Skeletal Profile Research Articles

Development of Skeletal Ossification in Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) from Juvenile to Adulthood

The climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) is a freshwater fish that can withstand highly unfavorable environments and stay out of the water for extended periods. Its anatomical characteristics showed terrestrial adaptation and terrestrial locomotion properties enable the use of climbing perch as an animal model. Moreover, its bone and cartilage profiles at different stages are crucial to improving the anatomical information for the osteogenesis model candidate. The current study aimed to illustrate the skeletal profiles of juvenile and adult climbing perch with the whole staining method. The samples included two adults and two juvenile climbing perch from Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The fish were euthanized using β-hydroxyethyl phenyl ether in a lethal dose. The skeleton was examined using the Alcian blue–Alizarin red whole staining, which revealed the bones and cartilage under the stereomicroscope. The result showed that the bone is the main skeleton. Cartilage was detected in the area surrounding the orbit in the adult climbing perch and in the pterotic, pterosphenoid, prootic, and distal end of the hypural, parhypural, and basal pectoral girdle in the juvenile climbing perch. Endochondral osteogenesis was found in juvenile to adult climbing perch.

Trabecular Bone Score to Enhance Fracture Risk Prediction and Treatment Strategies in Osteoporosis.

The Trabecular Bone Score (TBS), a gray-level textural assessment derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images, serves as a validated index of trabecular bone microarchitecture. Over the past decade, significant evidence has highlighted the usefulness of TBS in primary and secondary osteoporosis, leading to its integration with the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) and bone mineral density (BMD) T-score adjustments. This review explores the role of TBS in fracture prediction, treatment initiation, and monitoring. Studies confirm that TBS enhances fracture risk prediction in both primary and secondary osteoporosis when combined with BMD and clinical risk factors. Evidence also suggests that including TBS alongside BMD and FRAX offers significant potential for treatment stratification, considering the overall skeletal profile, such as bone mass, bone quality, and clinical risk factors. Consequently, TBS has become a standard part of clinical care worldwide. Future enhancements hope to adjust for soft tissue thickness, broadening the applicability of TBS across diverse body types and pediatric populations.

Retrospective analysis of the upper airway anatomy and Sella turcica morphology across different skeletal malocclusions: a computerized technique

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the normal volumetric space and variations in the measurements of different landmarks in adults with different skeletal relations of the maxilla and the mandible based on CBCT data. The study also analyses these landmarks to locate any correlations.BackgroundNumerous studies in orthodontics have found a relationship between orthodontic treatment and changes in the anatomy and function of the airway. Severe changes in airway morphology can cause breathing difficulties, lower quality of life, and even result in life-threatening conditions such as obstructive sleep apnoea. Consequently, orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning require a thorough understanding of the airway space and its function.MethodsThe present retrospective study was conducted using CBCT records of 120 adult patients, containing 40 samples of each skeletal class (20 males and 20 females). The boundaries were defined for the 3 major regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the hypopharynx. Various measurements were recorded across these regions, as well as selective cephalometric landmarks. The obtained data was used to calculate average and standard deviation, while regression analysis was used to evaluate correlations and t-test was used to test statistical significance of gender differences.ResultsThe results demonstrate that skeletal Class III individuals exhibit a reduced airway volume in the nasopharynx compared to other groups, whereas skeletal Class II individuals displayed a diminished airway volume in the hypopharynx. A strong correlation was observed for Sella turcica parameters. There were no significant differences in skeletal parameters across genders. Nasopharynx cavity volume demonstrated significant differences between skeletal Class I–Class III as well as between skeletal Class II–Class III. Hypopharynx cavity volume also demonstrated significant differences between skeletal Class I–Class II and between skeletal Class II–Class III.ConclusionThe major findings are the presence of a reduced nasopharyngeal volume in skeletal Class III malocclusions while skeletal Class II individuals displayed a diminished hypopharyngeal volume, making these critical areas to consider during the diagnostic and orthodontic treatment planning stages. This study also revealed a consistent correlation between Sella turcica parameters across various facial skeletal profiles, with skeletal Class II patients exhibiting a distinct pattern and skeletal Class I and Class III demonstrating an average relationship.

