Skilled Nursing Facility Discharge Research Articles

Skilled Nursing Facility Rehabilitation Intensity and Successful Discharge in Persons with Dementia

ObjectivesSkilled therapies (STs), including audiology, speech-language therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy, can address functional deficits in dementia. This study aims to quantify the association between ST and successful discharge after heart failure (HF) hospitalization in persons living with dementia. DesignRetrospective cohort study. Setting and ParticipantsWe included veterans with dementia (VwD) hospitalized for HF in Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers and then admitted to non-VA skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) from January 2011 to June 2019. MethodsFollow-up continued 120 days after SNF admission. We measured ST hours per week using MDS admission assessments. We defined successful discharge as SNF discharge occurring within 90 days of SNF admission with MDS discharge status not hospital or institutional setting, and 30 days’ survival after discharge without Medicare or VA-paid rehospitalization or reinstitutionalization. We estimated relative risk using multiple variable regression to adjust for measured sources of confounding. ResultsOur final sample included 8255 VwD. The mean (SD) age was 80 (10) years, and 8074 (98%) were male. Successful discharge occurred in 2776 (34%) of the sample. The median (IQR) weekly hours of ST was 10.4 (7.1–12.1). Sextile 1 received less than 5.2 hours per week of ST. The adjusted relative risk (95% CI) for sextiles 2–6 compared with sextile 1 were, respectively, 2.20 (1.85–2.62), 2.48 (2.09–2.94), 2.52 (2.12–2.99), 2.62 (2.21–3.11), and 2.69 (2.27–3.19). DiscussionDuring SNF care after HF hospitalization, 5.3 or more hours of STs per week was associated with a higher rate of successful discharge, in a roughly dose-dependent fashion, up to a 170% increase in the highest sextile of ST hours. Conclusions and ImplicationsHigher ST hours are associated with successful discharge from SNF after HF hospitalization.

Physical and Cognitive Function Trends in Post-acute Care after Total Joint Arthroplasty in Medicare Beneficiaries: 2013-2018

ObjectivesPhysical and cognitive conditions of patients discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), and home with home health agencies (HHAs) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have not been evaluated. The purpose of this study is to examine the physical and cognitive function trends of Medicare beneficiaries discharged to SNFs, HHAs, and IRFs following TJA from 2013 to 2018. DesignObservational study using Medicare enrollment, claims, and assessment data from 2013–2018. Setting and Participants1,278,939 Medicare beneficiaries discharged to SNFs, HHAs, or IRFs for post-acute care following TJA from 2013 to 2018. MethodsMedicare data were used to examine the association between the endpoints of interest [discharge destination (SNF, HHA, or IRF) and the physical (measured using activities of daily living) and cognitive (measured using a range of setting-specific metrics) status of patients in each setting] and the year of TJA (2013–2018) by estimating multivariable models that controlled for patient- and hospital-level covariates. ResultsMultivariable analysis of 1,278,939 TJAs revealed that SNF discharge decreased [44.15% (2013)–21.57% (2018), P < .001], HHA increased (46.72%–72.47%, P < .001), and IRF decreased (9.13%–5.69%, P < .001). For SNF, the mean physical function scores [14.61 (2013)–14.23 (2018), P < .001] and cognitive impairment (13.25%–12.33%, P = .01) decreased, indicating less dependence. Physical function scores (3.09–3.94, P < .001) and cognitive impairment (13.95%–16.52%, P < .001) increased for HHA patients, indicating greater dependence. For IRF, motor functional independence measure decreased (38.81–37.78, P < .001) and cognitive dependence increased (39.08%–46.36%, P < .001), indicating greater dependence. Conclusions and ImplicationsFrom 2013 to 2018, patients were increasingly discharged to HHA. Although SNF patients were less dependent over time, HHA and IRF patients were physically and cognitively more dependent. Each setting is likely to benefit from policy and fiscal supports that help them manage changes in the volume and clinical intensity of patients requiring their services.

Improving Linkage for Patients With Injection-Drug-Use-Related Endocarditis and Osteomyelitis to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Through a Telephone Intervention.

