Size Of Different Components Research Articles

Keypoint-Based Automated Component Placement Inspection for Printed Circuit Boards

This study aims to develop novel automated computer vision algorithms and systems for component replacement inspection for printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed algorithms are able to identify the locations and sizes of different components. They are object detection algorithms based on key points of the target components. The algorithms can be implemented as neural networks consisting of two portions: frontend networks and backend networks. The frontend networks are used for the feature extractions of input images. The backend networks are adopted to produce component inspection results. Each component class can has its own frontend and backend networks. In this way, the neural model for the component class can be effectively reused for different PCBs. To reduce the computation time for the inference of the networks, different component classes can share the same frontend networks. A two-stage training process is proposed to effectively explore features of different components for accurate component inspection. The proposed algorithm has the advantages of simplicity in training for data collection, high accuracy in defect detection, and high reusability and flexibility for online inspection. The algorithm is an effective alternative for automated inspection in smart factories, with growing demand for product quality and diversification.

Performance of solid state hydrogen storage assisted standalone polygeneration microgrids for various climatic zones of India

In stand-alone microgrids, by employing hydrogen storage coupled with fuel cell, multiple outputs such as electricity, heat, water, and fuel, can be achieved. This study presents an approach to optimize the size of different components of a solar photovoltaic field based microgrid configured with electrolyzer, fuel cell, hydrogen storage and battery bank. The optimum configuration is based on maximizing the utilization of electricity produced by the solar photovoltaic field. Two performance parameters, namely, Unmet Electric Load (fUL) and Excess Electricity (fEX) are defined. The monthly and annual performance of the microgrid is studied for diverse climatic conditions with five climatic zones across six Indian locations as example. As is obvious, the polygeneration microgrid gives the best performance at mountainous zone due to abundant solar radiation. The thermal effects due to sorption and desorption reactions of metal hydride hydrogen storage and fuel cell exhaust provide more than 50% of thermal load in each zone. Even though the optimized configuration can serve the electrical load demand of the different zones, the benefits of polygeneration are more pronounced for mountainous, humid subtropical and arid climatic zones, in that order.

Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Grid-Connected Microgrid Design by Using a Modified Multi-Strategy Fusion Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

The present work investigates the techno-economic solution that can address the problem of rural electrification. To maintain a continuous power supply to this village area, a grid-connected microgrid system was designed that consists of solar photovoltaic (SPV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The recently introduced multi-strategy fusion artificial bee colony (MFABC) algorithm was hybridized with the simulated annealing approach and is referred to as the MFABC+ algorithm. This was employed to determine the optimal sizing of different components comprising the integrated system as well as to maximize the techno-economic objectives. For validation, the simulation results obtained by the MFABC+ algorithm are compared with the results obtained using HOMER software, the particle swarm optimization algorithms and the original MFABC algorithm. It was revealed that the MFABC+ algorithm has a better convergence rate and the potential ability to provide compromising results in comparison to these existing optimization tools. It was also discovered through the comprehensive evaluation that the proposed system has the potential capability to meet the electricity demand of the village for 24 × 7 at the lowest levelized cost of electricity.

Method for design and evaluation of ICE exhaust silencers

The noise levels generated by an unmuffled engine exhaust system can be identified as the loudest vehicle noise source. The muffler or silencer is an essential component of the internal combustion engine exhaust system. Its main function is to reduce the exhaust-generated noise to an acceptably low level. Its design development is a complex process affecting the engine efficiency and thus fuel consumption, emissions and overall noise generation. This paper focuses on the design development of a muffler for a single-cylinder engine application. A 1D GT-Power model of a single valve engine was developed. Additionally, an analytical muffler preliminary design methodology was introduced. The methodology provides guidelines for muffler grade selection, sizing of different components, and calculation of backpressure as a function of the exhaust gas flow rate. Two custom mufflers design concepts were developed for the single-cylinder engine based on the introduced analytical methodology. Two commercial single-cylinder engine muffler designs available from Yanmar and Loncin were considered for the engine performance evaluation simulation. The presented combination of analytical and numerical modelling procedures can reduce the overall length of the muffler development stage by eliminating faulty design concepts and refining the muffler's performance parameters.