A Comparative Study: Photogrammetry and Cephalometric Analysis for Orthodontic Treatment Planning

Introduction: Cephalometric analysis constitutes the benchmark for diagnosing craniofacial morphology in orthodontic practice. However, the increasing demand for aesthetic standards has clinicians questioning whether ideal cephalometric measurements are synonymous with facial aesthetics since soft tissues do not necessarily follow the underlying skeletal profile. In addition, rising concerns about radiation exposure have necessitated a non-radiographic, non-invasive and cost-effective alternative. Facial photography has been an integral part of orthodontic treatment planning but usually as an adjunct to record keeping. However, recent studies have proven the reliability of using photographs for soft-tissue analysis. It provides an easily reproducible, economical and low technique-sensitive procedure to evaluate cranial morphology, especially for epidemiologic research. The primary aim of this study is to determine if photographic analysis could be utilised with precision for orthodontic diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, J. S. S. Dental College and Hospital, Mysuru. This study selected 100 patients aged 12–28 years who had reported to the department for orthodontic treatment. Standardised profile photographs and lateral cephalograms were obtained from the patients as part of the records required. Traditional cephalometric (angular and linear) measurements and corresponding photographic ones used for sagittal and vertical assessment were analysed to draw inferences. Results: The reliability of the photographic technique was proven with intraclass correlation coefficients above 0.79. A highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) was found between all parameters. N-Sn-Pog/N’-Sn-Pog’ (0.946), SN-MP/TrN’-MP” (0.844) and FMA/FMA’ showed the highest coefficients of correlation. The photographic variable that best explained the variability of its analogous cephalometric measurement was the N-SN-Pog angle (r 2 = 0.895). Conclusion: The photographic method has proven to be repeatable and reproducible. With a homogeneous protocol, the photographic method is a practical alternative to lateral cephalograms, especially in cases that require a non-invasive, low-cost option.

Methods of treatment of patients with skeletal forms of distal occlusion using dental alveolar compensation. The role of digital technologies and the approach to treatment

Improving the effectiveness of complex treatment in patients with distal occlusion of the dentition during the period of active skeletal growth. 202 patients with skeletal distal occlusion were examined and treated. Patients are divided into three subgroups depending on the position/size of the jaw bones and the main link of pathogenesis. The parameters of TRG and CBCT sections were measured before and after treatment. Various parameters were used for the analysis: skeletal (SNA, SNB, ANB, etc.), dental (II/SN, II/ii, APog-I, APog-i, etc.), skeletal profile and soft tissue parameters. Various orthodontic techniques have been applied, including FNTA, the Damon bracket system, the Biederman apparatus and others. In the retention period, non-removable retainers in the frontal section and removable night retention devices of various structures were used. Patients were monitored for up to 15 years after the completion of the active orthodontic treatment stage. The analysis of the X-ray examination data indicates the normalization of the mutual position of the jaw bones in relation to the base of the skull, optimization of the ratios of the bone elements of the TMJ. An algorithm has been developed for the treatment of patients with dental anomalies in the sagittal plane, with narrowing of the upper jaw during the bite of permanent teeth. Comprehensive treatment of patients with distal occlusion during the period of active skeletal growth makes it possible to achieve significant improvements in dentition, position and closure of teeth, as well as skeletal parameters of X-ray examinations. The results indicate the importance of early intervention using modern orthodontic techniques. Long-term follow-up in the retention period shows the stability of the results and the effectiveness of the treatment.

The Association Between Skeletal Facial Types and Third Molars Impaction in a Saudi Arabian Subpopulation: A CBCT Study.

To assess the state of mandibular and maxillary third molars in relation to different facial types in a Saudi population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records. A retrospective study was performed on CBCTs. Statistical analysis determined the relationship between impacted maxillary and mandibular third molars and different skeletal facial types. The degree of third molar impaction was evaluated. A total of 198 CBCTs from subjects were evaluated, with a mean age of 34.2 years. Archer II classification was found to be significantly associated with all skeletal profiles. The incidence of mesioangular impactions in lower third molar showed a notable increase in the brachyfacial group, which was statistically significant. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that different facial types are associated with the angulation of third molar impactions.