The opioid overdose crisis has continued to worsen, with a concomitant increase in serious injection-related infections, such as endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Usual care of these infections involves long-term intravenous antibiotics, typically administered via a peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) at home. In patients with a history of opioid use disorder who inject drugs, a PICC has long been viewed as a high-risk intervention that may contribute to illicit substance use due to ease of venous access; thus, providers are often uncomfortable discharging these patients home to complete their antibiotics. As a result, many patients remain hospitalized or are discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in order to complete their antibiotics. Challenges to this model include difficulty finding SNFs that will accept these patients, inability for these SNFs to continue their medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD), and inability to coordinate care with outpatient MOUD providers at SNF discharge. This quality improvement project sought to increase linkage to outpatient MOUD on SNF discharge via a telephone intervention. A total of 11 patients qualified for this intervention. Although patients were still in an SNF, 4/7 (57.1%) of patients were successfully contacted. Once they were discharged from the SNF, only 3/10 (30.0%) of patients were successfully reached. Of those 30.0% who were contacted, all of them had attended their outpatient MOUD appointment. We suggest that future linkage interventions in this population may benefit from utilizing existing care team members to facilitate linkage, to maximize the rapport built during an inpatient stay.

Bundled payments lead to quality improvements in hospitals' skilled nursing facility referral networks.

To assess whether hospitals participating in Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program for joint replacement changed their referral patterns to favor higher-quality skilled nursing facilities(SNFs). Retrospective observational study using 2009-2015 inpatient and outpatient claims from a20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing joint replacement in US hospitals (N = 146,074) linked with data from Medicare's BPCI program and Nursing Home Compare. We ran fixed effect regression models regressing BPCI participation on hospital-SNF referral patterns (number of SNF discharges, number of SNF partners, and SNF referral concentration) and SNF quality (facility inspection survey rating, patient outcome rating, staffing rating, and registered nurse staffing rating). We found that BPCI participation was associated with a decrease in the number of SNF referrals and no significant change in the number of SNF partners or concentration of SNF partners. BPCI participation was associated with discharge to SNFs with a higher patient outcome rating by 0.04 stars (95% CI, 0.04-0.26). BPCI participation was not associated with improvements in discharge to SNFs with a higher facility survey rating (95%CI, -0.03 to 0.11), staffing rating (95% CI, -0.07 to 0.04), or registered nurse staffing rating (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.02). BPCI participation was associated with lower volume of SNF referrals and small increases in the quality of SNFs to which patients were discharged, without narrowing hospital-SNF referral networks.

Outcomes After Community Discharge From Skilled Nursing Facilities: The Role of Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services.

This study investigated the association between Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS) generosity and post-discharge outcomes among dual-eligible beneficiaries discharged from skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). We linked multiple national datasets for duals discharged from SNFs between 2010 and 2013. Accounting for SNF fixed effects, we estimated the effect of HCBS generosity, measured by its breadth and intensity, on the likelihood of remaining in the community, risks of death, nursing home (NH) admission, and hospitalizations within 30 and 180days after SNF discharge. We found that higher HCBS generosity was associated with an increased likelihood of remaining in the community. HCBS breadth and intensity were both significantly associated with reduced risks of NH admission, while higher HCBS intensity was related to a reduced risk of acute hospitalizations within 30days after discharge. Our findings suggest that more generous HCBS programs may facilitate smoother transitions and sustainable community living following SNF discharge.

Post-acute care transitions during COVID-19: Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences in older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.

Differences in the post-acute care (PAC) destinations among racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups have been documented before the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the pandemic's impact on these differences remains unknown. We examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PAC destinations and its variation by individual race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status among community-dwelling older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). We linked 2019-2021 national data (Medicare claims, Minimum Data Set, Master Beneficiary Summary File) and several publicly available datasets, including Provider of Services File, Area Deprivation Index, Area Health Resource File, and COVID-19 infection data. PAC discharge destinations included skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), home health agencies (HHA), and homes without services. Key variables of interest included individual race, ethnicity, and Medicare-Medicaid dual status. The analytic cohort included 830,656 community-dwelling Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with ADRD who were hospitalized between 2019 and 2021. Regression models with hospital random effects and state-fixed effects were estimated, stratified by the time periods, and adjusted for the individual, hospital, and county-level covariates. SNF discharges decreased while home and HHA discharges increased during the pandemic. The trend was more prominent among racial and ethnic minoritized groups and even more so among dual-eligible beneficiaries. For instance, the reduction in the probabilities of SNF admissions between the pre-pandemic period and the 2nd year of COVID was 4.6 (White non-duals), 18.5 (White duals), 8.7 (Black non-duals), and 20.1 (Black duals) percentage-point, respectively. We also found that non-duals were more likely to replace SNF with HHA services, while duals were more likely to be discharged home without HHA. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted PAC destinations for individuals with ADRD, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged and racial and ethnic minoritized populations. Future research is needed to understand if and how these transitions may have affected health outcomes.

