Size Of Stomata Research Articles

Hexaploidy induction improves morphological, physiological and phytochemical characteristics of mojito mint (Mentha × villosa)

Mints are cultivated worldwide as annual herbs or perennial garden plants for their aromatic and therapeutic characteristics and they are sought after by a vast number of food, confectionery, pharmaceutical, and sanitation industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of polyploidizaion in the Iranian mint genotypes to improve the morpho-physiological traits and enhance the essential oil content. Different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.05%) and soaking times of rhizomes (3, 6 and 9 h) and three mint genotypes including peppermint (M. × piperita ‘BLACK’, 2n = 6x = 72), mojito mint (M. × villosa, 2n = 3x = 36) and pineapple (M. suaveolens, 2n = 2x = 24) were studied in a factorial experiment design with three replications. The survival rate, mixoploidy and chromosome doubling percentage of plants were checked 2 months and 24 months after induction of treatments. The highest survival rate (90.90%) and mixoploidy (11.11%) were found after two months in M. × piperita ‘Black’ and M. × villosa accessions, respectively. The only and highest rate of polyploidization (15.27%) was observed after two months in M. × villosa (2n = 6x = 72) using 0.05% colchicine for 9 h, which after 24 months some mixoploidy conversion to higher ploidy level increased it to 18.05%. It demonstrated sturdy, thick, dark green leaves with greater stomata size and guard cells’ chloroplast number and lower stomata density. Essential oil yield of hexaploid mojito mint showed 64% increase, from 0.87% (w/w) up to 1.43%. The phytochemicals, α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, menthofuran, and borneol were newly synthesized in the induced hexaploid mojito mint, while 1,8-cineole and pulegone production indicated 53% and 84% increase, respectively. Comparison of the main essential oil constituents of triploid and hexaploid M. × villosa showed a great variation in 1,8-cineole (18.5–28.4%), menthofuran (0–28.51%), neomenthol (22.7–0%), and pulegone (10.8- 20.1%), respectively. These improved characteristics suggest a valuable variety of mojito mint for commercial production.

Tetraploidy induction increases galegine content in Galega officinalis L.

Galega officinalis L. is an herbaceous plant of the Leguminosae family. In traditional medicine, the aerial parts of the plant have been used to treat diabetes, malignant fevers, and parasitic infections. Manipulation of ploidy level is one of the effective methods to produce plant variants with higher secondary metabolites. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to double the ploidy level of G. officinalis for increasing the galegine content. For this purpose, the seeds of G. officinalis were treated with 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% of colchicine for three different periods of time (9, 24 and 48 h). Chromosome counting and flow cytometric analysis confirmed chromosome duplication in the treated plants. The 0.1% colchicine for 24 h was the best treatment for the induction of tetraploid plants (with induction efficiency of 6.67%). Comparison of the morphological characteristics showed that shoot length, number of stems, internode length, and stomata density were decreased in the tetraploid plants, while stomata size was increased as compared with diploids, significantly. In addition, the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, and galegine were significantly greater in tetraploid plants than in diploids.

Micromorphological evaluation of Daphne mucronata Royle and Myrtus communis L. using scanning electron microscopic techniques.

The present study was undertaken to establish micromorphological standards of Daphne mucronata Royle and Myrtus communis (L.). Daphne mucronata Royle is a xerophytic perennial shrub while, Myrtus communis is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Micromorphological investigation is one of the cheapest methods. It will be helpful in the accurate identification of these plants from other species. Results of macroscopic evaluation showed various organoleptic features. Anatomy of the selected plant parts was carried out. It showed a typical dicot structure as it revealed the presence of epidermal cells, crystals, trichomes, cuticle, mesophyll tissues, xylem, phloem, paracytic, and dicytic stomata. Anatomical study facilitates the detection of adulteration with inferior commercial varieties, exhausted drugs, cheaper natural substances, and chemicals. Stomatal number, types, and size of stomata, and palisade ratio of Myrtus communis were observed. These observations will be helpful in the preparation of taxonomic key for the identification of selected species. Powder drug study [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] showed characteristics histological differentiation. The methods cited here can be measured as characteristics to identify and validate these drugs.

