both in the prevalence of each facial ageing sign and their kinetics. Automatic grading performed on selfies and analysed by A.I is a fast and confidential method for quantifying signs of facial ageing and identifying the main issues for each population and age-class, which is of practical interest, as it will allow the development of tailored prevention and therapeutic measures.

Phytochemical Profiling of the Leaf Extract of Ximenia americana var. caffra and Its Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiaging Activities In Vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Cosmeceutical and Dermatological Approach.

We previously annotated the phytochemical constituents of a root extract from Ximenia americana var. caffra and highlighted its hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic properties. We here extended our study on the leaf extract and identified its phytoconstituents using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. In addition, we explored its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiaging activities in vitro and in an animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. Results from HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS confirmed that the leaves contain 23 secondary metabolites consisting of condensed tannins, flavonol glycosides, flavone glycosides, and flavonol diglycosides. The leaf extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 value of 5 μg/mL in the DPPH assay and 18.32 μg/mL in the FRAP assay. It also inhibited four enzymes (collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase) crucially involved in skin remodeling and aging processes with comparable activities to reference drugs along with four pure secondary metabolites identified from the extract. In accordance with the in vitro result, in vivo tests using two transgenic strains of C. elegans demonstrated its ability to reverse oxidative stress. Evidence included an increased survival rate in nematodes treated with the prooxidant juglone to 68.9% compared to the 24.8% in untreated worms and a reduced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner to 77.8%. The leaf extract also reduced levels of the expression of HSP 16.2 in a dose-dependent manner to 86.4%. Nuclear localization of the transcription factor DAF-16 was up to 10 times higher in worms treated with the leaf extract than in the untreated worms. The extract also inhibited the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a pathogen in skin infections) and reduced the swimming and swarming mobilities in a dose-dependent fashion. In conclusion, leaves of X. americana are a promising candidate for preventing oxidative stress-induced conditions, including skin aging.

In vivo evaluation of topical ascorbic acid application on skin aging by 50MHz ultrasound.

Ascorbic acid (AA) is a powerful antioxidant capable of acting significantly both in the prevention and treatment of the skin aging process. One way to assess the in vivo efficacy of anti-aging treatments is by using the high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) skin image analysis technique, a non-invasive approach that allows for a new level of evaluating the effectiveness of dermatological and cosmetic products. The aim of the present study was to assess the performance of a topical emulsion of liquid crystalline structures containing AA using the 50MHz HFUS skin image analysis method. Twenty-five healthy female participants between 35 and 60years were included, all of whom randomly applied a placebo formulation and an AA-containing formulation to each forearm, once a day, for 30days. HFUS measurements were performed before using the products (T0), 2h later (T2h), and after 30days of use (T30d). The analyzed parameters included total skin, dermal, and epidermal echogenicity; variation and mean thickness of total skin, the epidermis and dermis; and surface roughness. Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman test, followed by Dunn's test for comparisons of multiple means (α=0.05). A significant increase in total skin and dermal echogenicity was observed after topical AA application. Our findings suggest that collagen synthesis significantly increased after topical therapy with AA, which was responsible for the increment in dermal echogenicity. This study showed, through the HFUS technique, that the topical use of AA promoted dermal redensification after 30days of application.

Shedding a New Light on Skin Aging, Iron- and Redox-Homeostasis and Emerging Natural Antioxidants.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for normal cell signaling and the antimicrobial defense of the skin. However excess production of ROS can disrupt the cellular redox balance and overwhelm the cellular antioxidant (AO) capacity, leading to oxidative stress. In the skin, oxidative stress plays a key role in driving both extrinsic and intrinsic aging. Sunlight exposure has also been a major contributor to extrinsic photoaging of the skin as its oxidising components disrupt both redox- and iron-homeostasis, promoting oxidative damage to skin cells and tissue constituents. Upon oxidative insults, the interplay between excess accumulation of ROS and redox-active labile iron (LI) and its detrimental consequences to the skin are often overlooked. In this review we have revisited the oxidative mechanisms underlying skin damage and aging by focussing on the concerted action of ROS and redox-active LI in the initiation and progression of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging processes. Based on these, we propose to redefine the selection criteria for skin antiaging and photoprotective ingredients to include natural antioxidants (AOs) exhibiting robust redox–balancing and/or iron-chelating properties. This would promote the concept of natural-based or bio-inspired bifunctional anti-aging and photoprotective ingredients for skincare and sunscreen formulations with both AO and iron-chelating properties.

