Individual Skills Research Articles

Family Resources and Parental Problem-Solving Skills Mediate Family Functioning and Family Adaptation in Families of Children With Cancer.

To explore the mediating roles of family resources (at the individual [parental self-efficacy], family [family resilience] and social level [social support]) and parental problem-solving skills in the association between family functioning and family adaptation in families of children with cancer. A cross-sectional study. This study recruited 318 parents of children with cancer from three tertiary hospitals in mainland China. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data on key variables, including family functioning, parental self-efficacy, family resilience, social support, parental problem-solving skills and family adaptation. Data analyses were carried out using descriptive analysis, univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, hierarchical linear regression and bootstrapping. Family functioning was significantly and positively correlated with family adaptation. Family resources (parental self-efficacy at the individual level, family resilience at the family level or social support at the social level) and parental problem-solving skills both independently mediated the relationship between family functioning and family adaptation. Additionally, family resources at all three levels mediated the relationship through their effects on cumulatively parental problem-solving skills, constructing a chain mediating model. The study underscores the significance of family functioning, family resources at the individual, family and social levels and parental problem-solving skills in promoting adaptation in families of children with cancer. It highlights the need for family-centred interventions targeted at these factors to improve family adaptation. This study extended related theories and previous studies to confirm the mediating role of family resources and parental problem-solving skills, both independently and sequentially. Moreover, parental problem-solving skills were confirmed as key elements that can be incorporated into future interventions, suggesting that problem-solving skills training may serve as a highly promising program for families of children with cancer. This study was reported according to the STROBE checklist. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Building Connections: The Impact of Digital Storytelling on Communication and Leadership Skills Among Disabled Young Adults

Digital storytelling has been applied in research in varied contexts and with varied purposes. Implicit in the process of digital storytelling is the potential to develop and/or enhance a range of individual skills (e.g., multimedia, literacy, communication, etc.). However, further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the potential impact of digital storytelling on skill enhancement for disabled youth. This paper provides an overview of Phase 1 of the study “My life. My story: The Youth Digital Storytelling Project” that utilized elements of a community-based participatory action research approach to host a peer-facilitated digital storytelling workshop for young adults with developmental disabilities aimed at capturing and sharing their lived experiences with, knowledge of, and perspectives on significant life-stage transitions in the areas of education, employment, or living. The results from the pre- and post-workshop questionnaires suggest that the participants improved skills in media literacy, communication, and leadership. Additionally, the participants highlighted the importance of considering the delivery format, fostering connections, and enhancing self-confidence in the development of the workshop’s design and delivery. This research adds to the extant literature demonstrating the potential of digital storytelling as a pedagogical tool, offering implications for the design and implementation of online workshops for disabled youth.

Machine learning models for river flow forecasting in small catchments.

In consideration of ongoing climate changes, it has been necessary to provide new tools capable of mitigating hydrogeological risks. These effects will be more marked in small catchments, where the geological and environmental contexts do not require long warning times to implement risk mitigation measures. In this context, deep learning models can be an effective tool for local authorities to have solid forecasts of outflows and to make correct choices during the alarm phase. In this study, we investigate the use of deep learning models able to forecast hydrometric height in very fast hydrographic basins. The errors of the models are very small and about a few centimetres, with several forecasting hours. The models allow a prediction of extreme events with also 4-6h (RMSE of about 10-30cm, with a forecasting time of 6h) in hydrographic basins characterized by rapid changes in the river flow rates. However, to reduce the uncertainties of the predictions with the increase in forecasting time, the system performs better when using a machine learning model able to provide a confidence interval of the prediction based on the last observed river flow rate. By testing models based on different input datasets, the results indicate that a combination of models can provide a set of predictions allowing for a more comprehensive description of the possible future evolutions of river flows. Once the deep learning models have been trained, their application is purely objective and very rapid, permitting the development of simple software that can be used even by lower skilled individuals.

