Skeletal Class Research Articles

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Effects of Different Treatment Methods on Pharyngeal Airways in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Effects of Different Treatment Methods on Pharyngeal Airways in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion

Orthognathic surgery-related condylar resorption in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion versus class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundOrthodontic-orthognathic treatment is the standard of care for moderate and/or severe skeletal class III (SCIII) malocclusion. Following orthognathic surgery, morphological changes in the temporomandibular joint structures (TMJ) may contribute to condylar resorption (CR).ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to identify the morphological signs of condylar resorption (changes in the condylar head, position, neck, disk, and joint space) following orthognathic surgery in patients with SCIII compared with those with skeletal class II (SCII) malocclusion. Furthermore, surgical techniques were assessed to investigate the extent to which orthognathic surgery may be related to TMJ disorders and potential muscular changes.MethodsA systematic search was conducted using Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Grey Open literature databases [May 2023; PROSPERO: CRD42021293105)]. Articles that met the eligibility criteria were assessed for quality and the risk of bias using MINORS. A meta-analysis was also conducted.ResultsEleven of the 1014 studies met the eligibility criteria. Of the eligible studies, 10 were considered high-quality. Our results indicated that the incidence of condylar resorption was higher in the SCII group (46.7%) than in the SCIII group (37.2%). The condylar angle was preoperatively higher in the SCII group, and this tendency did not change during the follow-up period. No statistically significant differences in condylar width (95% CI: − 0.62 to 0.43; p = 0.72), height changes (95% CI: − 0.92 to 0.46; p = 0.46), ramus angle (95% CI: − 0.63 to 2.56; p = 0.24) were found between groups. The results suggested that TMJ symptoms were similar between the groups pre- and postoperatively. However, the SCII group showed a higher incidence of anterior disc displacement. Furthermore, postoperative cross-sectional measurements of the lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, and masseter muscles were significantly different between the groups.ConclusionCR could be related to specific skeletal pattern, and the extension of surgical movements may be a risk factor. However, the definition of CR remains vague, and no categorization system regarding SCIII patients has been reported to date.

Treatment effects of modified miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander and rapid palatal expander for molar distalization.

To evaluate the treatment effects of the modified miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) and rapid palatal expander (RPE) with distalizers in patients with Class II malocclusion and maxillary crowding. The sample comprised 28 skeletal Class I adolescents with dental Class II malocclusion and maxillary crowding of >4 mm who received nonextraction treatment. Fourteen patients were treated with a modified MARPE with distalizer (MMD), while another 14 patients were treated with a modified RPE with distalizer (MRD). Lateral cephalograms and study casts were taken at pretreatment (T1) and after expansion, distalization, and at the initiation of alignment (T2). Twenty-nine variables were compared using a Bonferroni-adjusted independent t-test and a Mann-Whitney U-test. From T1 to T2, the maxillary first molars in the MMD group exhibited distalization of 3.0 mm and 2.4 mm at the crown and root (P < .001) compared with 2.1 mm and 1.4 mm in the MRD group. However, no significant difference was found in distalization between the two groups. The first molars in the MRD group showed a significantly greater distal tipping of 2.8° than in the MMD group (P < .001). Although both groups showed maxillary molar distalization, the MMD group had no distal molar tipping, while there was significant molar tipping in the MRD group. It can be useful to plan nonextraction treatment with maxillary expansion and molar distalization in patients with Class II malocclusion and a narrow maxillary arch.