Medication discrepancies across care transitions and the role of pharmacy technicians: A retrospective chart review

BackgroundAfter hospitalization, older adults are increasingly discharged to postacute care facilities such as skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Medication reconciliation and obtaining the best possible medication history (BPMH) are key components of medication management for care transitions and essential for preventing medication errors and adverse drug events. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess medication discrepancies across care transitions after a Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPhT) obtains the BPMH on hospital admission. MethodsSingle-center, retrospective chart review and included adults ≥ 18 years admitted to the medicine service and discharged to a SNF between November 2016 and June 2017. Medication lists were evaluated for discrepancies across 3 transitions: hospital admission to hospital discharge (Time I), hospital discharge to SNF admission (Time II), and SNF admission to SNF discharge (Time III). Discrepancies were categorized by medication class, type of discrepancy, and whether it was potentially intentional or unintentional. ResultsIn 127 patients, the average age was 83.3 (SD 9.16), 61% (n = 77) were female, and 67% (n = 85) were white. Median hospital length of stay (LOS) was 6 days (interquartile range [IQR] 4-10) and SNF LOS 21 days (IQR 15-30). Across 381 transitions, 6322 medications were reviewed, and 2602 discrepancies identified. The total number of medication discrepancies was 1034 (Time I), 687 (Time II), and 881 (Time III), respectively. All patients had at least one medication discrepancy. The average number of potentially unintentional discrepancies per patient at each transition was 0.14, 0.2, and 0.16, respectively. The most common discrepancy type was omissions (39%), and the highest number of discrepancies in the potentially intentional and unintentional discrepancy groups was gastrointestinal (21%) and cardiovascular medications (24%), respectively. ConclusionMedication discrepancies are common across all care transitions. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of CPhT in obtaining the BPMH on hospital admission for reducing medication discrepancies across the continuum of care.

Characterizing changes to older adults' care transition patterns from hospital to home care in the initial year of COVID-19.

Skilled home healthcare (HH) provided in-person care to older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet little is known about the pandemic's impact on HH care transition patterns. We investigated pandemic impact on (1) HH service volume; (2) population characteristics; and (3) care transition patterns for older adults receiving HH services after hospital or skilled nursing facility (SNF) discharge. Retrospective, cohort, comparative study of recently hospitalized older adults (≥ 65 years) receiving HH services after hospital or SNF discharge at two large HH agencies in Baltimore and New York City (NYC) 1-year pre- and 1-year post-pandemic onset. We used the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) and service use records to examine HH utilization, patient characteristics, visit timeliness, medication issues, and 30-day emergency department (ED) visit and rehospitalization. Across sites, admissions to HH declined by 23% in the pandemic's first year. Compared to the year prior, older adults receiving HH services during the first year of the pandemic were more likely to be younger, have worse mental, respiratory, and functional status in some areas, and be assessed by HH providers as having higher risk of rehospitalization. Thirty-day rehospitalization rates were lower during the first year of the pandemic. COVID-positive HH patients had lower odds of 30-day ED visit or rehospitalization. At the NYC site, extended duration between discharge and first HH visit was associated with reduced 30-day ED visit or rehospitalization. HH patient characteristics and utilization were distinct in Baltimore versus NYC in the initial year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study findings suggest some older adults who needed HH may not have received it, since the decrease in HH services occurred as SNF use decreased nationally. Findings demonstrate the importance of understanding HH agency responsiveness during public health emergencies to ensure older adults' access to care.

Use of interrupted time-series analyses in evaluating health economic outcomes following implementation of multilayer water-tight wound closure in a primary total joint arthroplasty population.

Aim: Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) with multi-layer, watertight closure (MLWC) using knotless barbed suture and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate plus polymer mesh tape was compared with conventional closure (CC) using Vicryl™ sutures and staples. Patients & methods: Electronic medical records of patients undergoing TJA (1574: total knee arthroplasty; 580: total hip arthroplasty; 13: unknown) from a single surgeon at a US hospital (CC 2011 to 2013; MLWC 2015 to 2020) were reviewed. Outcomes were length of stay (LOS), discharge to skilled nursing facility (SNF), 90-day surgical site infection (SSI) and 90-day readmission. Logistic regression controlled for baseline characteristics. Adjusted interrupted time series (ITS) analyses accounted for decreasing trends in LOS and SNF discharge over time. Results: Among 2167 TJA cases (mean [standard deviation] age 66.0 [9.7]years, 53.3% female), 906 received CC and 1261 received MLWC. Bivariate analysis showed no statistically significant differences in 90-day SSI rates; however, MLWC patients had 60% lower 90-day readmission rates (1.5 vs 3.8%, p<0.05), 44% lower LOS (1.4 vs 2.5days, p<0.05) and 40% lower discharge rates to a skilled care facility (8.5 vs 14.1%, p<0.05). Multivariable analyses showed CC patients were 2.45-times more likely to be readmitted within 90days, 1.88-times more likely to be discharged to SNF and had 1.67-times longer LOS compared with MLWC. ITS analyses showed a sharp decline in LOS (0.9days) and discharge to SNF (5.6% incidence) after implementation of MLWC, followed by no further changes for the remainder of the study period. Conclusion: MLWC was associated with ≥40% reduction in 90-day readmission, LOS and SNF discharge compared with TJA CC. LOS and discharge rate to SNF declined sharply after the implementation of MLWC.