SELF CONFIDENCE FOR A BETTER FUTURE SELF-DEVELOPMENT: PERMAI COMMUNITY SERVICE, MALAYSIA

Changed from BNP2TKI to BP2MI. In 2017, Law Number 18 of 2017 was issued regarding the protection of Indonesian migrant workers. Subsequently, Presidential Regulation Number 90 of 2019 was issued regarding the Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency, which authorized BNP2TKI to transition into the Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency (BP2MI). An institution that is responsible for the integrated implementation of policies regarding the protection and service of Indonesian migrant workers. PMI protection is a significant theme in the new BP2MI era, as the policy orientation of BP2MI is focused on the eradication of non-procedural PMI distribution syndications. The government implemented a program to relocate Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) abroad in order to alleviate destitution. The government's involvement in this program is concentrated on the provision of training, protection, and a variety of conveniences to relevant parties, particularly TKI and Indonesian Migrant Worker Placement Services Companies (PJTKI).The objective of this community service is to promote the empowerment of informal workers and learning sector facilitators by enhancing the individual potential of the Indonesian Community Association (PERMAI) Pulai Pinang through a differentiated learning approach that prioritizes the informal sector workers themselves. Additionally, the adjustment process will be tailored to the existing work community. In Malaysia, adjustment encompasses the pursuit of interest, the development of one's potential, and the individual's preparedness to achieve increased productivity results. The solution is to enhance the skills of individuals and/or facilitators in differentiated learning by implementing a learning pattern approach that prioritizes productivity enhancements through a variety of methods. Stage 1: Map and capture data on the initial conditions of the partner; Stage 6: Follow-up on the program's implementation.

Ігрові амплуа в баскетболі: функції та вимоги до гравців

In modern basketball, effective team play requires players in different positions to perform specialized functions that match their physical, technical and psychological attributes. Understanding these functions is crucial to the success of the team. Identifying the functions and requirements of players at different positions is key to the success of any basketball team. This allows you to create an effective strategy where each player can maximize his or her potential. Purpose of the study: to consider the functions of basketball players playing in certain positions and to determine the requirements for players of different playing roles in basketball. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature. Results of the study. The functions of basketball players playing at certain positions are characterized. The requirements for players of different playing roles in basketball are revealed: point guard, attacking guard, light forward, heavy forward, center. Conclusions. The functions of basketball players playing in different positions are determined by their roles and responsibilities on the court. The distribution of players by function is an important aspect of organizing team play in basketball. This distribution allows to achieve an organized and purposeful game, taking into account the individual capabilities of each player. The distribution of playing roles among players depends on their physical and psychological characteristics. The anthropometric data and skills of a player are taken into account when determining his role. However, it is also important to take into account the psychological characteristics of the player and his ability to cooperate with his teammates. It is necessary to clearly assign roles in the team in order to achieve success. Intragroup rivalry can have a negative impact on teamwork, so it is important that each player understands his own capabilities and has the ability to assess the capabilities of his partners. The requirements for players of different playing roles in basketball are their understanding of roles and responsibilities, ability to cooperate with partners, individual skill and ability to assess the situation on the court. This helps to effectively build a team that can succeed.

Investigating climate change adaptation strategies among informal residents in Kumasi through the lenses of the social action and social control theories

The urban poor in informal settlements in Ghana remain exposed and vulnerable to climate-induced hazards. Their exclusion from official adaptation interventions, undeniably, calls for social mechanisms to enable them to adapt to climate change hazards such as heatwaves and floods. Individuals may contribute to exacerbating climate-induced hazards or employ adaptation measures as a common practice or due to their connectedness to a group, as hypothesised by the social action and social control theories, respectively. There is, however, no known study on the empirical and theoretical contributions of these theories to influencing climate change adaptation efforts in urban Africa. At best, studies have looked at the importance of individual and community skills, and assets to adapting to climate change hazards. The study is underpinned by the social action and social control theories to explore how elements of the theories shape hazard reduction and adaptation efforts. 367 household interviews and, four focus group discussions were conducted in two of Kumasi's largest informal settlements – Aboabo and Asawase – in addition to seven relevant agency interviews. We found that most households employed several adaptation measures because they saw other residents do the same which was confirmed by the Chi-square test statistic (χ2 = 4.968, p < 0.000) and as hypothesised by the social action theory. Similarly, as hypothesised by the social control theory, we also found differences in the adaptation measures employed by households belonging to identified environment-related groups (χ2 = 21.465, p < 0.001). This was largely because among other activities, the education and training exercises undertaken by the groups influenced the knowledge levels of members about climate change hazards and adaptation measures. The groups offer emotional, monetary, material, and practical support to cope within the short-term; first to the members, and the general residents, who are affected by disasters. Generally, adopted measures to reduce adverse impacts and build adaptation were unsustainable. This study is among few studies that demonstrate the contribution of the social action and social control theories to managing and adapting to climate change and its associated impacts in African cities.