Stochastic energy management of smart microgrid with intermittent renewable energy resources in electricity market

Stochastic energy management of smart microgrids (MGs) is an important subject due to the high integration of intermittent resources, including wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) units. The complexity of the multi MGs management algorithm increases, considering their participation in an electricity market. In this paper, we proposed a stochastic energy management algorithm to address the participation of smart MGs in the electricity market, which minimizes the total cost and finds the optimal size of different components, including WT, PV unit, fuel cell, Electrolyzer, battery, and microturbine. The intermittencies in the PV output power, WT output power, and electric vehicle (EV) are modeled and integrated into the management algorithm using the Copula method. The market clearing price (MCP) is found using a game theory (GT) model and Cournot equilibrium. To verify the efficiency of the proposed method, it is tested on a sample three-MG, where the optimal size of various components is obtained. The obtained results verify that the total cost of MG decreases and the better performance can be obtained after participation in the electricity market. A sensitivity analysis is also done to evaluate the effects of various parameter changes (e.g., capital cost, replacement cost, and operation and maintenance cost) in various scenarios, where the obtained results verify that the cost reduction is obtained over different scenarios.

A Study on Optimal Design Feasibility of Microgrid Power System for Rural Electrification: Amhara Region in Ethiopia

Power system is an essential energy domain in recent years which helps to converts non-electrical energy resources, such as hydraulic, thermal, solar, wind and other natural resources to electrical energy. It conveys the generated power to the consumers via transmission and distribution networks. The conventional power system has many problems, which are significant power loss at the transmission and distribution networks, poor power quality and reliability, and ultimately it is not an environmental friendly. These problems are resolved by using a microgrid which will provide electricity to the consumer economically with improved power quality, reliability, and minimum loss by integrating and optimizing different renewable energy sources. The main objective of this research study is to enable the optimal power provision and feasibility to design a microgrid. Based on this objective of Micro grid power system, the study has extended to deliver electricity to satisfy the location of Ethiopia, Bahir Dar Town, specifically the rural electrification as a model for the interior village Abay Mado-Gedro kebele primary school, health post and local communities demand by enhancing the power quality, reliability and minimum transmission / distribution line losses. The microgrid consists of solar, wind and battery storage sources. It is designed to operate in stand-alone mode of operation. Optimum designing and sizing of different components of the microgrid is taken as major contributions of this research work to the study for the Village Gedro as a rural electrification model. Hence it is observed through the analysis and design using HOMER Optimization tool, the total power consumptions for the site of optimal power is 25 kWh / day and 6 kW peak with the consideration of various environmental parameters like solar radiation, temperature and wind speed. Based on the optimal power energy consumption resulted out that the required various power resources are 7 kW Photo-Voltaic (PV), 3 kW Wind turbine, 104 kWh storage battery and 6 kW converter with the total investment cost $ 75993.

Modelling and sizing of a 12 V DC photovoltaic refrigerator

Photovoltaic technology has a great opportunity in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) due to it is high intensity of solar radiation. In this study sizing of different components of photovoltaic dc refrigerator is carried out at different locations in KSA. Different equations were used in sizing the peak wattage of the solar panel, battery size and the ampere value of the solar charge controller. A photovoltaic refrigerator is installed at Madinah site in KSA, various measurements were done for this refrigerator including the compressor run time, power and energy consumption of the refrigerator. Error between the calculated and measured value is carried out at different operating conditions. The minimum and maximum error of the daily energy consumption of the refrigerator was found to be 0.6% and 2.4% respectively, while the minimum and maximum error of the daily battery ampere-hour consumption was found to be 1.0% and 2.79% respectively.

A small-scale distributed polygeneration with local renewable resources for a remote place of India: techno-economic optimisation

Electricity is predominantly supplied all over the world by large-scale fossil fuel-based power plants. Due to fast depleting fossil fuel reserves and climate change problem, this scenario is not sustainable. Large-scale renewable plants are not technologically matured yet to meet the worldwide electricity demand. Combining more utilities than only electricity in a single system, called polygeneration is an even better solution for distributed energy systems. Polygeneration is an integrated multioutput system with one or more inputs where many sub-systems are integrated to yield various outputs efficiently. Techno-economic optimisation using a quantum inspired cuckoo search algorithm has been reported in this paper for a polygeneration suitable for remote Sunderban delta area of India. Four utility outputs are combined to meet the basic demands of local poor people. Optimum sizes of different components are determined through techno-economic analysis for lowest levelised cost of electricity. Data of that area are used for analysis. This solution indicates practical feasibility of implementation of such systems for that remote area of India.

