Individual Skills Research Articles

Identifying and preventing human error in the sugar production process: A multi-stage approach using HTA, HEC and PHEA techniques

This article discusses the importance of identifying and preventing human error in industrial environments, specifically in the sugar production process. The article emphasizes the importance of choosing the right technique for risk assessment studies resulting from human errors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multi-stage approach – Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA), Human Error Calculator (HEC), and Predictive Human Error Analysis (PHEA) – to identify potential human errors in the sugar production process. The HTA, HEC, and PHEA techniques were employed to evaluate each stage of the process for potential human errors. The results of the HTA technique identified 35 tasks and 83 sub-tasks in 14 units of the sugar production process. According to HEC technique 4 tasks with 80 % probability of human error and 2 tasks with 50 % probability of human error had the highest calculated error probabilities. The factors of individual skill, task repetition and importance were the most important factors of human error in the present study. The analysis of PHEA worksheets showed that the number of human errors identified in the tasks with highest probability were 8 errors, of which 50 % were action errors, 25 % checking errors, 13 % selection errors, and 12 % retrieval errors. To mitigate the consequences of human error, it was recommended training courses, raising operator awareness of error consequences, and installing instructions in the sugar production process. Based on the findings, the article concludes that the HEC and PHEA techniques are applicable and effective in identifying and analyzing human errors in process and food industries.

The Impact of Educational Environment and Educational Strategies on Adolescents' Interpersonal Relationships

In modern society, interpersonal relationships at the adolescent stage not only have a profound impact on the development of an individual's social skills but also play a key role in his or her future career, family and social life. With the increasing research in education and psychology, adolescents' interpersonal relationship development has become a focus of attention in the fields of education and mental health. The impact of teaching and learning environments and educational strategies on adolescents' social skills and emotional development has become more pronounced, especially in an increasingly complex and diverse society. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of this topic is important for developing more effective educational policies and fostering good interpersonal relationships among adolescents. This paper analyzes in depth the influence of educational environment and educational strategies on the interpersonal development of adolescents, and through a comparative analysis of previous studies, the author finds that the creation of an open and positive educational environment has a positive influence on the promotion of the development of adolescent interpersonal relationships. Educational strategies of cooperation, communication, and content diversity play an important role in adolescents' maintenance of interpersonal relationships. The paper also points out that while existing research provides valuable insights, further research is needed on other factors that may influence adolescents' interpersonal development. The paper concludes with some recommendations for educators and policymakers aimed at creating more effective teaching and learning environments and strategies to promote healthy interpersonal relationship development among adolescents.

Complex role of individual digital skills and eHealth policies in shaping health policy

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted individuals’ physical and mental health worldwide. Using data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and a comparative approach across European countries, this study investigates the potential protective effect of individual digital skills and eHealth policies in mitigating the pandemic health effects.Our analysis exploits a within-between random effects approach and shows that individuals with null or poor digital skills have a 2.4 % higher likelihood of experiencing a worsening health status and a 4 % higher probability of experiencing mental health issues. At the same time, living in countries characterized by high levels of digitalization minimizes the probability of worsening health status in a range between 1 % and 2.7 %. The protective effect of eHealth policies on mental health status is much stronger.The impact of having poor digital skills is more substantial if one lives in a country where eHealth is widespread. These results show that the rapid advancement of healthcare digitalization could exacerbate healthcare inequality unless accompanied by the development of digital skills among the population.

Reintegration of cyber veterans: challenges and strategies for post-war transition.

Battles in the cyber domain often lack visibility compared to the physical domain, which can lead to insufficient appreciation of its actors' achievements by the general public and society. Nonetheless, it has become a crucial area of modern warfare in which cyber professionals defend the nation's critical infrastructure, support other military operations and achieve military objectives that could not be attained in other domains. Although cyber combatants might not have as high a risk of injury or death as those on the front lines, they still can face traumatic events and suffer from the same types of issues after the war as any other veteran. Earlier studies on war veterans have shown they have elevated risks of mental health issues, substance use, social problems and financial difficulties which might push some individuals towards a path of crime. The cyber domain is also not limited by time or place, which has given rise to cyber volunteerism in which skilled individuals around the globe decide to assist their own country or friendly nations. This publication aims to identify the challenges cyber veterans might face when transitioning back to civilian life and develop appropriate strategies to facilitate their reintegration. It also raises the awareness of the hundreds of thousands of volunteers who can develop similar problems after the war. Without proper awareness, support and dialogue, some of these individuals can also drift towards harmful social implications such as cybercrime.

