Skeletal Fixation Research Articles

Ex Vivo Biomechanical Comparison of Four Techniques to Tibiotarsus Osteosynthesis in Adult Laying Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

To assess the biomechanical parameters of intact tibiotarsi (INT) and tibiotarsi with a 5-mm segmental diaphyseal defect repaired using four osteosynthesis techniques: a locking plate (LP), a plate-rod combination, an external skeletal fixator (one end-threaded positive-profile pin per fragment) with an intramedullary pin tie-in (TIF 1), and an external skeletal fixator (two end-threaded positive-profile pins per fragment) with an intramedullary pin tie-in (TIF 2). Sixty tibiotarsi from 30 adult laying hens were allocated into five groups for nondestructive dynamic torsion and four-point bending tests, followed by failure tests. Nondestructive dynamic tests evaluated stiffness over time in torsion and bending. Torsion destructive tests provided maximum torque and rotation values, whereas the four-point bending tests provided the yield load, maximum bending load, and maximum displacement. The INT group showed higher torsional stiffness and maximum torque but similar bending stiffness, torsional strength, and bending strength in one or more groups. LP and TIF 2 exhibited the highest similarity frequencies among the treatment groups, whereas the TIF 1 group displayed lower stiffness and strength for most of the evaluated parameters. Similar results for LP and TIF-2 groups suggest the biomechanical equivalence of these methods for tibiotarsal osteosynthesis in adult hens.

Simultaneous Coronoid Bone Grafting in Ballistic Facial Trauma Patients Undergoing Coronoidectomy.

Ballistic facial trauma can cause complex fractures and overlying soft tissue damage, with a zone of injury that extends beyond the bullet tract. Early skeletal fixation is indicated, and previous large case series describe the use of debrided bone fragments as 'spare part' grafts. This series presents the indications and techniques for simultaneous coronoid bone grafting in 2 patients who sustained a gunshot wound to the right midface and required coronoidectomy. The coronoid process was used as (1) an interposition graft in the lateral buttress of the right maxilla for stability, and (2) an onlay graft on the right inferior orbital rim for contour. Both patients did not have graft infection, extrusion, or malposition at the 1-month clinic follow-up. The coronoid process of the mandible is a viable, safe spare-part option, despite the possible location of the coronoid process within the zone of injury in the reconstruction of complex ballistic facial trauma.

Kinematic analysis of engagement and bending capabilities of a point-of-care, incremental skeletal fixation plate bending system

The current standard of care for skeletal reconstruction surgery is to join skeletal disunions with fixation plates and these plates are most commonly fit to bones through manual bending. The bending procedure is often performed in the surgical operating theatre with specialized pliers or, if available, lengthy pre-operative bending to fit a 3D printed skeletal model prepared on computer as part of a virtual surgical plan. Manual bending of fixation plates by eye or to a model can take considerable time. Repetitive bending at a single location can result in work hardening that increases the subsequent risk of fatigue failure. However, incremental forming systems may provide a solution to automatically bend fixation plates accurately, rapidly, and as little at any one location as possible. This paper is an investigation of the kinematics and manipulability of two versions of an incremental fixture plate bending system for Point of Care Manufacturing (POCM) of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeletal fixation hardware. The Automatic Plate Bender (APB) v1 is a minimal POCM system that is designed for simple straight plates with a constant incremental pitch. The APB v2 is a more complex POCM that is designed to accommodate a larger variety of standard plates. Kinematic and manipulability analysis demonstrate the engagement and bend classes that each system can accomplish, and identifies a critical singularity in the APB v2 mechanism. The paper concludes with two case studies in which a path planning algorithm uses a manipulability analysis to avoid singularities during incremental bending.

Pantarsal arthrodesis stabilized with circular external skeletal fixators in 8 dogs (2010-2022).