Anthropometric and Cephalometric Facial Characteristics of Adult Saudi Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusions

Abstract Objectives: We aimed to assess adult Saudi patients’ facial anthropometry and cephalometric characteristics with skeletal Class III malocclusions compared to Class I malocclusion patients. Materials and Methods: Our cross-sectional study included a review of the orthodontic records of 108 patients: 54 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusions and 54 patients with skeletal Class I malocclusions, equally distributed between males and females. Using anthropometric landmarks, seven angular and eight linear measurements were recorded and compared between Class III and Class I patients. In addition, we compared three horizontal facial proportions and three horizontal neoclassical canons between the two groups. Finally, we used Student’s t-tests to compare continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results: Class III patients had significantly larger mandibular length, mandibular plane angle, mid- and lower-anterior face height, and posterior face height (P < 0.05) compared to Class I patients. Class III patients had significantly proclined upper incisors, retroclined lower incisors, and an obtuse interincisal angle (P < 0.05). The mouth: nose ratio differed significantly between skeletal Class III and I patients (P = 0.008). The orbital canon was valid in 14.8% of Class I and 9.3% of Class III patients, respectively. The orbitonasal proportion applied only to 31.5% and 20.4% of Class I and III patients, respectively. The naso-oral canon occurred in 18.5% and 1.9% of Class I and III patients, respectively. Conclusion: Saudis with Class III skeletal profiles have some distinctive Class III characteristics not observed in most other ethnic groups. The established horizontal facial proportions, neoclassical facial canons, and Class III skeletal profile did not apply to Saudis with skeletal Class I malocclusions, indicating that these proportions and characteristics may not be suitable as references when planning the surgical treatment for these patients.

Factors influencing the perception of profile beauty in Class III dental compensation: A comparative cross-sectional study according to three categories of assessors

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the different factors influencing the perception of female profile facial beauty in Class III patients with protruded mandible that can be treated with orthodontic dental compensation: (1)severity of the protrusion, (2) the upper incisors inclination and (3) the presence of jawlines. The secondary objective was to determine if the rater's gender and profession played a role in the assessment of the preferred profile. A normal and smiling photographs of a female subject with normal facial and skeletal profile criteria were digitally manipulated to obtain 3 different mandibular sagittal positions: 0mm, +4mm and +8mm. Each position of the chin was evaluated with the presence or not of jawlines. In the smiling profiles, the same chin modifications were scored, and the maxillary incisor inclination was changed from 0 to +10 degrees with 5 degrees increments. A total of 320 raters (107 dentists, 103 orthodontists and 110 laypeople) scored the attractiveness of the different images using a Visual Analogue Scale. The limit of statistical significance wasP<0.05. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were conducted to assess the predictors of variations in ratings within each set of photos, as well as the interactions of predictors where adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated and reported. In the profiles without a smile, image +4mm chin (Class III treated by compensation) and image +8-mm mandible (Class III not treated) were selected as the most and least attractive images, respectively, by almost all groups with no difference. The presence of jawlines has a positive role in facial attractiveness. In the smiling profiles, all the examiners showed a preference for image +4-mm chin and a slight protrusion of maxillary incisors (+5 degrees). No significant difference was found between genders in this study. Class III treated by compensation (+4mm) are more attractive than non-treated Class III (+8mm) by almost all groups with no difference. The presence of jawlines has a positive role in facial attractiveness. In the smiling profiles, all the examiners showed a preference for image +4-mm chin and a slight protrusion of maxillary incisors (+5 degrees). Orthodontists older than 50 years old are aware of the difficulty to treat a skeletal Class III and tend to accept it due to their long career experience. No significant difference was found between genders in this study.

Can Condylectomy Alone Achieve Facial Symmetry in Patients With Hemimandibular Hyperplasia (Condylar Hyperplasia Type 2)?

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the 3-dimensional orofacial changes occurring after proportional condylectomy in patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia type 2 (hemimandibular hyperplasia). Eight patients underwent proportional condylectomy that was not followed by orthognathic surgery or orthodontic treatment for at least 1 year. The precondylectomy and postcondylectomy photographs and radiographs were analyzed cephalometrically and compared. The average length of the condylar segment removed was 13mm and this resulted in almost equal heights of the ramus-condyle units of both sides. Evaluations in the vertical plane improved after surgery; however, when the preoperative asymmetry was significant, the residual asymmetry continued to be notable after condylectomy. Transverse plane evaluations improved after condylectomy, and chin position was satisfactorily centralized in all patients. In the horizontal plane, mandibular setback occurred, and this was considered favorable when the preoperative skeletal profile was class III, whereas the opposite was when the patient was class I before surgery. The occlusion improved gradually over the postoperative months by the intrusion on the affected side and extrusion on the unaffected side into a bilaterally balanced posterior contacts with residual anterior open bite. In conclusion, condylar hyperplasia type 2 patients with mild asymmetry and low esthetic demands can benefit from proportional condylectomy as the sole treatment to both stop the hyperplastic condylar growth and improve the asymmetry to some extent. Surgeons should be able to predict the change that is expected to occur after proportional condylectomy and discuss this with the patient before surgery.