The Skin Aging Process and Anti-Aging Strategies

The Skin Aging Process and Anti-Aging Strategies

Correction of mature skin with the help of decorative cosmetics

Beauty products are used to visually conceal visible aging of skin. The appropriate selection of makeup techniques and decorative cosmetics for mature age women help correct their features and conceal skin problems. 
 Aim. The article deals with the effect of cosmetic products on mature face skin. 
 Material and methods. In 2021, as many as 16 publications on the subject under discussion that appeared during the past decade, were analysed. Between 2012 and 2021, articles were published in the databases of the journals Skin Research and Technology, Psychology, Journal of Pharmaceutics, Dermatology, Cosmetics, Journal of Consumer Behaviour. All publications are in the English language, the texts are complete and easily accessible. The selected publications describe the skin aging process, the composition of beauty products, nanotechnology products and the application of cosmetic products to prevent the process of premature skin aging. Recommendations for mature skin care are provided.
 Results. In the 21st century, cosmetics is widely used and is in great demand in the world market. Annually the demand increases by approximately 4.5 percent. Cosmetic products and make-up make mature face skin look more attractive. Attractive faces are perceived as much younger, the face contour is preserved, skin is firm, the size of the eyes and the area around them, and lip distraction remain unchanged. Cosmetic surgical procedures enhancing the appearance of face skin can improve psychological health of the patients; there is no evidence about how these changes effect a positive attitude of other individuals to their changed appearance, the status of an individual and his/her social wellbeing.
 Conclusions. 1. Most often scientific literature is concerned with the effect of make-up on the psychological aspect – an individual’s attractiveness. 2. Beauty products and make-up techniques chosen for mature skin change the face in three directions: they change the contours of the face, skin homogeneity, contrast of the face and the size of facial features. 3. Innovative, biologically active cosmetic products have an external and therapeutic benefit to the appearance of face skin, are not only friendly to human skin and health but also are environmentally friendly.

Skin senescence: mechanisms and impact on whole-body aging.

The skin is the largest organ and has a key protective role. Similar to any other tissue, the skin is influenced not only by intrinsic/chronological aging, but also by extrinsic aging, triggered by environmental factors that contribute to accelerating the skin aging process. Aged skin shows structural, cellular, and molecular changes and accumulation of senescent cells. These senescent cells can induce or accelerate the age-related dysfunction of other nearby cells from the skin, or from different origins. However, the extent and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this opinion, we discuss the possible relevant role of skin senescence in the induction of aging phenotypes to other organs/tissues, contributing to whole-body aging. Moreover, we suggest that topical administration of senolytics/senotherapeutics could counteract the overall whole-body aging phenotype.

Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging.

The skin, being the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to the environment and suffers from both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors. The skin aging process is characterized by several clinical features such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, and rough-textured appearance. This complex process is accompanied with phenotypic and functional changes in cutaneous and immune cells, as well as structural and functional disturbances in extracellular matrix components such as collagens and elastin. Because skin health is considered one of the principal factors representing overall “well-being” and the perception of “health” in humans, several anti-aging strategies have recently been developed. Thus, while the fundamental mechanisms regarding skin aging are known, new substances should be considered for introduction into dermatological treatments. Herein, we describe melatonin and its metabolites as potential “aging neutralizers”. Melatonin, an evolutionarily ancient derivative of serotonin with hormonal properties, is the main neuroendocrine secretory product of the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythmicity and also exerts anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor capacities. The intention of this review is to summarize changes within skin aging, research advances on the molecular mechanisms leading to these changes, and the impact of the melatoninergic anti-oxidative system controlled by melatonin and its metabolites, targeting the prevention or reversal of skin aging.

Improving the anti-ageing activity of coenzyme Q10 through protransfersome-loaded emulgel

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally produced organic molecule which acts as an antioxidant agent, including in skin anti-ageing, and plays a major role in the social determinants of health. However, its level in the body will decrease during ageing. Therefore, an external supplement is required to repair damaged skin, especially the skin dermis layer. This study aims to evaluate the use of a protransfersomal emulgel to improve the skin delivery and stability of CoQ10 which demonstrates low water solubility, poor permeability and instability. CoQ10 was initially dissolved in oleic acid at a weight ratio of 1:56. Protransfersome was then loaded with CoQ10 (Protransf-CoQ10) and prepared using a composition of L-α-Phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 at a molar ratio of 85:15. The Protransf-CoQ10 was dispersed in an emulgel base consisting of Tween 80 and Span 80 to produce Protransf-CoQ10 emulgel. The in vivo studies of anti-aging activity and irritability were further evaluated by applying daily 200 mg of emulgels twice a day to a 4 cm2 section on the back of a UV-ray aging-induced male Balb/c mouse 20 min before irradiation. The results showed that Protransf-CoQ10 could transform into transfersomal vesicles with particle sizes of approximately 201.5 ± 6.1 nm and a zeta potential of − 11.26 ± 5.14 mV. The dispersion of Protransf-CoQ10 into emulgel base resulted in stable Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel during 28 days of observation at low temperatures. Moreover, the in vivo study revealed that Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel successfully increases the collagen density and number of fibroblast cells in UV radiation skin-aged induced-mice which reflects its potential for repairing the skin ageing process. In addition, the 24-h topical application of Protransf-CoQ10 Emulgel showed that no erythema or skin rash was observed during the study. In conclusion, loading CoQ10 into protransfersomal Emulgel successfully enhanced the stability and anti-ageing efficacy enabling its potential use as anti-ageing cosmetics.

Resveratrol as a factor preventing skin aging and affecting its regeneration.