Dentoskeletal effects of aesthetic and conventional twin block appliances in the treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial

Twin block appliances are commonly used to treat skeletal class II malocclusion. However, many adverse effects, such as lower incisor protrusion and a bulky nature, can be observed. To overcome these effects, a modified twin block was designed, which uses vacuum-formed hard plates (VFPs) instead of acrylic plates. This clinical trial evaluated the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes resulting from a modified twin block (aesthetic twin block) (ATB) in comparison with conventional twin block (CTB) in addition to levels of esthetics and discomfort. A two-arm parallel group randomized clinical trial was performed at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Damascus, Syria. Fifty-two patients (33 females and 19 males) aged 12.23 ± 0.77 years with skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion caused by mandibular retrognathism were included. The participants were randomly assigned to a study group according to a simple randomization method using a numbered and sealed envelope. The experimental group was treated with an aesthetic twin block, and the control group was treated with a conventional twin block. Sixteen angular variables and eleven seventeen linear variables (measured in millimeters) were evaluated before the treatment (T0) and at the end of the active phase of the treatment (T1) on lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts to study the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes, and a questionnaire was used to assess the levels of esthetic and discomfort. There was a statistically significant change in the ANB angle between the ATB group (−2.70 ± 0.84) and the CTB group (−1.92 ± 0.81°) (P = 0·002) and between the SNB angle of the ATB group (2.72 ± 1.54°) and the CTB group (1.72 ± 1.41°) (P = 0·02). The Jarabak ratio decreased significantly in the CTB group (−0.65 ± 1.37%) (P = 0.02) and increased significantly in the ATB group (0.84 ± 1.44%) (P = 0.007), with significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.000). The change in upper incisor angulation was statistically significant (−1.88 ± 1.48°) for the ATB group and (−3.5 ± 4.18°) for the CTB group (P = 0·001). The change in lower incisor angulation was 1.34 ± 2.08° for the ATB group and 3.88 ± 2.47° for the CTB group, which was statistically significant (P = 0·000). ATB had more control of vertical growth, lower incisor and upper incisor angulation and was more aesthetically acceptable.Trial registration: (NCT05418413) (14/06/2022).

Does orthognathic surgery affect tooth root length and volume: a retrospective cohort study.

To examine tooth root length and root volume in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in patients with skeletal Class II and III anomalies who have undergone single-jaw (SJ) and double-jaw (DJ) orthognathic surgery, and to compare the changes between jaws with and without osteotomy. This study was conducted on the archive records of a total of 60 adults: 36 women and 24 men with an average age of 21.1 ± 3.1 years, whose CBCT images were recorded just before orthognathic surgery and within 6-12 months after surgery. The sample was divided into four groups with 15 individuals in each: Class II SJ (mandibular advancement only), Class II DJ (maxillary advancement and impaction with mandibular advancement), Class III SJ (maxillary advancement and impaction), and Class III DJ (maxillary advancement and impaction with mandibular setback). Within groups, statistically significant decreases in root length and root volume were found in the period between preorthognatic and postorthognathic surgery (P < .05). No statistically significant differences were found in comparisons between groups (P > .05). Regardless of the type of skeletal anomaly in the sagittal direction and the orthognathic surgery performed, a statistically significant but clinically insignificant decrease was found in tooth root length and root volume during the postorthognathic surgery period, both in jaws with and without osteotomy.

Condylar Changes in Adult Patients with Unilateral Posterior Crossbite Following Microimplant-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion: A Retrospective CBCT Study.

This study aims to assess the alterations in condylar positioning in adult skeletal Class I patients with unilateral posterior crossbite after microimplant-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) treatment. This retrospective study involving 30 participants (10 males, 20 females) average age 22.9 ± 4.2 years and they ranged in age from (18.1 to 30.9 years) who treated with a customized microimplant-supported rapid palatal expander. Pre-expansion and post comprehensive orthodontic treatment CBCT images (20-26 ±2.1months) were analyzed to assessed the condylar changes before and after treatment. We measured the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in 3D in terms of: (1) the position, angle and tilt of the mandibular condyles; (2) how centralized the condyles were in their particular mandibular fossae; and (3) the volume of the TMJ and TMJ spaces. To evaluate the differences between the T1 and T2 samples, we used the paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Before treatment, minor differences were noted in the anterior joint space (AJS), superior joint space (SJS), and anteroposterior condylar joint position (APCJP) between the crossbite and non-crossbite sides, though these differences were not statistically significant. Post-treatment, the condyles on both sides assumed a more posterior position, yet significant asymmetry in the AJS persisted (P < .05). The crossbite-side condyle also showed a tendency to rotate toward the non-crossbite side in the anteroposterior direction. While MARPE affected specific aspects of condylar positioning, achieving complete alignment remained challenging. This study provides insightful observations on the enduring impacts of MARPE on TMJ spaces and position in adult patients suffering from a unilateral posterior crossbite.