Bismuth Vanadium Oxide Can Promote Growth and Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The excellent properties of nanomaterials have been confirmed in many fields, but their effects on plants are still unclear. In this study, different concentrations of bismuth vanadate (BV) were added to the growth medium to analyze the growth of seedlings, including taproots, lateral roots, leaf stomata, root activity, and superoxide anion O2 .- generation. Gene expression levels related to root growth were determined by quantitative PCR in Arabidopsis thaliana. The results showed that BV promoted the growth of taproots and the development of lateral roots, enhanced the length of the extension zone in roots, increased the number and size of leaf stomata and root activity, reduced the accumulation of ROS in seedlings, and changed the expression levels of genes related to polyamines or hormones. At the same time, we investigated the antibacterial activity of BV against a variety of common pathogens causing crop diseases. The results showed that BV could effectively inhibit the growth of Fusarium wilt of cotton and rice sheath blight. These results provide a new prospect for the development of nanomaterial-assisted plants, which is expected to become one of the ways to solve the problem of controlling and promoting the development of plants. At the same time, it also provides a reference for the study of the effect of BV on plants.

In vitro induction and identification of polyploid Neolamarckia cadamba plants by colchicine treatment.

Polyploidization has played a crucial role in plant breeding and crop improvement. However, studies on the polyploidization of tropical tree species are still very scarce in this region. This paper described the in vitro induction and identification of polyploid plants of Neolamarckia cadamba by colchicine treatment. N. cadamba belongs to the Rubiaceae family is a natural tetraploid plant with 44 chromosomes (2n = 4x = 44). Nodal segments were treated with colchicine (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) for 24 h and 48 h before transferring to shoot regeneration medium. Flow cytometry (FCM) and chromosome count were employed to determine the ploidy level and chromosome number of the regenerants, respectively. Of 180 colchicine-treated nodal segments, 39, 14 and 22 were tetraploids, mixoploids and octoploids, respectively. The highest percentage of polyploidization (20% octoploids; 6.7% mixoploids) was observed after treated with 0.3% colchicine for 48 h. The DNA content of tetraploid (4C) and octoploid (8C) was 2.59 ± 0.09 pg and 5.35 ± 0.24 pg, respectively. Mixoploid plants are made up of mixed tetraploid and octoploid cells. Chromosome count confirmed that tetraploid cell has 44 chromosomes and colchicine-induced octoploid cell has 88 chromosomes. Both octoploids and mixoploids grew slower than tetraploids under in vitro conditions. Morphological characterizations showed that mixoploid and octoploid leaves had thicker leaf blades, thicker midrib, bigger stomata size, lower stomata density, higher SPAD value and smaller pith layer than tetraploids. This indicates that polyploidization has changed and resulted in traits that are predicted to increase photosynthetic capacity of N. cadamba. These novel polyploid plants could be valuable resources for advanced N. cadamba breeding programs to produce improved clones for planted forest development.

Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Zinnia to Drought Stress

Bedding plants in the nursery phase are often subject to drought stress because of the small volume of the containers and the hydraulic conductivity of organic substrates used. To analyse the morphological, physiological, and enzymatic responses of zinnia (Zinnia elegans L.) plants at different irrigation levels, four treatments were performed: irrigated at 100% (100% field capacity, FC); light deficit irrigation (75% FC), medium deficit irrigation (50% FC), and severe deficit irrigation (25% FC). The growth of zinnia was significantly influenced by drought stress treatments. Different morphological parameters (dry biomass, leaf number, root to shoot ratio (R/S)) were modified only in the more severe drought stress treatment (25% FC). The stomata density increased in 50% FC and 25% FC, while the stomata size was reduced in 25% FC. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were reduced in 50% FC and 25% FC. The relative water content (RWC) was reduced in 25% FC. Severe drought stress (25% FC) increased proline content up to seven-fold. Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly increased in 50% FC and 25% FC. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the morphological and physiological parameters were mostly associated with the 100% FC and 75% FC treatments of the biplot, whereas the stomata density, R/S ratio, and antioxidant enzymes (GPX, CAT) were associated with 50% FC, and proline and DPPH were associated with 25% FC, respectively.