Facing Microaggressions Head-On: Effective Strategies for Addressing Subtle Bias in the Workplace

This article discusses strategies for constructively addressing microaggressions, which are subtle verbal, nonverbal, or environmental slights that communicate hostile or derogatory messages to marginalized groups in the workplace. Microaggressions undermine diversity and inclusion efforts and have negative consequences for targets' well-being and companies' productivity and legal liability. The article defines common types of microaggressions and explains why they are important to address. It then outlines factors targets should consider when deciding whether and how to respond, and provides research-backed strategies such as respectfully educating the aggressor, describing personal impact, inquiring about intent, addressing systemic issues, setting boundaries, or removing oneself from the situation. Examples are given of how different strategies could be applied in healthcare, technology, education, non-profit and government contexts. The conclusion emphasizes that addressing microaggressions requires both individual interpersonal skills and organizational support through policies and training.

Implementing and Evaluating the Timed Up and Go Test Automation Using Smartphones and Smartwatches.

Physical performance tests aim to assess the physical abilities and mobility skills of individuals for various healthcare purposes. They are often driven by experts and usually performed at their practice, and therefore they are resource-intensive and time-demanding. For tests based on objective measurements (e.g., duration, repetitions), technology can be used to automate them, allowing the patients to perform the test themselves, more frequently and anywhere, while alleviating the expert from supervising the test. The well-known Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, typically used for mobility assessment, is an ideal candidate for automation, as inertial sensors (among others) can be deployed to detect the various movements constituting the test without expert supervision. To move from expert-led testing to self-administered testing, we present a mHealth system capable of automating the TUG test using a pocket-sized smartphone or a wrist smartwatch paired with a smartphone, where data from inertial sensors are used to detect the activities carried out by the patient while performing the test and compute their results in real time. All processing (i.e., data processing, machine learning-based activity inference, results calculation) takes place on the smartphone. The use of both devices to automate the TUG test was evaluated (w.r.t. accuracy, reliability and battery consumption) and mutually compared, and set off with a reference method, obtaining excellent Bland-Altman agreement results and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient reliability. Results also suggest that the smartwatch-based system performs better than the smartphone-based system.

CoSD: Balancing behavioral consistency and diversity in unsupervised skill discovery

In hierarchical reinforcement learning, unsupervised skill discovery holds promise for overcoming the challenge of sparse rewards commonly encountered in traditional reinforcement learning. However, previous unsupervised skill discovery methods have excelled at maximizing intrinsic rewards but have overly prioritized skill diversity. Unrestrained pursuit of diversity leads skills to concentrate attention on unexplored domains, overlooking the internal consistency of skills themselves, resulting in the state visit distribution of individual skills lacking concentration. To address this problem, the Constrained Skill Discovery (CoSD) algorithm is proposed to balance the diversity and behavioral consistency of skills. CoSD integrates both the forward and backward decomposition forms of mutual information and uses the maximum entropy policy to maximize the information-theoretic objective of skill learning while requiring that each skill maintain low state entropy internally, which enhances the behavioral consistency of the skills while pursuing the diversity of the skills and ensures that the learned skills have a high degree of stability. Experimental results demonstrated that, compared to other skill discovery methods based on mutual information, skills from CoSD exhibit a more concentrated state visit distribution, indicating higher behavioral consistency and stability. In some complex downstream tasks, these skills with higher behavioral consistency exhibit superior performance.

The value of cross-cutting skills - hiring managers’ views

Employer-valued skills, which are not specific to a discipline but apply to all majors in higher education institutions, are often referred to as cross-cutting skills, soft skills, 21st century skills, or essential learning outcomes. Although research has ranked these skills in order of importance based on employer surveys, it has not examined statistical differences between individual skills or groupings of skills. The current study took a nuanced approach to understanding the value of cross-cutting skills based on hiring managers’ responses to a survey about hiring practices for entry-level positions. Findings ascertained the primary importance of a degree, and that conceptual, human, and technical skills are equal in importance, contrary to established theory. The study also found no statistical differences among top-rated skills identified in previous research but established differences in groupings of core and specialized skills. Sector differences were identified as well as changes in valued skills post-COVID.