Unveiling maker mindsets: a journey of formation and transformation through design thinking-making pedagogy within a lesson study context

Maker Education (ME) focuses on fostering students’ Maker Mindsets (MM). However, prevailing ME practices often lack a structured approach, that impedes the effective development of students’ MM. To address this challenge, a Design Thinking-making pedagogy (DTMP) is used to design ME lessons through a three-month Lesson Study (LS) cycle. Employing a qualitative multiple case study methodology, we studied the development and transformation of MM in three elementary school students. Diverse data were collected, including student artifacts, video recordings of teacher discussions, and audio recordings of the interviews. The findings revealed common cognitive, self-efficacy, and collaboration improvements among the three students. Unique changes in individual cognitive skills, motivational patterns, and obstacles to collaboration were also observed. Furthermore, key factors influencing MM development were identified across individual, social, and pedagogical dimensions. Individual factors included prior knowledge, maker skills, and motivation, whereas social factors included teachers’ attitudes, recognition, feedback, and peer collaboration. Pedagogical practices, such as project difficulty, structure, and authenticity, play a crucial role in MM development. This study not only contributes valuable insights into MM development, but also underscores the pivotal role of tailored, personal real-life experiences in ME pedagogy. Furthermore, our study suggests that teachers can enhance ME pedagogy by intentionally designing it to facilitate MM in students, using the LS approach.

Personalizing the learning process through data mining in higher education

Relevance. The rapid evolution of the modern labor market necessitates a shift from traditional, standardized career counseling to personalized educational trajectories that account for individual qualities, skills, and preferences, ensuring better professional adaptability and satisfaction. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to develop and validate a model that will facilitate the selection of a person-centred educational and professional pathway for students. Methodology. The research methods are comparative, qualitative, and statistical analysis, experimental method, modelling, and prototyping. Results. The main result of the study was the creation and successful application of an original learning model integrated with modern analytical approaches, including predictive analysis mechanisms for adapting and optimizing individual educational trajectories, which significantly improved the efficiency of the learning process. Experimental implementation showed that students who used the developed model to create their individual educational trajectories achieved a significant improvement in their academic performance and motivation to learn compared to the control group. The hypothesis that personalized guidance influences the choice of more appropriate curricula and courses was confirmed, which in turn has a positive effect on academic performance and satisfaction with learning. The presence of positive feedback from students and teachers also indicates the high adaptability of the model and its potential for scaling up and further implementation in educational practice. Conclusions. The study validated the positive impact of a personalized approach on students' academic motivation and performance, revealing significant advantages in engagement, strategic career planning, and long-term purposefulness, while also highlighting the need for further research to scale the model, optimize prediction algorithms, and adapt the approach to diverse learning environments and educational standards. Keywords: adaptive education; statistical modelling; educational modelling; learning technologies; educational motivation; forecasting methodologies; qualification development

The Powerful Influence of Appreciation and Work Environment on Retention in Saudi Arabia's Manufacturing Sector

This study aimed to analyze the impact of appreciation and work environment on the employees’ turnover in the Saudi Manufacturing Sector. The combination of unfavorable work environments and restrictive leadership styles creates significant challenge to talent retention in this sector. Addressing these challenges is crucial to attract and retain skilled individuals. In particular, the researcher observed the impact of manager appreciation and work environment on employees’ performance and how it relates to the employee’s retention. In this context, quantitative and qualitative analysis approaches were used to address the research objectives. Accordingly, 578 employees from this sector had participated in the survey questionnaires. Moreover, 30 employees working in panel boards manufacturing factory were purposely selected to participate in face-to-face interviews for the qualitative part. Findings from the quantitative analysis were verified using qualitative analysis. Results showed that the majority of the participants believed that appreciation and quality of the work environment are significantly impacted their decision to stay or leave the company. The research recommends providing competitive compensation packages, and the organization should invest in employees development, especially in leadership development programs and training which can improve managers and supervisors’ emotional skills, and Encouraging the creation of a healthy and productive work environment.