Who Can Be Discharged Home after Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery?

Introduction: After adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery, patients often require postoperative rehabilitation at an inpatient rehabilitation (IPR) center or a skilled nursing facility (SNF). However, home discharge is often preferred by patients and hsas been shown to decrease costs. In a cohort of patients undergoing ASD surgery, we sought to (1) report the incidence of discharge to home, (2) determine the factors significantly associated with discharge to home in the form of a simple scoring system, and (3) evaluate the impact of discharge disposition on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods: A single-institution, retrospective cohort study was undertaken for patients undergoing ASD surgery from 2009 to 2021. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 5-level fusion, sagittal/coronal deformity, and at least 2-year follow-up. Exposure variables included preoperative, perioperative, and radiographic data. The primary outcome was discharge status (dichotomized as home vs. IPR/SNF). Secondary outcomes included PROMs, such as the numeric rating scales (NRSs) for back and leg pain, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and EQ-5D. A subanalysis comparing IPR to SNF discharge was conducted. Univariate analysis was performed. Results: Of 221 patients undergoing ASD surgery with a mean age of 63.6 ± 17.6, 112 (50.6%) were discharged home, 71 (32.2%) were discharged to an IPR center, and 38 (17.2%) were discharged to an SNF. Patients discharged home were significantly younger (55.7 ± 20.1 vs. 71.8 ± 9.1, p < 0.001), had lower rate of 2+ comorbidities (38.4% vs. 45.0%, p = 0.001), and had less hypertension (57.1% vs. 75.2%, p = 0.005). Perioperatively, patients who were discharged home had significantly fewer levels instrumented (10.0 ± 3.0 vs. 11.0 ± 3.4 levels, p = 0.030), shorter operative times (381.4 ± 139.9 vs. 461.6 ± 149.8 mins, p < 0.001), less blood loss (1101.0 ± 977.8 vs. 1739.7 ± 1332.9 mL, p < 0.001), and shorter length of stay (5.4 ± 2.8 vs. 9.3 ± 13.9 days, p < 0.001). Radiographically, preoperative SVA (9.1 ± 6.5 vs. 5.2 ± 6.8 cm, p < 0.001), PT (27.5 ± 11.1° vs. 23.4 ± 10.8°, p = 0.031), and T1PA (28.9 ± 12.7° vs. 21.6 ± 13.6°, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients who were discharged to an IPR center/SNF. Additionally, the operating surgeon also significantly influenced the disposition status (p < 0.001). A scoring system of the listed factors was proposed and was validated using univariate logistic regression (OR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.34-1.78, p < 0.001) and ROC analysis, which revealed a cutoff value of > 6 points as a predictor of non-home discharge (AUC = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.68-0.80, p < 0.001, sensitivity = 63.3%, specificity = 74.1%). The factors in the scoring system were age > 56, comorbidities ≥ 2, hypertension, TIL ≥ 10, operative time > 357 mins, EBL > 1200 mL, preop SVA > 6.6 cm, preop PT > 33.6°, and preop T1PA > 15°. When comparing IPR (n = 71) vs. SNF (n = 38), patients discharged to an SNF were significantly older (74.4 ± 8.6 vs. 70.4 ± 9.1, p = 0.029) and were more likely to be female (89.5% vs. 70.4%, p = 0.024). Conclusions: Approximately 50% of patients were discharged home after ASD surgery. A simple scoring system based on age > 56, comorbidities ≥ 2, hypertension, total instrumented levels ≥ 10, operative time > 357 mins, EBL > 1200 mL, preop SVA > 6.6 cm, preop PT > 33.6°, and preop T1PA > 15° was proposed to predict non-home discharge. These findings may help guide postoperative expectations and resource allocation after ASD surgery.