THE COMMUNICATION SKILLS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AS OPPOSED TO THOSE WORKING OUTSIDE THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR

Communication, a fundamental aspect of human interaction, was the focus of this study. We compared the communication skills of individuals in the healthcare sector with those outside it. While the research did not uncover significant differences based on demographic characteristics, it did reveal noteworthy disparities in communication skill scores. These findings, we believe, will significantly contribute to the existing literature and provide valuable insights for addressing communication challenges at an institutional level. We recommend similar research in different institutions and sectors, with results evaluated separately, to further enhance our understanding of this crucial area.

Engagement in ‘prevailing societal challenges’ as a contribution to wellbeing? An analysis of interdisciplinary topics in the Norwegian curriculum (LK20)

ABSTRACT Objective This paper explores the expectations of teachers to contribute to fostering students’ wellbeing in the revised Norwegian curriculum. A new construct in the curriculum is three interdisciplinary topics – health and life skills; democracy and citizenship; and, sustainable development – included to give priority to prevailing societal challenges. Our specific concern is the content of these topics, and the extent to which they provide a framework for connecting with complex health and social issues. Method Thematic analysis is used to examine how wellbeing is framed in the curriculum texts. Results Our analysis reveals an emphasis on individualism, the responsibilizing of choice, and the importance attached to individual agency and skills in the three interdisciplinary topics. The topics emphasise the importance of informed, ethical, and wise choices in a way that disconnects people from the world around them. This limits opportunities for students to be introduced to a socioecological perspective on human existence as well as overlooking opportunities for developing a sociocritical approach to students’ wellbeing through engagement with the real world. Conclusion More emphasis on collective challenges and dilemmas might stimulate students’ engagement and could thereby connect wellbeing to empowerment and to a sense of meaning in belonging to a larger whole.

The role of feedback in the development of managers

The landscape in which modern organisations operate is rapidly changing and requires managerial agility. This necessitates a frequent review of how managers are developed. The aim of this article is to examine the role of workplace feedback in employee development. This will be achieved by developing a contemporary and comprehensive definition of feedback and specifying the elements of feedback that are associated with managerial development. Employing a qualitative, non-systematic literature review approach, journal articles and textbooks published after 2015, with feedback as their primary theme, were systematically selected and analysed for their content as well as the seminal works they referred to. The analysed literature suggests that feedback forms part of a dynamic communication and learning process. Development-driven feedback is information presented to recipients regarding their behaviour and/or performance in executing work tasks, as assessed by supervisors, subordinates, peers, coworkers, or the recipients themselves, with the intent to enhance work relationships and job performance. The elements central to structuring feedback were identified as purpose, content, source, frequency, timing, and delivery. These elements are customised to meet workplace performance requirements, also taking individual skill sets and personalised needs into account. A broad base of academic literature was captured and integrated to reach a comprehensive understanding of feedback as a development intervention. It was concluded that, although complex, literature on feedback can be consolidated to present both an inclusive definition of the concept and the elements associated with it.

Rural areas as winners of COVID-19, digitalization and remote working? Empirical evidence from recent internal migration in Germany

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has caused economic crises and increased inter-regional economic disparities. However, the catalyst effect that the pandemic has had on digitalization may change the traditional pattern of internal migration, in favour of rural areas. Using time-sensitive register data we explain changes in net migration rates of German districts from an economic geography perspective. We show that, since the beginning of the pandemic, rural regions benefited more from migration. In particular, younger and highly skilled individuals increasingly move to rural areas. This confirms that rural regions can benefit from increasing remote work, but these effects differ across region types and individual skill levels.