The role of advanced practice nurses in improving healthcare outcomes for patients with chronic kidney disease: A scoping review protocol.

The number of patients with chronic kidney disease is increasing worldwide; previous studies have suggested that advanced practice nurses, including nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists, with expert practice skills can provide high-quality care and solve complex healthcare problems. In general, nurse practitioners are generalist nurses who work as autonomous clinicians with whole personal care. Clinical nurse specialists, in contrast, are nurses with advanced nursing knowledge and skills for individuals or specific populations. Their roles are independent and different; however, similarities exist in their role in potentially improving healthcare outcomes. Although two previous studies described the role of nephrology nurse practitioners, they were systematic reviews, and their outcomes were limited. To clarify the overall aspect of advanced practice nurses' role, it is necessary to extract the studies illustrating advanced practice nurses' practices for patients with chronic kidney disease. This study aims to map the literature describing the role of advanced practice nurses in improving healthcare outcomes for patients with chronic kidney disease. This scoping review will be conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping review. Online databases will be searched across MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science. Only studies published in English will be included, and no date limit will be set. Chronic kidney disease, renal replacement therapy, and advanced practice nurses as keywords and related search terms will be used. Two independent reviewers will screen the title and abstract/full-text; in case of discrepancy, a third reviewer will make the final decision. The results will be extracted and presented following the review question concerning the study characteristics, patients' characteristics, condition of chronic kidney disease, and role of advanced practice nurses.

PENERAPAN PEMBERIAN JUS WORTEL UNTUK PENURUNAN NYERI DISMINOREA PADA SISWI KELAS 8 DI SMP YP SINGOSARI DELI TUA TAHUN 2024

Dysmenorrhea is a condition where there is pain during menstruation which is felt by cramps in the lower abdomen and is sometimes accompanied by headaches and an unstable psychological state. This community service activity was carried out at Yp Singosari Deli Tua Middle School, Deli Serdang Regency for three full weeks, starting on October 15, 2023. This method is in the form of conveying individual knowledge and skills using learning or instruction aimed at converting or influencing human actions both in society and groups, or individuals can be more independent in achieving counseling targets. The results of field observations were used as a basis for strengthening the concept of counseling which was delivered in the form of training on the benefits of giving carrot juice to reduce dysmenorrhoea pain at Singosari Delitua Middle School. Singosari Delitua did not know that the benefits of carrot juice could reduce dysmenorrhea pain. By providing coaching and mentoring using the counseling method, results were obtained where teenage female students who took part in the counseling program showed enthusiasm and curiosity about the benefits of carrot juice in reducing dysmenorrhea pain. Then a process of exchanging information was carried out with teenage female students and sharing experiences in solving problems related to counseling challenges. giving carrot juice to reduce dysmenorrhea pain. Increased knowledge of teenage female students who took part in counseling on the benefits of carrot juice to reduce dysmenorrhea pain.

Simulation-based training for intraoperative posterior capsule rupture management: an analysis of nontechnical skills development and the relationship between technical and nontechnical skills.

To analyse development of individual nontechnical skills (NTS) domains after undertaking a previously developed simulation-based training model and analyse the relationship between technical skills (TS) and NTS in ophthalmic surgery. The simulation-based training model involved a cataract surgery case complicated by intraoperative posterior capsule rupture. Cataract surgeons underwent the simulation twice, separated by a training intervention. Two blinded independent experts assessed participants' NTS using HUFOES, NOn-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS), and the OSATS global rating scale for TS. Paired t-tests assessed differences in individual NTS domains, with p < 0.05 indicating significance. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to assess the correlation between scores from each scoring system. All NTS domains within HUFOES and NOTSS demonstrated statistically significant improvements secondary to the training intervention. Positive correlations were demonstrated between HUFOES and OSATS scores in the pre- and post-training simulations, r = 0.870 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.861 (p < 0.001), respectively. Positive correlations were also demonstrated between NOTSS and OSATS scores in pre- and post-training simulations, r = 0.849 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.757 (p = 0.001), respectively. Positive correlations were demonstrated between HUFOES and NOTSS scores; r = 0.979 (p < 0.001) (n = 17) and r = 0.959 (p < 0.001) for pre- and post-training simulations, respectively. All NTS domains contained within HUFOES and NOTSS demonstrated significant increases following the completion of the simulation-based training model. Positive correlations exist between an ophthalmic surgeon's TS and NTS. This is the first study to report these findings within ophthalmic surgery.