Life-Space of Older Adults after Discharge from Skilled Nursing Facilities

ObjectivesDescribe (1) patient or caregiver perceptions of physical function in 30 days after skilled nursing facility (SNF) discharge indicated by Life-Space Assessment (LSA) scores, and (2) patient and caregiver factors associated with LSA scores. DesignSecondary analysis of baseline and outcomes data from the cluster randomized trial of the Connect-Home transitional care intervention. Setting and ParticipantsSix SNFs in North Carolina. Patient and caregiver dyads with LSA scores (N = 245). MethodsSNF patients or their caregivers serving as proxy reported the life-space of the SNF patient using the LSA tool, a measure of environmental and social factors that influence physical mobility. Simple scores for highest life-space attained depending on equipment and/or caregiver support range from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater mobility. Multiple linear regression models for simple LSA scores and Composite Life-Space (0-120), adjusted for treatment, time via a COVID pandemic indicator, and treatment × COVID effect as fixed effects, were used to estimate the association of patient and caregiver variables and life-space. ResultsPatients had a mean age of 76.3 years, 62.6% were female, and 74.7% were white. Caregivers were commonly female (73.9%) and adult children of the patient (46.5%). The mean Composite Life-Space score was 22.6 (16.09). The mean Assisted Life-Space score (range: 0-5) was 1.6 (1.47), and 76.3% of patients could not move beyond their bedroom, house, and yard without assistance of another person. Higher Composite Life-Space scores were associated with lower levels of cognitive impairment and shorter SNF length of stay. Conclusions and ImplicationsSNF patients and their caregivers reported very low LSA scores in 30 days after SNF care. Findings indicate the need for care redesign to promote recovery of physical function of older adults after SNF discharge, such as optimizing SNF rehabilitative therapy and adding postdischarge rehabilitative supports at home.

Abstract TP80: Differences in Access to Post Acute Care Services Between Traditional Medicare and Medicare Advantage Beneficiaries in Michigan

Introduction: In recent years, Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollment in the US has increased dramatically relative to traditional Medicare (TM). There is evidence to suggest that MA stroke patients are less likely to receive inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) based care in favor of home health. To evaluate potential gaps in quality of care, we compared post-acute care use patterns following hospitalization for acute stroke between TM and MA populations. Methods: We probabilistically linked data from Michigan’s Get With The Guidelines-Stroke registry and Michigan Value Collaborative multipayer claims data registry for 16,231 TM and MA beneficiaries discharged alive following acute stroke (ICD-10 I61-I63) between 2016-2020. We used discharge claims to identify the initial discharge destination classified as home, home health, IRF, skilled nursing facility (SNF) or other. Unadjusted differences in proportions and time trends between TM and MA populations were assessed using chi square statistical tests. Results: TM and MA-insured patients constituted 75.1% and 24.9% of the 16,231 stroke discharges, respectively. Compared with TM, MA beneficiaries were older (77.4 vs 75.8, P &lt;0.001), less likely to be female (50.3% vs 55.3%, P &lt;0.001), and more likely to be white (87.0% vs 82.4%, P &lt;0.001). Over the study period, the proportion of MA patients increased from 21.2% in 2016 to 32.4% in 2020 ( P &lt;0.001) (Table). Overall, significant differences in discharge destination were due to more MA patients discharged to home and home health ( P &lt;0.001). Despite significant differences between MA and TM populations, there were no consistent time trends in discharge patterns. However, the exception was in 2020 where increased utilization of home health was accompanied by decreases in IRF and SNF discharge. Conclusions: We did not find clinically meaningful differences in discharge patterns between TM and MA populations. Changes in 2020 were likely attributed to COVID-19.

Impact of skilled nursing facility (SNF) 3-day hospitalization requirement waiver during the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department and inpatient SNF discharges in California.

We sought to study the impact of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid services (CMS) waiver of the 3-day hospitalization requirement for skilled nursing facility (SNF) care implemented as part of the Federal COVID-19 response on emergency department (ED) and inpatient hospital SNF discharges. We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of hospital ED and inpatient visits in California during 18 months before (prewaiver, September 2018-February 2020) and 18 months after (waiver, March 2020-August 2021) waiver implementation. Data were collected from all adult ED and admitted patients utilizing California Department of Health Care Access and Information datasets from all acute care hospitals licensed in the state. Prewaiver and waiver periods were compared for SNF discharge/disposition rates stratified by patient demographic and hospital data with differences in the proportion and 95% confidence interval [CI] reported (SPSS). SNF discharges decreased from the prewaiver to waiver periods from the ED (-7.4% [CI -8.1%, -6.6%]), along with larger declines occurring from the inpatient hospital setting (-18.1% [CI -18.4%, -17.9%]). For Medicare beneficiaries, there was a smaller decrease in ED SNF rates (-3.8% [CI -4.7%, -2.9%]), and there was no significant change for SNF discharge rates for inpatient admissions with a length of stay (LOS)<3 days (+1.0% [CI 0.0%, 2.1%]). In California, the CMS waiver did not result in an increase, but an actual decrease rate of SNF discharges from the ED and inpatient setting, though with smaller declines for the ED, Medicare patients, and those with a LOS<3 days.