Health literacy in adult cardiac surgery patients; a multi-site Australian study

Abstract Background Almost 60% of Australians report low levels of health literacy (HL). International evidence indicates limited comprehension of the risks and benefits of cardiac surgery, in addition to understanding the basic elements of informed consent. Purpose The aim of this study was to explore HL in adult cardiac surgical candidates. Methods We recruited consecutive English speaking adult patients from a major public (Site 1), major private (Site 2) and regional hospital (Site 3) in Victoria, Australia. Prior to discharge, a Registered Nurse conducted a semi-structured interview using the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ). The HLQ is a multidimensional validated instrument comprised of 9 independent scales. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and ANOVA. Results We recruited 164 (29.5%) eligible participants from; Site 1 (63, 32.1%), Site 2 (49, 19.3%) and Site 3 (52, 49.5%) respectively. Average age was 64.6 (SD 11.8), most participants were male (n = 134, 81.7%), few lived alone (n = 28, 17.1%), 122 (74.4%) identified as being Australian 5 (4.1%) of whom were indigenous and 9 (5.5%) spoke a language other than English at home. The majority of participants highest level of education was aligned with a trade certificate (n = 48, 29.3%) or not completing high school (44, 26.8%) and most were retired (n = 68, 41.5%), working full time (n = 51, 31.1%) or part time (n = 24, 14.6%). Less than half had private insurance (n = 72, 43.9%), more than half had presented to emergency (n = 87, 53.0%) in the previous 12 months and a history of cardiac complaints (n = 137, 83.5%) was as expected. In this study participants felt understood and supported by healthcare providers (Scale 1 M 3.32, SD 0.26), had sufficient information to manage their health (Scale 2 M 3.13, SD 0.35), proactively managed their health (Scale 3 M 2.98, SD 0.39), had strong social supports (Scale 4 M 3.31, SD 0.36), could appraise health information (Scale 5 M 2.88, SD 0.49) and were proactively engaged (Scale 6 M 4.00, SD 0.50). More challenging was their ability to advocate on their own behalf (Scale 7 M 3.80, SD 0.60), to explore information (Scale 8 M 3.70, SD 0.60) and to understand all written information (Scale 9 M 3.90, SD 0.60). Site 2 participants were highly educated, less likely to live alone, more likely to have private insurance, had fewer emergency presentations and higher scores on scales 6 to 9 (p &amp;lt; 0.05) that measure health care interactions, than those from Site 1 or 3. Conclusions There was a high level of HL in this cohort and findings indicate patient strengths in relation to HL differed according to site. In measuring individual skills and experience of participants interacting with services, systems and the health care environment this study provides valuable insight into HL levels in cardiac surgery candidates.

The Labor Market and Growth Implications of Skill Distribution: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Model with Skill Heterogeneity

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model which explicitly incorporates the skill distribution of heterogeneous workers. Workers are distributed heterogeneously in their individual skill level and can be endogenously sorted into different tasks using different technologies. In doing so, we study in depth the labor market and growth implications of the changes in skill distribution. Specifically, we consider two changes in the skill distribution in a given population, (i) the increased density in the upper tail (skill upgrading), and (ii) the increased density both in the lower and upper tails (skill polarization). It is shown that, though the labor market implications for individual workers are likely to be largely different and complex (skill polarization even leads to nonlinear labor market changes), both changes in the skill distribution may increase steady-state real investment and enhance growth so that all workers gain with time.

Critical thinking in preparation for student teachers’ professional practice: A case study of critical thinking conceptions in policy documents framing teaching placement at a Swedish university

This paper explores the conceptions of critical thinking in national and local policy documents for teaching placement, using the case of teacher education programs at a Swedish university. The concept under scrutiny is based on three contemporary theoretical models of critical thinking in education: critical thinking movement, critical pedagogy, and “criticality” movement. In Sweden, the teacher profession is framed with a broader socio-ethical scope than the focus on individual cognitive skills of the critical thinking movement. Critical reflection and self-reflection, two conceptions identified with the criticality ideal of education for critical being, prevail in the analyzed documents.