To report the surgical technique, complications, and outcomes of 8 dogs that underwent a unilateral pantarsal arthrodesis stabilized using a circular external skeletal fixator (CESF) construct for the treatment of uni- or multilevel tarsal instability. 8 dogs. Medical records from 2010 to 2023 from 2 small animal hospitals were retrospectively reviewed for dogs undergoing pantarsal arthrodeses stabilized with CESF. Data collected for each dog included signalment, injury etiology, construct configuration, radiographic imaging, antimicrobial use, complications, length of time until construct removal, and outcome based on clinical evaluation by the owner and veterinary surgeon. 8 dogs met the requirements of inclusion for the study. Dogs had a mean age of 5.5 years (range, 0.42 to 13 years) and weight of 15.1 kg (range, 2.5 to 26.4 kg). Angulated 3- and 4-ring constructs were used in 5 and 3 dogs, respectively, with or without hybridization. Tarsi were stabilized with a mean angle of extension of 124.8° (range, 111.5° to 136.5°). Fixator removal was performed at a mean time of 11.3 weeks (range, 6 to 16 weeks). Complications developed in 4 dogs, 2 of which had poor clinical outcomes despite additional interventions, including recurrent digit trauma and poor limb use postoperatively. Six dogs had excellent outcomes. A CESF may be considered as an alternative to plate stabilization when performing a pantarsal arthrodesis. This fixation requires rigorous postoperative care but obviates the need for supplemental postoperative coaptation.

Hybrid, transarticular external fixation with platelet-rich plasma injection as a treatment for partial calcaneal tendon disruption in dogs without primary tenorrhaphy.

To report the use of a hybrid, transarticular external skeletal fixator and platelet-rich plasma injection without primary tenorrhaphy for management of partial calcanean tendon disruption in dogs. Multi-institutional retrospective study. A total of 11 client-owned dogs. Medical records from two referral centers from 2019 to 2022 were reviewed for inclusion in the study. Dogs diagnosed with partial, non-traumatic calcanean tendon disruption treated with hybrid, transarticular external skeletal fixation and platelet-rich plasma injection were included in the study. Cases that did not include complete postoperative follow-up over 8-12 weeks and owner-reported outcomes at >6 months were excluded from the study. Dogs with traumatic laceration or those in which a primary tenorrhaphy was performed were also excluded. A total of 11 (n = 11) dogs met the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up time was 18.5 months (6 months-34 months). Mean time of fixation was 9 weeks (6 weeks-12 weeks). Five dogs returned to full, pain-free function (5/11 = 45%). Five dogs had an acceptable return to function (5/11 = 45%). One dog had an unacceptable outcome (1/11 = 9%). Pin tract complications occurred in five dogs (5/11 = 45%) and resolved with medical intervention. The results of this study suggest that temporary tibiotarsal immobilization with a hybrid, transarticular external skeletal fixator and platelet-rich plasma injection without primary tenorrhaphy can lead to a successful outcome in dogs with partial calcanean tendon disruption. Temporary hybrid, transarticular external skeletal fixation and platelet-rich plasma injection without primary tenorrhaphy may play a role in the management of partial calcanean tendon disruption in dogs.

Outcome of traumatic elbow luxation managed with temporary transarticular external skeletal fixation in eight cats.

The aim of this study was to report the clinical outcomes in a series of traumatic elbow luxations in cats treated with closed reduction and a temporary transarticular type II external skeletal fixator (ESF). A retrospective review was conducted of traumatic elbow luxation cases in cats at two referral centres. Data collected included signalment, history, clinical assessment, radiographic findings, surgical procedures and complications. Short-term follow-up was based on clinical evaluations at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Long-term follow-up was based either on a telephone interview with the owner or a clinical evaluation. Eight cats were included. Five cats experienced lateral elbow luxation, while three cats had medial elbow luxation. All cats with medial elbow luxation exhibited radiographic signs of medial humeral epicondylitis. The median age was 9 years (range 3-15). The elbow luxation was treated by closed reduction and percutaneous placement of a temporary transarticular type II ESF, which was removed 2 weeks postoperatively. Two minor complications were recorded. Elbow reluxation and major complications were not encountered. The 6-week postoperative evaluation and long-term follow-up revealed a lameness of grade 1 in 1/8 cats and 0 in the remainder. Elbow range of motion was normal in all cats. None of the cases treated with this protocol experienced recurrence of elbow luxation. All cats demonstrated an excellent outcome based on the lameness score, the low complication rate and the follow-up telephone interview. The technique is minimally invasive and carries a low incidence of complications. Concurrent orthopaedic disease, such as medial humeral epicondylitis, may predispose to medial elbow luxation.