Interdisciplinary orthodontic camouflage treatment with extraction of fractured maxillary central incisor and tooth substitution to treat skeletal bimaxillary protrusion- A case report

Malformed or fractured central incisors with poor prognosis could be the choice of teeth for extraction when space is required for orthodontic treatment. This case report refers to a 14-year-old girl who had a fractured upper left central incisor associated with bimaxillary protrusion. She expressed her concern to correct her dental appearance and enhance her smile aesthetics. The patient had class I malocclusion with bimaxillary proclination and severe crowding in the lower arch. Due to the increased space requirement, extraction of teeth was required as part of orthodontic treatment. Patient had a class 2 skeletal profile with prominent upper front teeth and therefore increased space requirement in the upper arch in order to retract the prominent teeth to achieve favourable aesthetics. The choice of teeth for extraction were 14,34,44 and 21. In the second quadrant the central incisor was extracted due to its poor prognosis, and the lateral incisor, canine and first premolar were substituted for the central incisor, lateral incisor and canine respectively. In the lower dental arch the first premolars were extracted. The end of treatment objectives- class 1 molars, canines, incisors were achieved with greatly improved smile aesthetics. KEYWORDS Interdisciplinary orthodontics, Teeth substitution, Poor prognosis, Incisor extraction.

Holdaway Soft Tissue Cephalometric Standard for Malay Adults

Objectives: The aim of this study were: 1. To report facial soft tissue measurements in Class I Malay adult, 2. To compare between gender, 3. And to check applicability of Holdaway values for Class I Malay adults. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric of 20 men and 20 women age 20-30 years with Class I skeletal was selected from Orthodontic Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry UiTM. The subject has no orthodontic or orthognathic surgery done before the radiograph was taken. The radiograph was traced and evaluated by the authors. Cephalometric landmarks were located according to Holdaway analysis. Ten linear and two angular measurements were produced on each radiograph and measured. For each variable, the mean and standard deviation (SD) was calculated using simple t-test (p&lt;0.05). Results: Soft tissue measurements for Malay have significant difference as compared to Holdaway value except for three parameters which are soft tissue facial angle, superior sulcus depth, and soft tissue chin thickness. When compared between genders, male has larger value in skeletal profile convexity, upper lip strain and soft tissue thickness while females demonstrated higher value in nose prominence and superior sulcus depth. Conclusions: It has been concluded that Malay values for Holdaway soft tissue analysis were found to be statistically different. Hence Holdaway soft tissue values are not applicable for use in orthodontic practice for Malay population. Further research to confirm values obtained for Malay population would aid in better diagnosis and treatment planning.

Zooarchaeology of ancient Termez (Uzbekistan): From the Greco-Bactrian period to Islamic times

We present the results of the zooarchaeological analysis carried out on the fauna recovered in five different areas of ancient Termez (Uzbekistan). The sequence analysed covers the period from c 300 BCE to c 1400 CE (Greco-Bactrian/Yuezhi, Kushan, Sassanian, and Islamic periods). The investigation focused on the main animal species raised, the skeletal profiles represented and their age at death. A taphonomic study was also performed to evaluate the processing of the animals' bone carcasses by the human groups in Termez, and to determine other natural and biological agents that have affected the samples. The results reveal a livestock population dominated by sheep and goats throughout the period of occupation of the settlement, from which meat, wool and other dairy products were obtained. Cattle and horses are represented in the whole stratigraphic sequence, although they were particularly important during the Sassanian period. Swine also appears notably, although its frequency significantly decreases in the Islamic period. The diet included roosters and hens, probably also raised for their eggs. Wild species hunted and processed by the inhabitants of Termez appear in all phases of occupation. We should note the presence of gazelle and, in the Greco-Bactrian/Yuezhi phase, saiga antelope. Camelids are scarce and only documented during the Sassanian phase. The use of bones to manufacture game playing pieces or objects for textile production has also been recognised in ancient Termez.