Type II odontoid fractures in the elderly presenting to the emergency department: an assessment of factors affecting in-hospital mortality and discharge to skilled nursing facilities

BACKGROUND CONTEXTType II odontoid fractures (OF) are among the most common cervical spine injuries in the geriatric population. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding their epidemiology. Additionally, the optimal management of these injuries remains controversial, and no study has evaluated the short-term outcomes of geriatric patients presenting to emergency departments (ED). PURPOSEThis study aims to document the epidemiology of geriatric patients presenting to EDs with type II OFs and determine whether surgical management was associated with early adverse outcomes such as in-hospital mortality and discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNF). STUDY DESIGNThis is a retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLEData was used from the 2016–2020 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Patient encounters corresponding to type II OFs were identified. Patients younger than 65 at the time of presentation to the ED and those with concomitant spinal pathology were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURESThe association between the surgical management of geriatric type II OFs and outcomes such as in-hospital mortality and discharge to SNFs. METHODSPatient, fracture, and surgical management characteristics were recorded. A propensity score matched cohort was constructed to reduce differences in age, comorbidities, and injury severity between patients undergoing operative and nonoperative management. Additionally, to develop a positive control for the analysis of geriatric patients with type II OFs and no other concomitant spinal pathology, a cohort of patients that had been excluded due to the presence of a concomitant spinal cord injury (SCI) was also constructed. Multivariate regressions were then performed on both the matched and unmatched cohorts to ascertain the associations between surgical treatment and in-hospital mortality, inpatient length of stay, encounter charges, and discharge to SNFs. RESULTSA total of 11,325 encounters were included. The mean total charge per encounter was $60,221. 634 (5.6%) patients passed away during their encounters. In total, 1,005 (8.9%) patients were managed surgically. Surgical management of type II OFs was associated with a 316% increase in visit charge (95% CI: 291%–341%, p<.001), increased inpatient length of stay (IRR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.62–3.12, p<.001), and increased likelihood of discharge to SNFs (OR=2.62, 95% CI: 2.26–3.05, p<.001), but decreased in-hospital mortality (OR=0.32, CI: 0.21-0.45, p<.001). The propensity score matched cohort consisted of 2,010 patients, matching each of the 1,005 that underwent surgery to 1,005 that did not. These cohorts were well balanced across age (78.24 vs 77.91 years), Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (3.68 vs 3.71), and Injury Severity Score (30.15 vs 28.93). This matching did not meaningfully alter the associations determined between surgical management and in-hospital mortality (OR=0.34, CI=0.21–0.55, p<.001) or SNF discharge (OR=2.59, CI=2.13–3.16, p<.001). Lastly, the positive control cohort of patients with concurrent SCI had higher rates of SNF discharge (50.0% vs 42.6%, p<.001), surgical management (32.3% vs 9.7%, p<.001), and in-hospital mortality (28.9% vs 5.6%, p<.001). CONCLUSIONSThis study lends insight into the epidemiology of geriatric type II OFs and quantifies risk factors influencing adverse outcomes. Patient informed consent should include a discussion of the protective association between definitive surgical management and in-hospital mortality against potential operative morbidity, increased lengths of hospital stay, and increased likelihood of discharge to SNFs. This information may impact patient treatment selection and decision making.

A Data-Driven Analysis of Ward Capacity Strain Metrics That Predict Clinical Outcomes Among Survivors of Acute Respiratory Failure.