External skeletal fixation for the treatment of pelvic fractures in cats.

To report the technique and the outcome for the repair of pelvic fractures in cats using external skeletal fixation (ESF). Retrospective case series. Client-owned cats (n = 125). Medical records of cats with pelvic fractures, treated with an ESF between June 2001 and June 2009, were reviewed. Preoperative, immediate postoperative, and more than 4 weeks' postoperative radiographs were compared. Clinical examination was performed 4 to 9 weeks following surgery. Longer term follow up (4 to 80 months) was conducted by client questionnaire. No intraoperative complications occurred. There was no change in the pelvic canal width observed on follow-up radiographs (p = .16). Implant loosening was noted on follow-up radiographs in 16/125 (13%) of cases, and 67/803 (8%) pins were palpably loose at the time of frame removal. The mean time to frame removal was 37 ± 9 days. No long-term complications were reported. Long-term mean mobility score was 95 ± 5 and median lameness was 0 (range: 0-2). An ESF may be successfully applied for the stabilization of various pelvic fractures in cats. The application of an ESF for the management of pelvic fractures in cats provides good outcomes.

Functional outcome in case of surgically and conservatively treated bilateral distal end radius and scaphoid fracture: a rare case report

Bilateral fractures of the distal radius and scaphoid are extremely rare injuries. Proper preoperative evaluation is a must to know the orientation of the fracture. Treatment must be based on displacement of the fracture. If fracture is displaced, internal fixation is needed but if its stable with minimal displacement, we can conserve it. A patient with displaced distal radius fractures and displaced scaphoid fracture on one side, along with displaced distal end radius fracture and undisplaced scaphoid fracture on the other side, was treated via internal fixation of the scaphoid fractures with Herbert screws and internal fixation of the distal radius fractures with locked volar plating on the right side and below elbow cast in cup holding position on the left side which was non-dominant. The approach to treating fractures hinges on several factors: the specific location and alignment of the fracture, the patient's characteristics, and the surgeon's expertise. For fractures in the distal radius and scaphoid, employing a rigid internal fixation method allows for the early initiation of active wrist rehabilitation, eliminating the necessity for wrist immobilization using a plaster cast or external skeletal fixation. On the other hand, a conservative treatment approach involving a below-elbow cast offers certain advantages, such as minimal blood loss and fewer complications related to wound healing, particularly for undisplaced fractures, especially when they occur in the non-dominant hand.

Surgical Repair of Psittacine Femorotibial Luxation: A Case Series.

Luxation of the psittacine femorotibial joint most commonly occurs following trauma or as a development abnormality. Historically, this injury is considered to have a poor prognosis in birds; however, surgical management may result in acceptable and functional outcomes. This case series describes the surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes of 7 cases of femorotibial luxation in psittacine birds. Of the 7 cases, 6 were chronic injuries. Surgical repair methods included conjoined intramedullary pinning, transarticular pinning with an external skeletal fixator (ESF), a combination of extracapsular stabilization and ESF, ESF alone, and a combination of conjoined intramedullary pins with an ESF. An acceptable outcome was achieved in 75% (6/8) of luxated femorotibial joints managed with surgical methods. All cases were female birds of various species, suggesting a possible sex predisposition for stifle luxation.

External skeletal fixation in large animals: A review

External skeletal fixation (ESF) was first adapted for veterinary medicine in 1934; this fixation method consisted of devices for stabilizing musculoskeletal injuries, such as fractures, dislocations, tendon ruptures, and angular deviation; using transcortical pins or wires connected in sidebars or cast to cover the region of instability. The evolution of orthopedics in veterinary medicine, together with the development of diagnostic imaging and the field of anesthesia, has allowed a substantial increase in success rates in cases of fractures in animals. However, orthopedic cases in large animals, especially, are still challenging due to the unique characteristics of the species, which are associated with bone regeneration and depend on the specific type of lesion and the use of implants that adequately support the stress distribution. External fixation techniques in large animals are plausible strategies for cases of open and/or comminuted fractures of long bones, and the literature shows that these approaches are successful. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review of the possible configurations of ESF used in large animals and their indications. In addition, we aimed to determine the factors that influence the success rate of these techniques, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, to determine whether the use of ESF in orthopedic patients is a reasonable option for the management of certain diseases.