Ortho-surgical treatment in Class II skeletal patients with mandibular retrognathism: a concise systematic review

Introduction: In the setting of class II malocclusion corrections, the union of orthodontic and surgical procedures was developed. Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy is standard protocol for correcting mandibular retrognathism. Class II dental malocclusion with deep bite needs to be treated early by orthodontics. Thus, the commonly used technique combines BSSO for mandibular advancement and recoil genioplasty to correct the resulting chin protrusion. Objective: To carry out a systematic review of the main considerations of ortho-surgical treatments in class II patients with mandibular retrognathism. Methods: Experimental and clinical studies (case reports, retrospective, prospective and randomized) with qualitative and/or quantitative analysis were included, following the rules of the systematic review-PRISMA. Results and Conclusion: A total of 128 articles was found involving class II malocclusion and ortho-surgical treatments. After, a total of 64 articles were fully evaluated and 24 were included and discussed in this study. A meta-analysis study evaluated the best functional appliance improving mandibular length in individuals with retrognathism. Sander Bite Jumping reported the greatest increase in mandibular length, with 3.40 mm. Another meta-analysis study compared dental, skeletal, and aesthetic outcomes between orthodontic camouflage and orthodontic-surgical treatment in patients with Class II skeletal malocclusion and retrognathic mandible with anterior growth. The difference between treatments was not statistically significant regarding SNA angle, linear measure of the lower lip to the Ricketts aesthetic line, convexity of the skeletal profile or soft tissue profile excluding the nose. In contrast, orthodontic-surgical treatment was more effective to the ANB, SNB and ML/NSL angles and the soft tissue profile including the nose.

Evaluation of Facial Soft-Tissue Morphology among Different Vertical Skeletal Profile

The objective of this study was to compare facial groups classified according to their vertical skeletal characteristics (hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent) and to their respective soft tissue morphological features, particularly those relating to the lips and chin. 90 Lateral cephalometric x-rays were collected from the Orthodontic clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University and divided into 3 equal groups based on mandibular plane angle, hypodivergent facial type (SN/MP &lt;27°), normodivergent facial type (SN/MP between 27° and 37°), hyperdivergent facial type (SN/MP &gt;37°). The mean upper and lower lips thickness was maximum among hypodivergent group (8.95 mm and 9.35 mm, respectively). The mean upper lip height was maximum among hyperdivergent group (11.3 mm), while lower lip height was maximum among hypodivergent group (25.32 mm). The mean procumbency of upper (PUL) and lower lips (PLL) was maximum among hypodivergent (2.08 mm and 0.87 mm, respectively). However, the mean chin thickness was maximum among hyperdivergent group (7.84 mm). Statistically significant difference among the three groups were observed only in Hypo vs Normo-divergent groups in ULT. Concerning PUL and PLL, there was a statistically significant differences between the different groups in Hypo vs Normodivergent and Hypo vs Hyperdivergent groups. It was concluded that the thickness of upper and lower lip, height of lower lip, and procumbency of both lips showed to be greater in hypodivergent facial patterns.

Runx2 rs59983488 polymorphism in class II malocclusion in the Indonesian subpopulation

Background: Class II malocclusion is one of the main orthodontic issues for patients in seeking treatment. The prevalence of class II malocclusion varies in different populations. Variation in skeletal profile is mainly controlled internally by a regulatory gene. Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) plays a role in osteoblast differentiation and is highly expressed during development. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relation of regulatory gene variation in the Runx2 promoter with class II malocclusion. Methods: DNA samples were acquired from 95 orthodontic patients in Jakarta, Indonesia, who were divided into two groups: class I skeletal malocclusion (control group) and class II malocclusion. A single nucleotide polymorphism was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The distribution of alleles was assessed using the Hardy-Weinberg test. The relationship between polymorphism and skeletal variation was assessed with the Chi-Square test and logistic regression. Results: The frequency distributions of genotypes and alleles were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and found to be slightly deviated. There was an equal distribution of G and T alleles throughout class II and class I skeletal malocclusions and the Chi-Square test showed that this relationship was not significant (p=0.5). Conclusion: Runx2 rs59983488 polymorphism was found in the Indonesian subpopulation; however, an association between Runx2 rs59983488 polymorphism and class II skeletal malocclusion was not found.