IMPACT OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON LEAF AREA AND STOMATAL CHARACTERISTICS IN FABA BEAN

Although changes in stomatal response to elevated doses of cadmium has already been observed in several plants, few studies have focused on this phenomenon in more detail. The effects of different doses of cadmium Cd2+ (50 and 100 mg.kg-1 soil) on leaf area and stomatal characteristics (number of stomata, number of epidermal cells, stomatal index and size of stomata) of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cultivar Aštar) were studied after 15 days of heavy metal treatment. No visual changes on adaxial or abaxial side of leaves of the tested variety of faba bean were found. The leaf area was higher by 14.15 % at lower and by 12.23 % at the higher doses of Cd. The tested doses of Cd did not lead to a change in the number of stomata. The number of epidermal cells was increased on adaxial side by 4.98 % at dose Cd50. Stomatal index was decreased due to the effect of higher dose of cadmium by 11.38 % on adaxial side of leaves. In stomatal widths, decrease by 2.04 % (adaxial side) and 2.26 % (abaxial side) was observed at higher doses of Cd. In stomatal length decrease by 1.85 % was observed at higher dose of Cd on adaxial and decrease by 3.89 % (Cd50) and 4.63 % (Cd100) on abaxial side of leaves respectively. The variations of response could be signals of tolerance or adaptive mechanisms of the leaves of tested bean cultivar under the used concentrations of cadmium.

Study on the Effect of Jujube Powder on the Quality of Bread

As a traditional Chinese medicine and food, jujube is rich in minerals, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, vitamins and other healthy nutrients, which are the supplemental nutrition to wheat flour. This paper studied the bread quality with jujube powder and determined the appropriate ratio of jujube powder to wheat flour. The related characteristics of bread with jujube powder were analyzed by Electronic nose (E-nose), solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), scanning electron microscope, texture analyzer, and Sensory Texture Evaluation Methodology, respectively. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the finished bread were evaluated. The results showed that with the increase of the addition of jujube powder, the specific volume, moisture content and elasticity of bread decreased gradually, while the softness and chewiness were increased progressively. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of bread increased gradually with the adding of jujube powder content. The bread quality was the best when the addition of 4g of jujube powder/100g of wheat flour. While new volatile substances of jujube bread included hexane, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-phyran-4-one, n-Hexadecane, and l- Caryophyllene, as well as alcohol. Microstructural analysis showed that the structure of stomata changed significantly with the adding of jujube powder. The size of stomata and density of bread are not significantly different from those of ordinary bread with less than 4% jujube powder.

Insight into the cellular and physiological regulatory modulations of Class-I TCP9 to enhance drought and salinity stress tolerance in cowpea.

The Teosinte branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors are potent growth and developmental regulators in plants, also responsive to various hormonal and environmental stimuli. In this study, we primarily focused on the functional role of TCP9, a nuclear-localised Class-I TCP transcription factor in a drought and heat-tolerant legume crop, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Under drought stress, a higher protein expression level of TCP9 was observed in the leaves of the drought-tolerant cowpea cultivar Pusa Komal as compared to the drought-sensitive cultivar TVu-7778. Further, overexpression of VuTCP9 resulted in reduced cell and stomata size, aperture length and width while cell and overall stomatal density in the 35S::VuTCP9 transgenic cowpea lines increased. Phenotypic alterations, such as reduced leaf size and vigour, altered seed coats displaying extension pattern similar to the 'Watson pattern' and delayed senescence were prominent in the transgenic lines. Under normal conditions, the gas exchange and fluorescence measurements indicated reduction in transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic efficiency (Φ PSII). However, water usage efficiency (WUE) remained unaltered in the transgenic lines as compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed higher tolerance to oxidative, drought and salinity stress, maintained relatively higher relative water content and lower occurrence of H2 O2 , as compared to the WT plants. Genes related to the jasmonic acid biosynthesis, stomatal development and abiotic stress responsiveness, such as TTG1, NAC25, SPCH and GRP1, increased and LOX2 decreased significantly in the transgenic lines.

Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Stomata and Yield Indices in Bread Wheat under Water Limited Conditions

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for stomata- and yield-related attributes with high-density Illumina 90 K Infinium SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array in bread wheat to determine genetic potential of germplasm for scarce water resources with sustainable yield potential. Major yield and stomata attributes were phenotyped on a panel of Pakistani and foreign accessions grown in non-stressed and water shortage environments during two seasons. Highly significant variations were shown among accessions in both conditions for examined characteristics. Water shortage conditions reduced the overall wheat yield and strong positive correlation existed among stomatal frequency, leaf venation and grain yield per plant. Population structure analyses based on 90,000 SNP data classified the accessions into four sub-populations which indicated the presence of genetic variability. Marker-trait association (MTA) analyses revealed that 422 significant SNPs at p ≤ 10−3, after crossing the false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 threshold, were linked with examined attributes. Pleiotropic loci (wsnp_Ex_c8913_14881924 and Tdurum_contig10598_304) were associated with flag leaf area (FLA), stomata size (SS), stomata frequency (SF), leaf venation (LV), number of grain per spike (NGS) and grain yield per plant (GYP), which were located on chromosome 4B and 6B at the positions 173.63cM and 229.64cM, respectively, under water shortage conditions. Pleotropic loci wsnp_Ex_c24167_33416760, wsnp_Ex_c5412_9564046 and Tdurum_contig81797_369 on chromosomes 7A, 2A and 4B at the positions 148.26cM, 261.05cM and 173.63cM, respectively, were significantly linked with stomata and yield indices such as FLA, SS, SF, LV, NGS and GYP under normal and water shortage conditions. The current experiment not only validated several MTAs for studied indices reported in other studies but also discovered novel MTAs significant under water shortage environments. Associated and significant SNPs will be useful in discovering novel genes underpinning water shortage tolerance in bread wheat for producing high-yielding and drought tolerant wheat varieties to fulfill the wheat demand for growing populations.

Characterization of anatomical foliar epidermal features of herbaceous flora of Tilla Jogian, Pakistan by using light microscopy techniques

In current study, 22 herbaceous plant specimens have been examined with the help of light microscope to carry out leaf epidermal anatomy. Foliar micro-morphology of herbaceous plants from Tilla Jogian, Jhelum Pakistan was held first time. The plants were collected from different parts of Tilla Jogian at different elevations. The main objective of the study is to use this information as an aid in plant taxonomy. Significant variations were observed in both qualitative and quantitative features. With the help of microscopy significant variations in characters like stomata size, number, epidermal cell size, shape and number, guard cell size, trichomes, and subsidiary cells were recorded. On the basis of these findings, light microscopy of leaf epidermal anatomical features holds great interest for taxonomists to identify complete taxa. Foliar epidermal anatomy of herbaceous flora serves as baseline data along with taxonomical data and can be helpful in demarcation and limitation of nearly associated taxa to gain better use of anatomical characters.