Supply-demand mismatch of ward resources ("ward capacity strain") alters care and outcomes. Narrow strain definitions and heterogeneous populations limit strain literature. Evaluate the predictive utility of a large set of candidate strain variables for in-hospital mortality and discharge destination among acute respiratory failure (ARF) survivors. In a retrospective cohort of ARF survivors transferred from intensive care units (ICUs) to wards in five hospitals from 4/2017-12/2019, we applied 11 machine learning (ML) models to identify ward strain measures during the first 24hours after transfer most predictive of outcomes. Measures spanned patient volume (census, admissions, discharges), staff workload (medications administered, off-ward transports, transfusions, isolation precautions, patients per respiratory therapist and nurse), and average patient acuity (Laboratory Acute Physiology Score version 2, ICU transfers) domains. The cohort included 5,052 visits in 43 wards. Median age was 65years (IQR 56-73); 2,865 (57%) were male; and 2,865 (57%) were white. 770 (15%) patients died in the hospital or had hospice discharges, and 2,628 (61%) were discharged home and 964 (23%) to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Ward admissions, isolation precautions, and hospital admissions most consistently predicted in-hospital mortality across ML models. Patients per nurse most consistently predicted discharge to home and SNF, and medications administered predicted SNF discharge. In this hypothesis-generating analysis of candidate ward strain variables' prediction of outcomes among ARF survivors, several variables emerged as consistently predictive of key outcomes across ML models. These findings suggest targets for future inferential studies to elucidate mechanisms of ward strain's adverse effects.

Frailty and Time at Home After Post-Acute Care in Skilled Nursing Facilities.

To examine the association of a claims-based frailty index with time at home, defined as the number of days alive and spent out of hospital or skilled nursing facility (SNF). Cohort Study. A 5% Medicare random sample of fee-for-service beneficiaries, who had continuous part A and B enrollment in the prior 6months, that were discharged from a short SNF admission in 2014‒2016. Frailty was measured with a validated claims-based frailty index (CFI) (range: 0‒1, higher scores indicating worse frailty) and categorized into nonfrail (CFI <0.25), mild frailty (CFI 0.25‒0.34), and moderate-to-severe frailty (CFI ≥0.35). We measured home time in the 6months following SNF discharge (range: 0‒182days with higher values representing more days at home and thus a better outcome). We used logistic regression to assess the association between frailty and short home time, defined as <173days, adjusting for age, sex, race, region, a comorbidity index, clinical SNF admission characteristics in the Minimum Data Set, and SNF characteristics. In our sample of 144,708 beneficiaries (mean age, 80.8years, 64.9% female, 85.9% white) who were discharged to community after SNF stay, the mean CFI was 0.26 (standard deviation, 0.07). The mean home time was 165.6 (38.1) days in nonfrail, 154.4 (47.4) days in mild frailty, 145.0 (52.0) days in moderate-to-severe frailty group. After full model adjustments, moderate to severe frailty was associated with a 1.71 (95% CI 1.65‒1.78) higher odds of having short time at home in the 6months following SNF discharge. Higher CFI is associated with short time at home in Medicare beneficiaries who are discharged to the community after post-acute SNF stay. Our results support the utility of CFI in identifying SNF patients who need additional resources and interventions to prevent health decline and poor quality of life.

Hospital Discharge and Readmissions Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic for California Acute Stroke Inpatients

BackgroundAcute stroke therapy and rehabilitation declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. We characterized changes in acute stroke disposition and readmissions during the pandemic. MethodsWe used the California State Inpatient Database in this retrospective observational study of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. We compared discharge disposition across a pre-pandemic period (January 2019 to February 2020) to a pandemic period (March to December 2020) using cumulative incidence functions (CIF), and re-admission rates using chi-squared. ResultsThere were 63,120 and 40,003 stroke hospitalizations in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, respectively. Pre-pandemic, the most common disposition was home [46%], followed by skilled nursing facility (SNF) [23%], and acute rehabilitation [13%]. During the pandemic, there were more home discharges [51%, subdistribution hazard ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.15-1.19], decreased SNF discharges [17%, subdistribution hazard ratio 0.70, 95% CI 0.68-0.72], and acute rehabilitation discharges were unchanged [CIF, p<0.001]. Home discharges increased with increasing age, with an increase of 8.2% for those ≥85 years. SNF discharges decreased in a similar distribution by age. Thirty-day readmission rates were 12.7 per 100 hospitalizations pre-pandemic compared to 11.6 per 100 hospitalizations during the pandemic [p<0.001]. Home discharge readmission rates were unchanged between periods. Readmission rates for discharges to SNF (18.4 vs. 16.7 per 100 hospitalizations, p=0.003) and acute rehabilitation decreased (11.3 vs. 10.1 per 100 hospitalizations, p=0.034). ConclusionsDuring the pandemic a greater proportion of patients were discharged home, with no change in readmission rates. Research is needed to evaluate the impact on quality and financing of post-hospital stroke care.

Why Do Patients Choose Skilled Nursing Facilities After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty?