Resveratrol, a compound belonging to polyphenols, besides its action on the cardiovascular system, affects also wound healing, regeneration, and photoaging of the skin. By interactions with numerous substances and pathways, e.g. MAPK, MAPKK, FOXO3, TGF or metalloproteinase 1, it protects the skin against the harmful effects of type B ultraviolet radiation, which is the main factor in the skin aging processes. It also enhances collagen synthesis by activating the oestrogen receptor and reduces wrinkles. In damaged tissues, it accelerates skin regeneration and healing by activating, among others, VEGF. Based on the review of the literature, there is no doubt that resveratrol has the potential to be used in cosmetology, dermatology and plastic surgery. It can be used as a compound of anti-aging products or as a topical treatment of scars and wounds. In the future this polyphenol might be applied in pharmacotherapy of many dermatoses.

Etiology and possibilities of slowing down skin aging processes

Aging affects every organism. Innovative technologies, cosmetic and dermatological treatments, an appropriate diet, supplementation and physical activity alleviate the signs of aging. The aim of the work was to show the skin aging process based on physical, genetic and biological factors. Some of the aspects of aging are presented as well as methods and treatments that delay this proces.

Study of the effects of cosmetic preparations containing resveratrol on facial skin ageing process

Introduction. Skin ageing is a natural process occurring under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. Due to its properties, resveratrol can be used as an active ingredient of anti‑ageing cosmetics intended for skin protection against the photoaging process.Aim. The aim of this research paper was to assess the influence of a series of treatments and home skin care based on preparations containing resveratrol and other natural ingredients, on the facial skin ageing processes delay.Material and Methods. The study included 15 women, aged 30–65, with healthy facial skin and with minor or major signs of skin ageing, such as: loss of moisture, loss of skin firmness, enlarged pores, or wrinkles. The study consisted in performing a series of 3 Resveravit C Peel 50% Back To Comfort treatments at a beauty studio, supplemented with home skin care with the use of Resveravit C anti‑ageing preparations, and skin analysis with the use of POLDERMA EXPLORE 3D instrument, before and after the treatment. Statistical analysis was performed.Results. Skin parameters analysis has shown that Resveravit C Peel 50% Back To Comfort treatment and home treatment with Resveravit C anti‑ageing improved the skin firmness, reduced the number of wrinkles, and enlarged pores, and reduced brown spots.Conclusions. Treatments and cosmetic preparations containing resveratrol can effectively reduce the signs of skin ageing.

Administration of Caffeine Cream Increased Apoptotic Cells and Decreased Phosphorylated ATR (Thr 1989) Expression in Ultraviolet B Exposed Skin Mice (Mus musculus)

Background: Chronic exposure of human skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) affects the structure and function of the skin, and causing skin aging. Caffeine is hypothesized to inhibit the skin aging process through the inhibition mechanism of the Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related–Checkpoint Kinase 1 (ATR-Chk1) pathway. This study aimed to prove that caffeine cream can increase the apoptotic cells and decrease the expression of phosphorylated ATR (Thr 1989) in the skin of male mice (Mus musculus) exposed to UVB.Methods: This study used a randomized post-test only control group design. The subject used in this study was 36 mice and divided into two groups. The control group was treated with emulgide cream as a placebo and the treatment group was treated with cream containing 4.8% of caffeine. Both groups were exposed to UVB at a dose of 343 mJ/cm2 for 8 weeks. Skin biopsy from the central area of the back obtained after the last session and followed by an examination of apoptotic cells of epidermis using H&E staining and phosphorylated ATR (Thr 1989) expression in epidermis using immunohistochemistry.Results: It showed that the mean number of apoptotic cells in the treatment group was higher (2.15±0.43 cells/hpf) than the control group (0.81±0.55 cells/hpf) (P<0.001). The mean phosphorylated ATR (Thr 1989) expression in the treatment group was lower (8.03±3.91%) than the control group (23.62±4.39%) (P<0.001).Conclusion: The administration of caffeine cream can increase apoptosis and decrease phosphorylated ATR (Thr 1989) expression in the UVB-exposed male mice (Mus musculus) skin epidermal cells.

The role of mast cells in accelerating our skin aging

Everyone wishes to appear younger. Actually, women spend a lot of efforts and money to fight aging appearance of skin. In the recent decade, skin aging has become an annoying social and medical problem at the levels of modern societies. Unfortunately, up to now, scientists have not discovered an effective treatment to overcome the appearance of the elderly skin. Although, researchers try hard to discover the main causes and mechanisms of getting skin more aged to earn a youthful look for skin appearance, some researchers suggested that mast cells (MCSs) were scarcely found neither in fetus dermis nor the youth while they are clearly detected in dermis of senile people which proposes the function of these cells in controlling the process of skin caducity. Researchers have taken into consideration the beneficial effect of MCS in controlling skin caducity. Recently, MCS is considered as an effective route in treatment elderly skin. Non-synthetic products can inhibit MCS activation so considered as a good functional ingredient fighting skin aging process as this cell implicated in skin damage and aging; degranulation of papillary dermal MCS might result in inflammation, reconstruction of extracellular matrix and angiogenesis with subsequently induced skin caducity. This mini review summarizes the crucial role of activated MCS in the dermal aging process. Keywords: skin; aging; mast cell.