Health and Safety PPE Compliance Tracking Di Orbit Future Academy

Orbit Future Academy (OFA) is the largest AI (Artificial Intelligence) training company in Indonesia. The name "Orbit" is a legacy left by Mrs. Dr. Hasri Ainun Habibie and Mr. Prof. Dr. Ing. B.J. 3rd President of the Republic of Indonesia, figures driving the world of education in Indonesia. OFA was founded with the aim of improving the quality of life through educational innovation and skills training . OFA has been an MSIB partner since 2020 (Cycle 1). In December 2022, OFA received an award as Partner with the Best Collaboration from MSIB. To date, more than 10,000 students have graduated from the OFA program and curriculum partners. AI Program 4 Jobs aims to build AI readiness by improving individual skills in the field of AI that are needed in preparation for entering the future world of work. The output of the 4 Jobs AI Campus Program is an AI-based final project according to industry needs. The final project is mandatory. The final project is carried out in groups. However, The final report manuscript is done individually. All final project results become the property of the participants and non-partner supervisors (OFA). Participants are allowed to make or develop a thesis or final project, sell existing applications, send scientific articles that have been prepared, take part in competitions or contests. In addition, this program includes developing mindsets and skills to achieve success in the very dynamic world of technological development towards updating and dependence in the field of AI. AI 4 Jobs focuses on competencies to build AI Readiness by increasing individual skills in the AI ​​field that are needed in preparation for entering the world of work of the future.&#x0D; &#x0D;

The effect of improving psychosocial stressors on psychological distress: a quasi-experiment of Finnish health and social care workers.

To examine how a positive change in one to three psychosocial stressors (job demands, job rewards, and workplace social capital) influenced psychological distress. The analysis included 3605 Finnish health and social services workers who completed surveys in 2019, 2020 and 2021. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the propensity score of experiencing a positive change in one to three psychosocial stressors between 2019 and 2020. We balanced the baseline characteristics with propensity scoring. A generalised linear model with a binomial distribution and a log link function was used to compare the quasi-intervention and quasi-control groups for the risk of psychological distress in 2021. Among the total sample, neither improving a single stressor nor two or three stressors affected psychological distress. However, among employees younger than 50 years, improving two or three psychosocial stressors in 2019-2020 decreased the risk of moderate to severe psychological distress in 2021 by 41% (risk ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.36-0.96). Among employees aged 50 years or older, improving job rewards lowered the risk of mild to severe psychological distress by 23% (risk ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.96). The results of this quasi-experiment suggest that the positive effect of improving psychosocial stressors is stronger among younger than older workers. Future interventions should be customised for different ages and aim to improve accumulated work stressors and individual stress-coping skills.

Practice-oriented examination as a form of intermediate certification within the framework of the Future skills project

The article discusses the features of organizing and conducting practice-oriented exams in the full-time undergraduate program. As part of the Future Skills project, the university promotes the development of the higher education system, paying special attention to the integration of advanced methods of training for new promising professions and expanding the set of skills necessary to create highly qualified specialists in the modern economy. Methodological recommendations were developed for the integration of modules into the educational process, which introduced curricula both into the main educational process and into elective classes. The Future Skills University project was implemented by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation together with the Agency for the Development of Skills and Professions, as well as with universities starting in 2021. The main goal of the project is to develop and disseminate best practices for training students in promising professions and skills that are relevant in the modern economy. One of the key features of the project is the introduction of individual Future Skills educational modules into existing university programs, which accelerates the integration of future skills and professions into real business and the economy, and also contributes to the development of the country’s human resources potential. The study is based on an analysis of the results of examinations conducted at our university in the period from 2022 to 2023.