Liquid air energy storage: Price arbitrage operations and sizing optimization in the GB real-time electricity market

Liquid air energy storage is a novel proven technology that has the potential to increase the penetration of renewable on the power network and in the meanwhile to obtain revenues through energy price arbitrage. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the economic viability of liquid air energy storage based on price arbitrage operations in the GB real-time electricity market. The arbitrage algorithm designed in this article determines price thresholds every half hour under different operation strategies and according to which, decisions are made for the system to charge, discharge or stand by, and the optimal design of the size of different components for the system are also evaluated. Results suggest that the 12 prognostic is the best operating strategy, and under which a 200 MW LAES system is able to achieve a positive net present value of £43.8 M. Without using waste heat, the payback period for a 200 MW system can be as long as 36.9 to 39.4 years, depending on which arbitrage strategy is applied. However, with waste heat of 150 °C adopted, the payback period can be shortened to 8.7–9.8 years.

Comparative Analysis of an Off-grid PV System for Different Types of Batteries

The aim of this paper is to find an optimal size of different components of an off-grid PV system in the HOMER software with different types of batteries (lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries). The proposed model shows the optimal size of the off-grid PV system for a holiday cottage with regard to eligibility criteria for various types of batteries and the net present cost (NPC). The observed off-grid PV system consists of PV modules, a load, a converter and batteries and it is modelled in the HOMER software. The load is modelled with a daily load diagram for the holiday cottage. For lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries the optimal size of different components of an off-grid PV system for five different scenarios (in respect of the price and life-time) is obtained. In addition, the optimal size of the presented model with respect to different values of capacity shortage ranging from 0% to 5% is presented

Optimized Operation of PV/T and Micro-CHP Hybrid Power Systems

Specialists generally agree that Distributed Energy Resources (D E R s) will play a key role in the next generation power systems. Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels are very important energy conversion methods, yet they suffer from low energy conversion efficiency, availability issues and fluctuating output. Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) has been introduced as a way to increase the efficiency of the system by utilizing the co-generated heat. Combining PV/T with Combined Heat and Power (C H P) units is considered as a promising approach to encounter the intermittent and availability issues of solar energy. Smart grids, on the other hand, create opportunities for intelligent coordination between the different elements in the power grid. In this technologically focused paper we study the optimal operational strategies of coupled D E R s and storage within different scenarios. At the beginning we show the optimal sizes of different components, taking into consideration loads and investment costs. We introduce an approach to optimize the usage of the battery in which a controller tries to hold the battery near the optimal level and avoids unnecessary discharge operations. Furthermore, we explore the usage of feed-forward artificial neural networks to estimate the demand. Starting with simple setups (i.e., only PV and Battery) and going then to more complex setups (i.e., with μ C H P), we have shown through comprehensive simulation studies that it is possible to enhance the profit when the optimized approach is applied.

Modified particle swarm optimisation technique for optimal design of small renewable energy system supplying a specific load at Mansoura University

Recently, a special attention has been attributed to the renewable energy in Egypt. Optimal sizing of small renewable energy system has a very important role in the use of renewable energy effectively and economically. Particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is a popular stochastic optimisation method that has found in wide applications. Conventional PSO suffers from high computational complexity and slow convergence speed. This study presents a modified PSO (MPSO) technique to optimise the capacity sizes of different components of hybrid PV/wind/battery power generation system for supplying communication and information technology centre in Mansoura University-Egypt. A feasibility study for two options is investigated; stand-alone system composed of PV/wind/battery combination and a grid connected PV/wind system. The proposed MPSO technique proves faster convergence speed and shorter computational time as compared with conventional techniques.

Performance Analysis and Design of Liquid Based Solar Heating System

Designing of a solar heating system involves appropriate sizing of different components based on predicted solar insolation and heating load demand. But, it is a complex problem due to unpredictable weather data components. A number of design methods are available for solar heating systems. In this paper, f-chart method has been used due to its simplified design procedure, analysis and low cost in selecting the sizes and type of solar collectors and in estimating the annual thermal performance of solar heating system. Using this method, the design of liquid solar heating system and the estimation of the fraction of total heating load (domestic water and space heating load) that will be supplied by solar energy for a family of six in Riyadh have been conducted. The study includes the effect of different collector areas and storage capacity per square meter of collector area and collector tilt angle on fraction of the load supplied by solar energy. It has been found that increasing the collector area results in an increasing of annual load fraction supplied by solar energy. It has also been seen that increasing the specific storage capacity results in small increase in solar load fraction and the effect is more visible during the summer than during the winter. The result of the study reveals that collector configurations with lower tilt angles are better during the summer and higher values of angles are better during the winter. The optimal annual collector configuration tilt angle which gives the maximum solar load fraction has been found to be 30o

Network design and defence

Infrastructure networks are a key feature of an economy. Their functionality depends on the connectivity and sizes of different components and they face a variety of threats, from natural disasters to intelligent attacks. How should networks be defended and designed to ensure the best functionality?We develop a model to study this question. There are two players, the Designer and the Adversary. The Designer forms costly links among n given nodes and chooses to protect some of them at a cost. The Adversary then allocates resources to attack nodes. Successful attack on a node leads to its elimination. We study sub-game perfect equilibria of this game.Our main finding is that if defence is affordable and reliable, then the network is sparse and heterogeneous, and either centrally or fully protected. On the other hand, if defence is relatively costly compared to linking, then dense and homogeneous networks arise in equilibrium.