Species-specific and altitude-related variations in stomatal features of Berberis lycium Royle and B. parkeriana C.K. Schneid

ABSTRACT Epidermal micro-morphological investigations have drawn the consideration of many researchers because of their taxonomic usefulness, but their relationship with environment is not completely known. Keeping this in view, quantitative leaf epidermal features (number of epidermal cells and stomata, and stomata length and width) were examined in the species Berberis lycium Royle and B. parkeriana C.K. Schneid along an altitudinal gradient at three different altitudes in Manoor Valley (Himalaya), Pakistan. A significant variability was found in the size and type of epidermal cells and stomata on both sides of the understory plants leaves. Berberis parkeriana had two types of stomata (anomocytic, and anisocytic) while Berberis lycium possesses a single type of stomata (paracytic). Furthermore, both species had stomata on the abaxial surface only. Berberis parkeriana had higher values of all parameters analyzed; the number of epidermal cells and stomata increased with increasing altitude while the length and width of stomata decreased with increasing altitude. This approach proved extremely valuable for the assessment of environmental impacts on the adaptive potential of plants and subsequent eco-physiological changes.

The dynamics of physiological properties of ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh) based on crown position and altitude

Knowledge of the physiological properties of tree species is one of the basic requirements in determining the prescription silvicultural treatment of stands in nature. This study aims to analyze the physiological characteristics of the species of ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh), as one of the potential endemic species of Sulawesi, based on leaf position in the crown and differences in altitude. Leaf sampling locations were in the Hasanuddin University Educational Forest (507 m asl) and Makassar city (16 m asl). The research variables consist of number of stomata, size of stomata, leaf stomata index, and leaf chlorophyll content. The results show that the physiological characteristics of the leaves were influenced by their position in the tree crown and differences in altitude. The highest number of stomata was found in the leaves exposed to the sunlights with 52.900 stomata/mm2 compared to 29.800 stomata/mm2 in shaded leaves. Likewise, the highest chlorophyll content was found in leaves exposed to the sunlights of 0.043 mg/L and shaded leaves of 0.034 mg/L. The difference occurs based on differences in altitude as well. The number of stomata in the lower area was 35.733 stomata/mm2, while in the high area was 42.667 stomata/mm2. The chlorophyll content in the low area was 0.038 mg/L and in the high area it was 0.037 mg/L. The higher a place, the more the number of stomata, this is inversely proportional to the size of the stomata and the stomata index, while the number of chlorophylls is not significantly different.

KAJIAN STRUKTUR ANATOMI DAN MORFOLOGI DAUN PLANLET PISANG KEPOK KUNING HASIL PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK UMBI KEMBANG SUNGSANG SECARA IN VITRO

Plantain is a fruit commodity that has a high level of market demand, but the yield is low. To overcome this problem, tissue culture techniques are used to increase plantlet production in a short time. Plantain have parthenocarpy character, high sterility, and different levels of ploidy. Tissue culture with the addition of flame lily tuber biomutagen containing colchicine was used as a strategy to overcome the above constraints because it was thought to increase the production of polyploid banana plantlets. Changes in the anatomical and morphological structures are indicators of polyploidy. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on changes in the anatomical and morphological structures of plantain leaves as a result of giving in vitro plantlet propagation media as an indicator of the formation of polyploidy. Plantlets were grown on tissue culture media supplemented with three treatments: 10% flame lily tuber extract, 0.1% pure colchicine, and without addition (control). The parameters observed were epidermal cell size, stomata size, stomata index, number and leaf area. Epidermal cell size, stomata size and stomatal index were analyzed using range values ​​and mean values. The number of leaves, and the average wide of leaf, is then shown in the form of a bar chart. The results showed that administration of flame lily tuber extract was able to increase epidermal cell size, stomata size, wide of a leaf, and able to reduce the stomata index and number of leaves.

The Plastid-Localized AtFtsHi3 Pseudo-Protease of Arabidopsis thaliana Has an Impact on Plant Growth and Drought Tolerance.