Encompassing Diversity in International Business Education: A Case Study of Virtual Service-Learning

ABSTRACT Achieving inclusion and equity in international business (IB) education remains a challenge, given the rising costs of college tuition and the increasingly diverse and non-traditional student population. These changes may reduce the feasibility and relevancy of activities, such as study abroad programs, and an MNE-centric IB curriculum for a significant number of college students today. To overcome these challenges, in this paper, we share our findings from a case study on a virtual service-learning project that fostered cross-border interactions between undergraduate students in North America and small business owners in Central America. Over the course of one semester, students worked to draw connections between their unique individual backgrounds and skill sets, connect IB and global strategy concepts to small business operations, and deepen their understanding of sustainable development. Our findings demonstrate that this practice can enhance student enjoyment, academic learning, professional growth, and civic learning. Overall, virtual service-learning can be effective as an alternative teaching and learning approach to address the significant challenges in IB education.

290 Are you trust-worthy: Trust-building activities in Translational Sciences

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Many researchers aim to build trust with communities and participants. Trust building is meant to achieve greater representation across aspects of research whether in participation, or more comprehensively as partners from design to dissemination. We provide practical guidance for trust building activities and the ethical issues that can arise. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: While trust itself is inherently seen as an ethical good, often little attention is paid to the ethical aspects of trust building exercises themselves and the fact that trust can vary in type. Using a bioethical analysis of trustworthiness, we discuss how to approach trust in different relationships and settings. Explicit communication about the supports/constraints and potential outcomes of new trusted relationships is required for ethical practice. Where relationships are built without appropriate transparency and follow through, or with misunderstandings about potential shared values, priorities, or desired outcomes, significant harms can occur in the short- and long term. Using a bioethical framework and practical examples we provide guidance on how to engage in ethical trust building activities. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: While many people are good at the trust building work they do, this work is often not shared as best practices and is ascribed to individual skill. This is slowly changing and an evidence-base is being developed that can support those new to these activities. Ethical guidance to support trust building practices, especially for those new to these activities, is currently lacking. By providing both a conceptual and normative bioethical analysis grounded in practice, we provide the foundations for new activities and the necessary support for work that explores and determines best practices. This analysis provides an understanding of trust including a taxonomy and a discussion of how different types of trust can be built and can support research activities, as well as problems that can arise. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Trust building activities with communities and participants are crucial to much of translational science and research, but ethical guidance on how to engage in these activities well is lacking. We provide bioethical guidance and offer practical recommendations.

닥터헬기 응급의료종사자의 탑승자 집체 교육 경험에 관한 질적 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of Doctor Helicopter Emergency Medical Workers in collective training programs. Data collection was conducted through focus group interviews with six Emergency Medical Workers from March 25 to April 1, 2021. Analysis of data collected from in-depth interviews and field notes revealed that the collective education experiences of these professionals consist of three main themes and seven sub-themes: 1) Perfunctory gateway education, 2) Inflexible competency, 3) Non-implementation of quality management. According to the results of this study, the collective training programs for Emergency Medical Workers were merely perfunctory basic education. There is a need for new, field-applicable collective training programs that are practical and capable of enhancing teamwork and individual skills among Doctor Helicopter emergency medical workers. To establish a safe air transport system, it is necessary to provide scientific and systematic education that reflects on-site demands, along with quality management.

Management Strategies of Professional Sports Teams: Lessons from Corporate Leadership Experience

In contemporary society, the success of professional sports teams relies not only on the individual skills of the athletes and teamwork but also on efficient and innovative management strategies. With the continuous evolution of business management theories, many management theories and practices that have been proven effective in the business field have been found to be equally applicable to the management of professional sports teams, especially in areas such as leadership development, team dynamics, and change management. However, how to concretize the lessons of corporate leadership experiences and successfully apply them to sports team management has become a topic worth exploring. This article aims to bridge the knowledge gap between business management and sports team management by analyzing and summarizing key management strategies from successful corporate leadership cases, exploring the potential application and practical paths of these strategies in professional sports teams. This study not only provides theoretical contributions to sports management but also offers practical guidance and recommendations for sports team managers in practice, aiming to promote the overall competitiveness and sustainable development of sports teams.