Finite model analysis of different anchorage sites for bone-supported facemask application in unilateral cleft lip and palate.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the miniplate application sites in the maxilla and the applied force vector changes during skeletally supported facemask application in adolescent patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) using finite element model (FEM) analysis. A FEM was obtained from a cone-beam computed tomography image of a 12-year-old female patient with UCLP. Miniplates were placed on 3 different sites of the maxilla; 500 g of advancement force was applied bilaterally, parallel (0°), and downward (-30°) to the occlusal plane. Von Mises stress and displacement in the nasomaxillary complex were analyzed. Von Mises stress values were higher at 0° force mechanics in the nasomaxillary complex in 3 different miniplate sites. In all scenarios, stresses were higher in zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofrontal, and pterygopalatine sutures. In the y-axis, the amount of displacement was higher in the 0° force mechanics in all models. Midface advancement and clockwise rotation of the nasomaxillary complex were observed in the -30° force mechanics over mini plates placed on the lateral nasal wall and among the premolars, whereas counterclockwise rotation occurred in all miniplate placement sites with 0° force vector. In patients with skeletal Class III maloclussion with UCLP, anterior placement of miniplates in the maxilla may be a more precise alternative when midface advancement and clockwise rotation of the nasomaxillary complex are desired. This FEM study demonstrated that more anterior placement sites and a 30° force vector is efficacious for maxillary clockwise advancement in UCLP.

The effects of mandibular setback surgery on the upper airway and sleep quality in skeletal Class III patients and comparison with control subjects: a pilot study.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mandibular setback surgery exceeding 5 mm on upper airway and sleep quality in skeletal Class III patients, with comparisons to Class I controls. Sixteen individuals per group were selected based on their ANB angle and surgical need. 2D and 3D airway analyses were conducted. Sleep quality was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the STOP-Bang questionnaire, and a sleep study. Following surgery, all of the skeletal Class III malocclusion patients transitioned to a Class I relationship. This transformation was accompanied by a significant reduction in pharyngeal airway space, minimum cross-sectional area (minCSA), and airway volume. Additionally, the mandibular plane to hyoid distance and airway length increased, and the total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive AHI, and snoring levels were elevated. Compared to the control group, significant narrowing of the minCSA and reduction in airway volume, especially in the lower segment, were observed. However, no significant change in sleep quality was noted. In conclusion, the altered upper airway anatomy after mandibular setback surgery exceeding 5 mm in skeletal Class III patients was associated with an increase in AHI, but overall sleep quality was not altered compared to Class I subjects.

Is the mandibular buccal shelf anatomy related to craniofacial morphology? A cross-sectional CBCT study.

The placement of Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) in the mandibular buccal shelf area is a common option for distalizing the lower arch. Therefore, the study of bone thickness and depth in this area is mandatory before planning TAD insertion. The aim of this study was to quantify the width and depth of the mandibular buccal shelf structure and examine its associations with sex, age, skeletal class and vertical pattern. A cross-sectional study was carried out on cone beam computed tomographies obtained from 91 patients. The bone thickness was evaluated in the mandibular buccal shelf area 5 and 8 mm apical to the cement-enamel junction (CEJ), and the bone depth was measured 4 mm buccal to the CEJ at the level of the distal root of the mandibular first molar and the mesial root of the mandibular second molar using the InVivoDental 6.0 software. The depth and thickness of the bone increased in distal areas, and the thickness was greater at 8 mm. No differences were found between sex or skeletal class. Bone thickness decreased with age, and it was significantly lower in hyperdivergent patients. The thickness of the bone was higher in distal and deeper areas, and the depth was greater in distal areas. The hyperdivergent facial pattern and age were negatively associated with bone thickness.