Rhinoceros exploitation at Érd (Hungary). What a place for the megaherbivores in the Neanderthal diet in Hungary?

The Hungarian Transdanubian site of Érd, where a Mousterian industry and abundant osteological material were discovered in the early 1960s is well known to prehistorians. The remains of megaherbivores (Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis) are re-examined here under the taphonomic and archaeozoological components in order to complete the Hungarian and European s.l. data and reassess the potential exploitation of these two pachyderms in the Neanderthal diet and economy. The cut marks, the intense activity of carnivores/hyenas and the skeletal profiles indicate a mixed origin of the carcasses. Mortality patterns of rhinoceros are characterized by the presence of young, subadult and adults, and suggest multiple acquisition by active scavenging and/or hunting with quick access. Skeletal profiles suggest a selective transport of rich/nutritive elements by humans to the site. The cut marks and fracturing of some elements (in situ butchery treatment) confirm that Neanderthals consumed these species on site and that they had at least partial primary access. The mode of acquisition seems active with rapid access for a young mammoth. Érd confirms the Neanderthal exploitation of rhinos and mammoths in their steppic environment during the Middle Palaeolithic. Érd is currently the only Hungarian Middle Palaeolithic site with a proven exploitation and consumption of these megaherbivores.

Reciprocal force generated by two sliding jigs: An alternative mechanic for molar protraction

Objective: When a first molar is lost, orthodontic replacement with second and third molars would be an excellent treatment option. There are some side effects that tend to occur during molar protraction, such as mesial tipping of molar that could increase the time required to correct. These side effects can be avoided by understanding the biomechanical variables affecting molar protraction. The author tries to present the modification of sliding jigs, instead of the power arm function, with additional of lingual force, for molar protraction.Methods: This case report describes the management of a 23-years-old woman who was missing left mandibular first molar, had class III skeletal profile, and anterior crossbite. After anterior crossbite correction, the left mandibular first molar extraction spaces were closed by protraction of the second and third molars. Mesial tipping was detected in the early protraction phase when using conventional method. Consequently, uprighting procedure was done and protraction was continued using reciprocal force generated by two sliding jigs and lingual buttons to achieve bodily movement of tooth.Results: The result was excellent, the space was closed without tipping and rotation.Conclusion: The presented article provides an alternative mechanic for molar protraction using sliding jigs and how it can be designed to achieve predictable result.

Refining Orthognathic Surgery Results by Synchronous Cheek Fat Compartment Augmentation with Fat Grafting in Adult Females with Class III Skeletal Profiles.

Patients with maxillomandibular disharmony may present with a flat to concave midface. The effects of orthognathic surgery concomitant with midface fat grafting on facial appearance and midface volumetric and positional change have not formally been assessed to date. The authors' approach for synchronous orthognathic surgery and fat grafting is described and evaluated. Adult female patients (n = 20) who underwent synchronous two-jaw orthognathic surgery and cheek-specific fat grafting (1.9 ± 0.6 cm3 per side) for correction of skeletal class III deformity and anteromedial cheek deficiency were prospectively included. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were appraised by 42 blinded raters using facial appearance scales for beauty, attractiveness, and pleasantness parameters. The three-dimensional midface soft-tissue volume change and postoperative cheek mass position were computed. Facial imaging data from gender-, ethnic-, and facial pattern-matched adult patients (n = 20) who underwent isolated two-jaw orthognathic surgery (n = 20) were included for comparison. The three-dimensional facial norms database-derived cheek mass position information (2.19 ± 1.31mm) was also adopted for analysis. Patients treated with the synchronous procedure had significantly (p < 0.001) increased facial appearance-related perception change for beauty (2.9 ± 1.6), attractiveness (2.8 ± 1.8), and pleasantness (3.0 ± 1.5) parameters, three-dimensional midface volume change (1.8 ± 0.5 cm3), and postoperative cheek mass position (2.16 ± 0.47 mm) in comparison with those treated with the isolated procedure (2.0 ± 1.5, 1.9 ± 1.6, 2.3 ± 1.6, 0.6 ± 0.2 cm3, and 1.84 ± 0.43 mm, respectively). Healthy female individuals had similar and larger cheek mass position than patients treated with synchronous (p > 0.05) and isolated (p < 0.001) procedures, respectively. Synchronous orthognathic surgery and check-specific fat grafting resulted in superior enhancement of facial appearance and midface volume and position compared with isolated orthognathic surgery. Therapeutic, III.