Network Design and Defence

Infrastructure networks -- in communication and transport -- are a key feature of an economy. The functionality of these networks depends on the connectivity and sizes of different components. However, these networks face a variety of threats ranging from natural disasters to intelligent attacks (carried out by human agents). How should networks be defended and designed to ensure connectivity?We develop a strategic model to study this question. There are two 'players,' a designer and an adversary. The designer forms links among a given set of n nodes. These links are costly. In addition, the designer may also choose to protect some nodes at a cost. The adversary then allocates his resources to attack nodes. Successful attack on a node leads to its elimination (along with all its connections). We study the sub-game perfect equilibrium of this game.Our main finding is that if defence is affordable and reliable, then the network is sparse and heterogeneous, and either centrally or fully protected. On the other hand, if defence is relatively costly compared to linking then dense and homogeneous networks arise in equilibrium.

Optimal sizing of photovoltaic pumping system with water tank storage using LPSP concept

This paper recommends an optimal sizing model, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of photovoltaic water pumping system (PWPS) using water tank storage. The recommended model takes into account the submodels of the pumping system and uses two optimization criteria, the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) concept for the reliability and the life cycle cost (LCC) for the economic evaluation. With this presented model, the sizing optimization of photovoltaic pumping system can be achieved technically and economically according to the system reliability requirements. The methodology adopted proposes various procedures based on the water consumption profiles, total head, tank capacity and photovoltaic array peak power. A case study is conducted to analyze one photovoltaic pumping project, which is designed to supply drinking water in remote and scattered small villages situated in Ghardaia, Algeria (32°29′N, 3°40′E, 450 m).

Sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system

To allow a real penetration of the huge dispersed naturally renewable resources (wind, sun, etc.) intermittent and more or less easily predictable, optimal sizing of hybrid renewable power generation systems prove to be essential. This paper recommends an optimal sizing model based on iterative technique, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system using a battery bank. The recommended model takes into account the submodels of the hybrid system, the Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC). The flow chart of the hybrid optimal sizing model is also illustrated. With this incorporated model, the sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid PV/wind power generation system can be accomplished technically and economically according to the system reliability requirements. A case study is conducted to analyze one hybrid project, which is designed to supply residential household located in the area of the CDER (Center for Renewable Energy Development) situated in Bouzareah, Algeria (36° 48′N, 3° 1′E, 345 m).

Optimization and design of energy transport system for solar cooking application

This paper proposes a hybrid solar cooking system where the solar energy is transported to the kitchen. The thermal energy source is used to supplement the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is in common use in kitchens. Solar energy is transferred to the kitchen by means of a circulating fluid. Energy collected from sun is maximized by changing the flow rate dynamically. This paper proposes a concept of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar thermal collector. The diameter of the pipe is selected to optimize the overall energy transfer. Design and sizing of different components of the system are explained. Concept of MPPT is validated with simulation and experimental results.

Application of design space methodology for optimum sizing of wind–battery systems

A methodology for optimum sizing of different components (i.e., rotor diameter, electrical generator rating, and battery capacity) of a standalone wind–battery system is proposed in this paper. On the basis of time series simulation of the system performance along with different design constraints, the entire set of feasible design options, also known as the design space, has been identified on a rotor diameter vs. rated power diagram. The design space of a standalone wind–battery system identifies the entire envelope within which a feasible system may be designed. The optimum configuration of the standalone system is identified on the basis of minimum cost of energy (US$/kWh). It is observed that the cost of energy is sensitive to the magnitude of average demand and the wind regime. Sensitivity of the capital cost on the minimum cost of energy is also studied.

A novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar-wind power generation system

This paper develops the Hybrid Solar-Wind System Optimization Sizing (HSWSO) model, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of hybrid solar-wind power generation systems employing a battery bank. The HSWSO model consists of three parts: the model of the hybrid system, the model of Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and the model of the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCE). The flow chart of the HSWSO model is also illustrated. With the incorporated HSWSO model, the sizing optimization of hybrid solar-wind power generation systems can be achieved technically and economically according to the system reliability requirements. A case study is reported to show the importance of the HSWSO model for sizing the capacities of wind turbines, PV panel and battery banks of a hybrid solar-wind renewable energy system.