Effect of BSSRO on disc-condyle relationship of the temporomandibular joint in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients.

To analyze dynamic and static changes in the disc-condyle relationship in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion after orthognathic surgery. The surgical group comprised 30 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, and the magnetic resonance imaging and mandibular movement data were obtained at T0 (preoperatively), T1 (3 months postoperatively), and T2 (at the end of orthodontic treatment). The control group included 20 patients with normal occlusion, and the mandibular movement data were recorded. The maximum mouth opening at T1 decreased compared with that at T0 and recovered close to the preoperative level at T2. The marginal movement of the mandible at T1 decreased compared with that at T0 (P > 0.05), among which the movement distances of the condyles during mouth opening and closing decreased significantly compared with those at T0(P < 0.05). Following postoperative orthodontics in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, RET-L was significantly lower than that in the control group(P < 0.05).Regarding the temporomandibular joint of ADDwR, the CPL at T1 decreased significantly compared with that at T0(P < 0.05). At T2, the LPM, LLM, and CPL increased significantly compared with those at T1(P < 0.05), and the LPM and LLM levels at T2 exceeded those at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). In the short term, after orthognathic surgery, the marginal movement of the mandible showed a certain degree of decline; however, in the long term, it recovered or even exceeded the preoperative level. Orthognathic surgery results in a particularly significant improvement in the functional movement of the ADDwR joint. In addition, it improves TMD in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and has a positive effect on improving the position of the joint disc position.

A Cephalometric Evaluation of Anterior Cranial Base Slope in Patients with Different Skeletal Malocclusions

Objective: To assess the correlation in the anterior cranial base (SNA, SNB angles) and among the three different skeletal malocclusions. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Study setting: Orthodontic Department KRL Hospital G-9, Islamabad, from March to August 2024. Methodology: The data included lateral cephalograms of people undergoing orthodontic treatment. By simple consecutive non-random sampling technique, a total sample size of 120 patients was selected. IBM SPSS version 23.0 was used for the data analysis. Quantitative data like age, SNA, SNB and ACB slope was expressed in mean (SD) as descriptive statistics. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between the anterior cranial base and the skeletal malocclusions. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 120 patients evaluated in this study, the distribution across the three skeletal malocclusions was as follows: 10% were classified as skeletal class I, 65% as skeletal class II, and 25% as skeletal class III. A significant correlation was observed between the anterior cranial base slope and the type of skeletal malocclusion (p &lt; 0.05). The patients with Class II malocclusion, the SNA angle was notably higher while in Class III malocclusion patients, the SNB angle was significantly increased. Additionally, the SN-FH angle demonstrated a steeper slope in Class III patients compared to those with Class I and Class II malocclusions. There was no significant difference in anterior cranial base length (BA-S) across the malocclusion groups. The correlation analysis between SNA, SNB, and the anterior cranial base slope indicated that the steepness of the cranial base plays a role in the manifestation of the skeletal malocclusions. Conclusion: This research study underscores the significance of the anterior cranial base in the development of skeletal malocclusions. The findings suggest that patients with Class II malocclusion exhibit a steeper anterior cranial base slope, whereas Class III patients tend to have a flatter cranial base slope. These variations in anterior cranial base morphology can serve as effective diagnostic tools in the assessment, evaluation, and treatment planning of skeletal malocclusions. The study also highlights the complex interplay between cranial base morphology and skeletal relationships, indicating the need for comprehensive analysis in orthodontic assessment and treatment strategies.