Development of a Knowledge Base for Construction Risk Assessments Using BERT and Graph Models

As a significant percentage of disasters and fatal accidents still occur in the construction sector, it is legally obligatory to conduct workplace risk assessments to avoid accidents and enhance safety. Identifying harmful and hazardous elements is crucial to discern the distinctive characteristics of potential accidents. However, conventional risk-assessment approaches, which rely on the skills and experience of safety managers, may overlook important factors, leading to inconsistencies in the procedures employed across different sites. Such unstructured safety knowledge reduces accessibility and utility, increases reliance on individual skills, and renders information management inefficient. Recently, the focus has shifted from efficient data storage to obtaining valuable knowledge tailored to specific use-cases. Knowledge-graph-based systems integrate and manage the relationships between knowledge entities, thereby enhancing the development of knowledge bases. Research on automatically extracting and managing predefined knowledge from various forms of data through natural language processing (NLP) is ongoing. This study proposes a novel method that uses NLP and graph models to automatically extract predefined knowledge from unstructured construction data and build an entity-relationship-based risk-assessment knowledge base. We developed an entity-name recognition and keyword-extraction engine that defines the core knowledge related to construction safety and risk assessments. This engine can automatically extract predefined knowledge from unstructured data by learning from NLP data. The extracted risk-assessment knowledsge was used to create a knowledge base, and its efficiency and effectiveness were validated through comparisons with existing methods. The results of this study are significant because they lay the foundation for an automatic knowledge-management system for construction safety and risk assessment, offering both practical and academic contributions to the field of construction safety.

The influence of the social environment on the development of critical thinking skills in young people: A study in the city of Durres, Albania

Critical thinking is an essential skill for individuals, especially young people, enabling them to analyze and evaluate information to make informed decisions. Young people who are able to make informed decisions have the opportunity to improve their future and contribute to a better society. In Albania, the level of development of young people's critical thinking skills, according to the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), is very low. In this context, this work aims to explore the social environments that influence the development of critical thinking in young people. The study employed quantitative and qualitative approaches, as well as an analysis of secondary data extracted from similar studies. The quantitative method consists of the analysis of a questionnaire that was completed by 260 young people from 15–30 years of age. The study data show that schools, society, and social media play a very important role in the development of young people's critical thinking skills. The data confirmed that the socioeconomic status of families influences critical thinking abilities. This highlights the importance of supporting young people from all walks of life to ensure that they all have the opportunity to develop critical thinking, regardless of social background. The findings of this study are important for understanding and fostering the development of critical thinking skills in young people. This research supports teachers, parents, policymakers, researchers, and others in their efforts.

Academic Leadership of Educational Institution Administrators under the Jurisdiction of Saraburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 2

Background and Aims: Education is a process that enhances knowledge and skills in individuals. To be able to live effectively in society It is a tool that promotes learning for everyone from birth and throughout life, through a variety of formats suitable for each age group. Educational institution administrators need to have academic leadership qualities. which is considered an important factor in the management of educational institutions Because educational institutions have unique characteristics that are different from general organizations. This research therefore has the following objectives: (1) To study the academic leadership level of educational institution administrators under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 2. (2) To compare the academic leadership level of educational institution administrators according to various characteristics such as gender, age, and size of the educational institution. And (3) to study the possibility of developing the academic leadership of educational institution administrators under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 2. Methodology: The sample used in the research consisted of 317 personnel from the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 2, which was obtained by stratified random sampling. The tools used in the research are a questionnaire with 5 rating scales, with IOC values ​​between 0.80 and 1.00. And had a confidence value of 0.76. In addition, a structured interview was used as an additional tool. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test (t-test), and F-test. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) The academic leadership of educational institution administrators under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 2 was overall at the "high" level. When considering each aspect, it was found that the academic leadership of Executives is at a "high" level in every aspect. (2) The results of the analysis of the comparison of opinions on academic leadership of school administrators according to various characteristics, including gender and age, found that there were no statistical differences. But when classified according to the size of the educational institution It was found that there was a statistically significant difference at the .05 level. (3) Guidelines for developing academic leadership of educational institution administrators under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Office Area 2 found that: administrators should establish a committee to evaluate and monitor the implementation of the curriculum. Including internal supervision creates an environment that is conducive to teaching and learning. Support teachers to receive academic training that is consistent with the goals of the educational institution. There is a meeting of teachers to jointly consider the educational progress of the educational institution. Conclusion: Administrators have the knowledge and ability to lead educational institutions to progress. Must have knowledge and ability in academic work. Promote a teaching and learning atmosphere within educational institutions. Evaluate and monitor the progress of staff and students for maximum efficiency.