Short-term outcome after treatment of talocrural instability in cats using modified type II transarticular external skeletal fixation

Transarticular external skeletal fixation (TESF) is repeatedly used for temporary stabilisation of tarsal joint in cats. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the use of temporary modified type II TESF for management of talocrural instability (TCI) in cats without joint arthrodesis and to rate short-term outcomes and complications. Medical records of all cats treated for TCI between January 2012 and December 2021 were reviewed. Information was collected including signalment, degree of lameness, type of TCI, accompanying soft tissue and bone injuries, and post-operative follow-up assessment including time of frame removal, complications, degree of lameness, range of joint motion and ankylosis. Surgical management didn’t involve debridement of the articular cartilage. Eighty-five percent of cats had satisfactory joint stability at the time of frame removal. Eighteen cats exhibited minor complications, six cats had major complications, and 8 cats showed persistent lameness. All cats showed reduction of joint motion range by 20°–30° directly after frame removal while returned to normal in 79% of cats 4 weeks later. Variable degrees of joint ankylosis were reported. In conclusion, this study supports the use of temporary modified type II TESF for management of TCI in cats without joint involvement as an excellent alternative to tarsal arthrodesis.

Surgical Repair of Psittacine Femorotibial Luxation: A Case Series.

Luxation of the psittacine femorotibial joint most commonly occurs following trauma or as a development abnormality. Historically, this injury is considered to have a poor prognosis in birds; however, surgical management may result in acceptable and functional outcomes. This case series describes the surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes of 7 cases of femorotibial luxation in psittacine birds. Of the 7 cases, 6 were chronic injuries. Surgical repair methods included conjoined intramedullary pinning, transarticular pinning with an external skeletal fixator (ESF), a combination of extracapsular stabilization and ESF, ESF alone, and a combination of conjoined intramedullary pins with an ESF. An acceptable outcome was achieved in 75% (6/8) of luxated femorotibial joints managed with surgical methods. All cases were female birds of various species, suggesting a possible sex predisposition for stifle luxation.

Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Reduction Guide for Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis of Short Oblique Radial Diaphyseal Fracture in Dogs: A Cadaveric Study.

This study aims to evaluate the clinical application of three-dimensional (3D)-printed custom reduction guides (3DRG) for minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) of short oblique radial diaphyseal fractures. Canine forelimb specimens (n = 24) were prepared and a diaphyseal short oblique fracture was simulated in the distal radius and ulna. Bone fragments were stabilized with the MIPO technique using a 3DRG (Group A), open reduction (Group B), or closed reduction with circular external skeletal fixation (ESF) (Group C). The diaphyseal short oblique fractures were created in each radius at one-third of the radial length from the distal radial articular surface. Surgical stabilization of the fractures was performed in each group. Pre and postoperative radiographic images were obtained to measure frontal angulation (FA), sagittal angulation (SA), frontal joint reference line angulation (fJRLA), sagittal joint reference line angulation (sJRLA), translational malalignment and fracture gap width. Surgical time was also measured. In the homogeneity test, differences in SA, sJRLA, craniocaudal translation and fracture gap before and after surgery had no significant difference among the three groups. On the other hand, differences in FA, fJRLA, mediolateral translation and surgical time before and after surgery had significant differences among the three groups. In the post hoc test, only surgical time showed a significant difference between the three groups, and group A showed the shortest surgical time. The use of 3DRG for MIPO of short oblique radial diaphyseal fractures in dogs is reliable for the alignment and apposition of fractures and reduces surgical time.

The Effect of an Educational Program on Self-Care Practice for Patients with External Skeletal Fixation

The Effect of an Educational Program on Self-Care Practice for Patients with External Skeletal Fixation

Delayed Life-Threatening Hemorrhage Caused by Cranial Tibial Artery Pseudoaneurysm in Two Dogs.