Accuracy of cephalometric landmark and cephalometric analysis from lateral facial photograph by using CNN-based algorithm

Cephalometric analysis is the primary diagnosis method in orthodontics. In our previous study, the algorithm was developed to estimate cephalometric landmarks from lateral facial photographs of patients with normal occlusion. This study evaluates the estimation accuracy by the algorithm trained on a dataset of 2320 patients with added malocclusion patients and the analysis values. The landmarks were estimated from the input of lateral facial photographs as training data using trained CNN-based algorithms. The success detection rate (SDR) was calculated based on the mean radial error (MRE) of the distance between the estimated and actual coordinates. Furthermore, the estimated landmarks were used to measure angles and distances as a cephalometric analysis. In the skeletal Class II malocclusion, MRE was 0.42 ± 0.15 mm, and in the skeletal Class III malocclusion, MRE was 0.46 ± 0.16 mm. We conducted a cephalometric analysis using the estimated landmarks and examined the differences with actual data. In both groups, no significant differences were observed for any of the data. Our new algorithm for estimating the landmarks from lateral facial photographs of malocclusion patients resulted in an error of less than 0.5 mm; the error in cephalometric analysis was less than 0.5°. Therefore, the algorithm can be clinically valuable.

Skeletal Class II with Open-Bite Malocclusion Treated with Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery

Skeletal Class II with Open-Bite Malocclusion Treated with Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery

A comparative study of Twin-Block and van Beek Headgear-Activator on the three-dimensional morphology of the upper airway in growing children with mandibular retraction in skeletal class II malocclusion.

To compare the variations in the upper airway of children with skeletal Class II mandibular retrognathism treated with van Beek Headgear-Activator (vBHGA) and Twin-Block (TB) appliances. 40 children were involved in this retrospective study and divided into two intervention groups: the vBHGA group and the TB group, each comprising 20 individuals with an average age of 11.13 years. Employing Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Geometric Morphometric analysis, a comprehensive assessment of the upper airway's volume, minimum cross-sectional area (m-CSA), and 3D shape characteristics was conducted pre-and post-treatment. The total volume, oropharynx volume, oropharynx m-CSA, and hypopharynx m-CSA significantly increased in both the vBHGA and TB groups (p < 0.05). The sole discrepancy between the two groups was observed in comparing the nasopharynx m-CSA (p < 0.05). A morphological difference was observed in the vBHGA group before and after treatment (p < 0.05), characterized by a wider and shorter airway, positioning of the posterior nasal spine closer to the anterior inferior area, and a more posterior nasopharyngeal wall. However, there were no significant shape differences between the two groups or before and after treatment within the TB group. It appears that both vBHGA and TB interventions contribute positively to alleviating upper airway constriction. Nonetheless, the vBHGA group exhibits more alterations in the configuration of the nasopharynx. Both orthodontic appliances have a positive impact on the upper airway but still have differences, emphasizing the need for individualized consideration when selecting orthodontic interventions. This study was also registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with registration number ChiCTR2400086867.

Vertical Mandibular Asymmetry in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Comparative Analysis With Skeletal Class III and Class I Malocclusions

Vertical Mandibular Asymmetry in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Comparative Analysis With Skeletal Class III and Class I Malocclusions

Evaluation of Changes of Extraoral, Intraoral, and Tongue Posture After Maxillomandibular Surgery in Skeletal Class III Patients: A Retrospective Volumetric CT Study

Evaluation of Changes of Extraoral, Intraoral, and Tongue Posture After Maxillomandibular Surgery in Skeletal Class III Patients: A Retrospective Volumetric CT Study

Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy Without Segmental Fixation in Skeletal Class II.

The new orthognathic treatment strategy of non-segmental fixation (non-fix) sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) with jaw exercise initiation on the second postoperative day, the so-called physiological positioning strategy (PPS), induces good skeletal stability with few temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms after surgery in skeletal class III. This study aimed to clarify whether non-fix SSRO with modified PPS can be applied to skeletal class II. This retrospective study included skeletal class II patients who underwent non-fix SSRO to correct mandibular retrognathia. Jaw exercise was initiated within 10 postoperative days. Cephalometric analyses were performed before (T1), immediately after (T2), and more than 6 months after (T3) surgery. Skeletal and dental stability, and TMJ symptoms were evaluated. Twelve patients (2 men, 10 women; mean age 22.9±7.1y) were included. The mean mandibular advancement was 6.8±1.8mm. angle between S-N and N-B. was 73.6±4.5, 77.1±3.9, and 75.1±4.4 degrees at T1, T2, and T3, meaning 60.5% relapse. The Menton moved forward by 6.3mm from T1 to T2 and relapsed by 4.6mm at T3. The duration of intermaxillary traction showed a moderate negative correlation with angle between S-N and N-B. relapse (r=-0.42, P=0.1787). Only 2 TMJ symptoms (2/24, 8.3%) developed postoperatively. This study suggests that non-fix SSRO with modified PPS is a suitable method for skeletal class II malocclusion. Further research with a larger sample size and detailed analysis of the effect of intermaxillary traction on skeletal stability after surgery is needed.

