INTRODUCTION: A variety of surgical, obstetric, and anesthetic (SOA) training intervention models have been implemented over the last 10 years to increase SOA service delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This systematic map describes the literature on existing models to inform future intervention and evaluation design. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic map methodology was applied to identify studies published after 2010 describing scale-up of SOA in LMICs. Data were extracted and analyzed to assess the type, scale, scope, and impact of various models of surgical skill and capacity development, including tools used for evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 52 studies were identified for extraction; 37 (71%) described training models implemented in Africa. Only 5 used an experimental design with control. The models primarily focused on general surgical skills training (n = 11) and obstetrics and perinatal care (n = 11). Training components included a combination of didactics (45 of 52, 87%), simulation (21 of 52, 40%) and on-the-job instruction (33 of 52, 63%), with limited formal mentorship (8 of 52, 15%; Figure). Outcomes were evaluated on trainee, patient, and organizational levels. Only 2 studies report patient satisfaction scores.FigureCONCLUSION: A wide variety of capacity development interventions and evaluation methodologies are reported, but few describe their work in sufficient detail to allow reproducibility. Furthermore, few study methodologies support causal links between the intervention and recorded impact. Patients are infrequently included in study design and evaluation. This systematic map highlights the need for improved reporting and evaluation design that might inform continued efforts addressing the urgent need for patient-centered surgical care capacity building in LMICs.