Features of using innovative technologies in teaching English language in higher education institutions

The peculiarities of using innovative technologies in teaching English in institutions of higher education have been clarified. The meaning of the concepts "innovation" and "educational innovation" is revealed. The main criteria of manufacturability, which must be met by pedagogical innovation technology, are shown. The main principles by which innovative activities are carried out in institutions of higher education are highlighted. Approaches containing innovative technologies in teaching English are disclosed. The most effective innovative technologies are grouped and effective technologies for teaching English are considered. that deserve attention in teaching English in institutions of higher education (interactive learning technology, distance learning, multimedia technologies, virtual environment technology). Taking into account the peculiarities of the use of innovative technologies in teaching English in higher education institutions, microlearning (bite-sized learning) technology attracts attention, the content and advantages of which are shown in the article. The advantages of using innovative technologies in teaching English in higher education institutions are shown. The main tasks in high-quality English language teaching are the development of the following basic skills: reading, listening, communication, and writing. The role of each individual skill is shown and the content of technologies that can be applied for improvement and development is revealed.

Strategic human resource management for sustainability in creative industries: A review and framework proposal

Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) has emerged as a critical approach for fostering sustainability within the dynamic landscape of creative industries. This review presents a comprehensive review of existing literature on SHRM in the context of creative industries, culminating in a proposed framework aimed at enhancing sustainability in these sectors. The review begins by examining the unique challenges faced by creative industries, characterized by rapid technological advancements, evolving consumer preferences, and intense competition. In this context, traditional HRM approaches are often insufficient, necessitating a strategic alignment between HR practices and organizational objectives to ensure long-term viability. Key themes identified in the literature review include talent management, organizational culture, employee engagement, and leadership development. Effective talent management strategies are crucial for attracting, retaining, and developing skilled individuals who drive innovation and creativity within creative firms. Furthermore, fostering a supportive organizational culture that values diversity, collaboration, and experimentation is vital for promoting sustainability in these industries. Employee engagement emerges as a critical factor influencing organizational performance and resilience, particularly in creative environments where intrinsic motivation plays a significant role. Moreover, leadership development programs tailored to the unique needs of creative professionals can empower individuals to navigate uncertainty and drive strategic initiatives that contribute to organizational sustainability. Building upon these insights, this review proposes a framework for SHRM in creative industries, integrating strategic planning, talent management, culture development, and leadership practices. The framework emphasizes the alignment between HR strategies and business goals, emphasizing the importance of agility, innovation, and adaptability in response to dynamic market conditions. Strategic Human Resource Management plays a pivotal role in enhancing sustainability within creative industries by fostering a culture of innovation, empowering employees, and cultivating leadership capabilities. The proposed framework provides a roadmap for organizations seeking to navigate the complexities of the creative landscape while maximizing long-term success and resilience.

The influence of everyday emotions on mucosal immunity: An intensive longitudinal modeling approach.

Mucosal immunity is a multifaceted system of immunological responses that provides a barrier against pathogenic invasion and can be regulated by psychosocial and neuroendocrine factors. The present study aims to elucidate the association between everyday emotional states, emotion regulation skills, and mucosal immunity by utilizing an ambulatory assessment approach. 30 healthy subjects (61% male; M = 30.18 years old) completed an emotion questionnaire (PANAS) and collected saliva samples via passive drool to determine salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) excretion rate three times a day over a period of 1 week. In a multi-level model, the influence of emotions on S-IgA, both on a within-subject and between-subject level, was estimated. We found that most of the variation in S-IgA (74%) was accounted for by within-subject changes rather than stable between-subject differences. On a within-subject level, negative emotions had a significant positive effect on S-IgA levels (b = 1.87, p = .015), while positive emotions had no effect. This effect of negative emotions was moderated by the individual emotion regulation skills, with higher regulation skills corresponding to smaller effects (b = -2.67, p = .046). Furthermore, S-IgA levels decreased over the course of a day, indicating circadian rhythmicity (b = -0.13, p = .034). These results highlight the possibilities of intensive longitudinal data to investigate the covariance between psychological and immunological states over time.