Treatment of severe skeletal Class III patient with buccally impacted canines and severe crowding using a bone-anchored facemask and Alt-RAMEC protocol: A case report

A 14-year-10-month-old female patient presented with a chief complaint of being dissatisfied with the looks of her teeth and face. She had a pronounced misalignment of her dentition, defined by a Class III skeletal relationship and an average vertical proportion of the face. The patient had an anterior crossbite and bilateral posterior crossbites, with the upper left canine impacted in a buccal position. After a comprehensive consultation with the patient and her parents, we decided to implement a treatment strategy that entailed utilizing a maxillary bone borne expander in conjunction with a facemask. This treatment followed a protocol that consisted of alternating between rapidly expanding and contracting the maxilla. The purpose of this was to stimulate the advancement of the midface. After the treatment was carried out to treat the crossbites, a fixed appliance (MBT prescription) was bonded on the maxillary and mandibular arches. In addition, four premolars were extracted, and the upper left canine was brought to occlusion. Temporary anchorage devices were used in the lower arch to provide skeletal anchorage. The patient underwent active treatment for a period of 24 months following which we were able to achieve satisfactory occlusal and esthetic results.

Change of Lip Curvature Through Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment

Backgroud: Orthodontic treatment plans face challenges when deciding on tooth extraction, particularly when the retraction of incisors leads to a flattening of the lip curvature. Despite the significance of this issue, quantitative measurements of curvature have not been previously undertaken. This study presents novel soft tissue measurements, namely SAL (A’toSn-Ls) depth, SAL angle, PBL (B’toLi-Pg) depth, and angle, as tools for assessing lip curvature. The aim of this study was to assess whether new parameters demonstrated more pronounced flattening of the upper and lower lips in the extraction group compared to the non-extraction group. Methods: A total of sixty-two patients diagnosed with skeletal Class I malocclusion and treated with extraction or non-extraction orthodontic treatment were included and compared. Cephalometric measurements were analyzed and compared between the initial and final stages of treatment. Results: The difference in SAL (1.99°) and PBL (4.41°) angles and other soft tissue measurements between the groups was not statistically significant. Multiple regression analysis yielded the equation: ΔSAL = 0.66ΔU1 tip – 0.98ΔL1 tip – 1.58. Conclusions: Flattening of the upper lip was not significantly displayed on moderate anchorage. Consequently, orthodontic treatment accompanying the retraction of the upper incisors does not always result in obtuse lip profiles.

A comparison of the new parameter, “MKG angle” with ANB, Wits’ appraisal, Yen, Pi, and W angles

Objectives: The objectives of the study are to compare and assess the precision of MKG angle with ANB, Wits’ appraisal, Yen, Pi, and W angles and reproducibility between them. Material and Methods: 160 pre-treatment cephalograms of 80 skeletal class I and 80 skeletal class II patients were selected from the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics and were divided into Group 1 and Group 2. MKG angle, ANB angle, Wits’ appraisal, W, Yen, and Pi angles were measured, and MKG angle was compared with each of them for the evaluation of its precision. Results: The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 26.0. The mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were calculated. Descriptive statistics were done to know the mean and standard deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient was done to know the correlation between the MKG angle and other parameters in both the groups. A statistically significant difference was observed between MKG angle and all other parameters – ANB, Wits’ appraisal, YEN, W, Pi angles in general population. Conclusion: MKG angle can be used to assess the anteroposterior discrepancy but as an adjunct with other parameters.