BackgroundCurrent research indicates that total joint arthroplasty patients who are discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) have higher complication rates as compared to home. Many factors like age, sex, race, Medicare status, and past medical history have been shown to influence discharge destination. The present study sought to gather patient-indicated reasons for SNF discharge and identify potentially modifiable factors influencing the decision. MethodsPrimary total joint arthroplasty patients were asked to complete surveys at their presurgical and 2-week postsurgical follow-up appointments. The surveys included home access and social support questions as well as patient-reported outcome measures: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement and Information System, Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement, or Hip dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement. ResultsOf 765 patients who met inclusion criteria, 3.9% were discharged to an SNF and these were more frequently post-THA, women, older, Black, and persons living alone. Regression analyses indicated that lower Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool score, higher age, no caregiver presence, and Black race were significantly associated with SNF discharge. Patients discharged to an SNF most commonly reported social concerns rather than medical or home access concerns as the main factor for SNF discharge. ConclusionsWhile age and sex are nonmodifiable factors, the availability of a caregiver and social support represents an important modifiable factor in regard to discharge destination. Dedicated attention during the preoperative planning period may help augment social support and avoid unnecessary discharges to SNFs.

Real-world 2-year clinical and economic outcomes among patients receiving a medial collared, triple tapered primary hip system versus other implants for total hip arthroplasty

Objective To evaluate real-world outcomes of patients receiving ACTIS, a medial collared, triple-tapered (MCTT) hip system vs. other implants, for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods Patients with THA between 2016–2021 from Mercy Healthcare Systems–Orthopedics Database were evaluated. The primary outcome was the 2-year revision. Secondary outcomes included operating room (OR) time, length of stay (LOS), and discharge disposition. Fine Stratification and Weighting (FSW) controlled for baseline characteristic differences between ACTIS and other implant groups. Cox proportional regression evaluated the hazard ratio (HR) for revision. Results Among 9,225 patients with 10,205 THAs (mean [SD] age 66.8 [11.3] years, 56.0% female), MCTT was implanted in 1,591 hips and other implants in 8,614 hips. The balanced cohort included all 10,205 procedures (54.2% female; age 65.5 [11.3]; 14.1% Elixhauser index ≥5; 84.5% MCTT, 82.2% other since 2018; obesity 43.6% MCTT, 43.0% other). Two-year revision was 0.9% for MCTT and 1.8% for other implants (p = .021). HR for revision MCTT vs. other was 0.53 (95% CI 0.30–0.92; p = .023). Mean (SD) OR time was 69.07 (18.93) minutes for MCTT, 83.69 (43.88) for other implants (p < .001). LOS was 1.99 (1.15) days for MCTT, 2.45 (2.91) for other implants (p < .001). MCTT patients were more likely to be discharged home (90.7% vs 33.8%, p < .001) and less likely to be discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNF) (4.2% vs 9.6%, p < .001). One-year cost savings per patient with MCTT was projected at $2,342. Conclusions MCTT patients had fewer revisions, reduced OR time, shorter LOS, more home and less SNF discharge, leading to cost savings.

Post-Acute Care Outcomes of Cancer Patients

Background: Post-acute care outcomes for patients with cancer <65 with multiple payers are largely unknown. Objective: Describe the population and outcomes of younger adults discharged to skilled nursing facility (SNF) and those discharged home or with home health care six months following hospitalization. Design: Descriptive cohort analysis. Setting/Subjects: Using a linkage between the Colorado All Payers Claims Database and the Colorado Central Cancer Registry, we studied patients <65 with stage III or IV advanced cancer between 2012 and 2017. Measurements: Receipt of cancer treatment, 30-day readmission, death, and hospice use. Groups of interest were compared by patient demographics and disease characteristics using chi-square tests. Logistic regression was used to describe unadjusted and adjusted outcome rates among discharge setting. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival by discharge destination. Results: Three percent of patients were discharged to SNF, 79.0% to home, and 18.0% to home health care. SNF discharges were less likely to receive cancer treatment. Among decedents, 39.0%, 51.0%, and 58.0% of SNF, home, and home health care discharges received hospice, respectively. Patients with Medicaid were more likely to be discharged to an SNF. Black/Hispanic patients were more likely to have Medicaid and received less radiation and hospice care, irrespective of discharge location. Those who were discharged to SNF were more likely to receive radiation compared to White patients. Conclusions: Younger patients with cancer discharged to SNF were unlikely to receive cancer treatment and hospice care before death. Racial disparities exist in cancer treatment receipt and hospice use warranting further investigation.