Two adult dogs were presented at 25 and 30 days following tibial external skeletal fixator placement (case 1) and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (case 2), respectively. Clinical signs at presentation for each of them included acute onset lethargy, non-weight-bearing lameness, and hemorrhage at the surgical site with large hematoma formation. On admission, emergency whole blood transfusion was required in case 2 with a preoperative packed cell volume of 13%. Both dogs were diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm of the cranial tibial artery based on color Doppler ultrasonography. Additionally, computed tomography angiography was performed in one dog. Surgical treatment of the dogs included ligation of the cranial tibial artery supplying the pseudoaneurysm and curettage of hematoma. The surgery was completed without complications in case 1, but case 2 experienced inadvertent rupture of pseudoaneurysm with significant blood loss, which required another whole blood transfusion during the procedure. Both dogs had excellent functional recovery with no recurrence of clinical signs. We hypothesized that pseudoaneurysms were primarily caused by trauma secondary to placement of surgical implants or osteotomy. For orthopedic surgeons, it is important to recognize clinical signs of a potential tibial arterial pseudoaneurysm, as early surgical intervention may prevent loss of limb or life.

Outcomes following surgical fixation of Gustilo-Anderson IIIb open tibial fractures.

There is no consensus as to the optimal skeletal fixation method for Gustilo-Anderson IIIb fractures. External fixation methods have previously shown higher rates of superficial infection, whilst internal fixation has shown higher risk of deep infection, but lower risk of other complications. This paper investigates outcomes in open tibial fractures based on fixation method. A retrospective review was performed for patients presenting to an ortho-plastic unit with GA IIIb tibial fractures between June 2013 and October 2021. 85 patients were identified. The most common implant was an intramedullary nail (IMN), used in 29 patients (34.1%); open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was performed in 16 patients (18.8%). 18 patients (21.2%) were definitively managed with a frame alone. Mean follow-up from was 18 months (2-77). Patients with ORIF needed a mean of 3.37 operations; it was 2.48 for IMN which was significantly different from frames at 5.00 (p=0.000). The mean time to bony union after definitive fixation was 11.4 months. This differed depending on the implant used for fixation, with ORIF at 7.1 months, 10.1 for IMN, and frames at 17.2 months; ORIF significantly differed from frames (p=0.009). Superficial infection was common, seen in 38.8% of patients, and only 3 patients (4%) developed deep infections involving metalwork, with no difference in rates of either based on fixation method This study supports that ORIF has faster healing times, with less time to union compared to frames. It also shows that no implant was superior to another in terms of outcomes.

Accuracy of correction of a hexapod frame, patient-specific osteotomy and reduction guides, and hinged circular external fixation in a 3D-printed canine antebrachial deformity model.

This study aimed to objectively define whether human hexapod fixation (Maxframe), with or without the use of 3D-printed positioning guides, can correct a canine antebrachial deformity with greater accuracy than the clinically established techniques of 3D patient-specific osteotomy and reduction guides (3D-PSORG) or hinged circular external skeletal fixation (CESF). CT of a canine antebrachium was manipulated to induce distal radial deformity of the valgus, external torsion, and procurvatum, each of magnitude 20o. Five experiments were performed to correct the deformity via a distal radial and ulna opening osteotomy using: (1) A 3D-PSORG with the application of a locking plate, (2) hinged CESF, (3) Maxframe standard protocol, (4) Maxframe applied with patient-specific positioning guides (PSPGs), and (5) Maxframe with frame adjustment calculated from post-application CT. Following correction, all constructs were optically scanned, and objective measurement of the correction achieved was performed. No construct returned the distal bone segment to its preoperative position in all planes. Translational malalignment in the sagittal plane had the highest magnitude of error for all constructs, with the Maxframe standard protocol showing the greatest error. Maxframe (PSPGs) showed the minimum error of all constructs in the frontal and sagittal planes. In this 3D-printed model of antebrachial deformity correction, the hexapod frame with the use of PSPGs achieved better accuracy than 3D-PSORG and hinged CESF and may be a technique of future interest and development in the management of canine antebrachial limb deformity.