Aerobic exercise training prevents skeletal myopathy by myomiRs regulation in heart failure

Abstract Introduction Heart failure (HF) is the endpoint of systemic arterial hypertension. Exercise intolerance is a common symptom, partly due, to changes in the skeletal muscle mass (SM) and fiber type profile. Otherwise, aerobic exercise training (ET) has been used as an important non-pharmacological therapy in HF. MyomiRs are a muscle-specific class of miRNAs, which regulate genes that inhibiting the expression of proteins in pathological and physiological conditions controlling phenotypic changes in the SM, however little is known about these changes in ET-induced HF Purpose To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ET involved in the metabolic alterations of SM in HF rats of hypertensive etiology. Methods The study was approved by the animal ethics committee (USP-No. 2020/01). 20 male rats, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and 10 Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), SHR controls, nine-months-old, were divided into three groups: sedentary WKY (WKY-S), sedentary SHR (SHR-S), and trained (SHR-T). The ET consisted of swimming sessions with 60 minutes, 1x/day, 5x/week, for 10 weeks, with 5% of body overload. After ET protocol, blood pressure (BP), cardiac morphology and function (Echocardiography), exercise tolerance test, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), mitochondrial oxygen consumption (Oroboros), immunohistochemistry of the SM, expression of miRNAs (RT-qPCR) were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error. Results ET reduced blood pressure levels and cardiac dysfunction in SHR-T compared to SHR-S. The SHR-S group covered smaller distance in the exercise tolerance test (255±22 meters) compared to the WKY-S (419±19 meters, p&amp;lt;0.0001), however ET reestablished the exercise tolerance (SHR-T: 365±20 meters; SHR-S: p&amp;lt;0.001 and WKY-S: p&amp;gt;0.05). The HF induced changes in type I and II fibers composition (I: 73±0.6% and II: 24±0.9%), VO2 peak (50±1.5 mL kg–1 min–1), mitochondrial oxygen consumption (State 3: 3.0±0.2 nmol O2 min–1 mg protein–1) and myomiRs expression (miRNA-208b: 65±4%, -499: 73±5%, -1: 153±10%) in the soleus muscle of SHR-S compared to WKY-S (I: 94±0.6%, II: 6±0.6%, p&amp;lt;0.001; VO2 peak: 59±2.3 mL kg–1 min–1, p&amp;lt;0.01; State 3: 4.0±0.2 nmol O2 min–1 mg protein–1, p&amp;lt;0.05; miRNAs: p&amp;lt;0.01). ET minimized changes in metabolic profile by counteract the muscle fiber type switching, and the oxygen consumption impairment, and myomiRs expression dysregulation (I: 90±0.5%, II: 9±0.6%, SHR-S p&amp;lt;0.01; VO2 peak: 79±2.4 mL kg–1 min–1, SHR-S: p&amp;lt;0.0001; State 3: 5.45±0.32 nmol O2 min–1 mg protein–1, SHR-S: p&amp;lt;0.0001; miRNA-208b: 91±5%, -499: 106±8%, -1: 100±9%; SHR-S: p&amp;lt;0.01). Conclusions ET reestablished structural and metabolic changes in SM, resulting from the progression of HF, through the regulation of myomiRs, improving exercise tolerance. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): The Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES): Academic Excellence Program (Proex).

Evaluation of ortogonblender software bone movement tools in bimaxillary orthognatic surgeries performed in dolphin software

The aim of this observational, longitudinal and retrospective study was to evaluate the fidelity of virtual surgical planning (VSP) performed on Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions® 11.95 software on hard tissues, using the tools of the open-source software OrtogOnBlender - Blender3D. For this, linear, angular and 7-point anatomical measurements of the skeletal profile were used, and the discrepancies between the VSP and the result after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were calculated. Pre- and postoperative cone beam CT (CBCT) scans of 43 consecutive patients with class II and III skeletal deformities were evaluated and the results of the VSP were compared to the 1-month postoperative results. All overlapping points presented values within the range considered clinically irrelevant (< 2 mm and < 4°) and differences were not significant (p > 0.05). The comparison of anatomical points showed lower values (≤ 2.11 mm) in point A of class II. For hard tissues, the comparison between VSP and 1-month postoperative tomography demonstrated the faithful results of virtual planning using this software.