Fratura in uterus de metacarpo em neonato bovino

Long bone fractures are common in juvenile cattle, however, cases of fractures occurring in the intrauterine environment during pregnancy are rare. The objective of this report is to present a case of an open consolidated fracture of the metacarpal that occurred in uterus, in a newborn calf, in which the surgical approach used was successful. A 48-hour-old female bovine was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Paranaense University, who presented a complete, open and poorly consolidated transverse diaphyseal fracture in uterus during the gestational period on clinical and radiographic examination. As a therapeutic approach, open reduction was chosen, with ostectomy followed by stabilization with type IA external skeletal fixator. Four 4mm transcortical pins were positioned proximally and distally to the newly formed fracture line, followed by two more pins in the proximal phalanges region, seeking to stabilize the metacarpophalangeal joint, since flexural deformity of that joint was observed after the realignment of the longitudinal axis of the metacarpal, even after the section of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and suspensory ligament. The ESF was removed after 32 days, when radiographic signs of neoproliferation and bone consolidation were observed. In a last evaluation 15 months after the surgical correction, a complete and satisfactory recovery was observed regarding the development and well-being of the animal.

Achilles Tendon Rupture Treated with Flexor Digitorum Lateralis Tendon Transposition and Transarticular External Skeletal Fixator in Ouessant Sheep

Abstract Objective To describe the appositional augmentation of a complete Achilles tendon rupture in Ouessant sheep, using the intact flexor digitorum lateralis tendon, and immobilization with a type II transarticular external skeletal fixator. Clinical Report A 1-year-old neutered male Ouessant sheep was presented for Achilles tendon rupture and multiple bite wounds, secondary to a dog attack. The Achilles tendon was torn entirely, and a significant 3-cm gaping defect was present. The remnants of the Achilles tendon were debrided and attached using locking-loop and epitendinous sutures. The intact flexor digitorum lateralis tendon was then transposed and secured over the tendinous repair to increase the tendon strength. The bite wounds were closed with a primary repair. Finally, a type II transarticular external skeletal fixator was used to immobilize the tarsocrural joint for 6 weeks. Results A mild lameness, associated with a decreased range of motion of the tarsocrural joint, was present at the time of external skeletal fixator removal. Four months postoperatively, the lameness had completely resolved. A slight decrease in the range of motion of the tarsocrural joint was conserved. Clinical Significance In a small ruminant, transposition of the flexor digitorum lateralis was successful for the repair of an Achilles tendon rupture with a large musculotendinous gap and infected open wounds. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first such case described in sheep.

Radiological evaluation before and after treatment with an osseointegrated bone-anchor following major limb amputation-a guide for radiologists.

Osseointegrated implants have been developed to allow direct skeletal fixation of a prosthesis as an alternative to traditional socket-fitted prostheses for patients who have suffered from a major limb amputation. The implants contribute to improvements in functional outcome and quality of life and radiological evaluation plays a crucial role in pre- and post-operative assessment. This article acts as a guide for radiologists who may be tasked with providing the radiological information required by surgeons and prosthetists. We also look at the radiological appearances of complications that may arise in patients treated with an osseointegrated implant. Plain X-rays are used to screen patients who wish to undergo treatment. Limb-length X-rays are then used to measure the length of any residual bone, and comparisons can be made with the normal side (if present). From this, decisions about the likely size of the implant and the need for further amputation can be made. CT scans enable accurate assessment of the medullary cavity and cortical thickness. Post-operatively, plain X-rays form the mainstay of the routine monitoring of the bone-implant interface. Potential complications include infection, aseptic loosening, mechanical fracture of the implant and periprosthetic fracture. Infection and aseptic loosening can be seen as a lucency at the bone-implant interface which (if left untreated) can lead to loss of the implant. Implant and periprosthetic fractures are radiographically obvious. Radiologists involved in the care of patients undergoing treatment with an osseointegrated implant should become familiar with the imaging requirements so they can contribute to optimal patient outcomes.