While drought severely affects plant growth and crop production, the molecular mechanisms of the drought response of plants remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the effect of the pseudo-protease AtFtsHi3 of Arabidopsis thaliana on overall plant growth and in drought tolerance. An AtFTSHi3 knock-down mutant [ftshi3-1(kd)] displayed a pale-green phenotype with lower photosynthetic efficiency and Darwinian fitness compared to wild type (Wt). An observed delay in seed germination of ftshi3-1(kd) was attributed to overaccumulation of abscisic acid (ABA); ftshi3-1(kd) seedlings showed partial sensitivity to exogenous ABA. Being exposed to similar severity of soil drying, ftshi3-1(kd) was drought-tolerant up to 20 days after the last irrigation, while wild type plants wilted after 12 days. Leaves of ftshi3-1(kd) contained reduced stomata size, density, and a smaller stomatic aperture. During drought stress, ftshi3-1(kd) showed lowered stomatal conductance, increased intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), and slower stress acclimation. Expression levels of ABA-responsive genes were higher in leaves of ftshi3-1(kd) than Wt; DREB1A, but not DREB2A, was significantly upregulated during drought. However, although ftshi3-1(kd) displayed a drought-tolerant phenotype in aboveground tissue, the root-associated bacterial community responded to drought.

In vivo polyploidy induction of Phalaenopsis amabilis in a bubble bioreactor system using colchicine

Abstract Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume var. grandiflora Bateman is economically important as cut and pot flower. Polyploidy is considered as a valuable tool in improvement and evolution of ornamental plants. Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of P. amabilis were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.20 mg L-1 IBA together with 2.00 mg L-1 KIN and 1.00 g L-1 activated charcoal and grown for a period of five months. Fully-developed plantlets from in vitro grown PLBs were immersed in a bubble reactor filled with half-strength Hoagland solution containing the antimitotic agent colchicine (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%, w/v) for 72 h with a few drops (1 mL of 0.1%) of octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol or Nonidet (P-40) as a surfactant. Plantlets were aerated to prevent hypoxia. Colchicine-treated and untreated plantlets were transferred to pots for a period of 60 days. Tetraploidy was successfully induced by 0.15% colchicine. Polyploidy levels were firstly detected using flow cytometry and then confirmed by cytological and morphological observations. The chromosome number was 2n = 2x = 38 in diploids and 2n = 4x = 76 in tetraploid. Incubation of plantlets in liquid medium containing 0.15% colchicine induced the maximum recovered tetraploids with minimum frequency of survival (50%). The tetraploid plants were more compact and exhibited round and thick leaves with darker green color than diploids. Stomata size in tetraploids were larger with less density than diploids. Chloroplast number in guard cells of tetraploids was about two times more than that of control. These results indicate that induction of tetraploids are a reliable and powerful tool for generation of novel phenotypes with ornamental and horticultural value for genetic improvement and breeding. Produced tetraploids in current study have potential in the ornamental/floriculture trade.

Plant ontogenetic changes in vein and stomatal traits and their relationship with economic traits in leaves of three Mediterranean oaks

Abstract Aims We compared vein and stomatal traits of seedlings and adults of three Mediterranean Quercus species. Previous work suggests that gas-exchange rates tend to be higher at the seedling stage than in adults. Our objective was to determine whether vein and stomatal traits vary throughout whole-plant ontogeny in parallel with the changes in gas-exchange rates. We addressed the following alternative hypotheses: hypothesis 1—seedlings show higher vein and stomatal densities than adults; and hypothesis 2—seedlings have lower investments in vascular tissues to reduce construction costs. Methods Ten specimens from each growth stage were randomly sampled for each species in a location in central-western Spain. We measured mean stomatal and vein traits (size and number of stomata per unit of leaf area, vein density, vein volume, vein to epidermis distance), leaf mass per area and lamina thickness. Important Findings Minor vein density and vein volume per area increased with tree age, which seems inconsistent with the ontogenetic trends in gas-exchange rates. This discrepancy is in support of our hypothesis 2, and it suggests that, at the seedling stage, reducing investments in vascular tissues in benefit of maximizing growth rates is a priority. Larger interveinal distances in seedlings were compensated by smaller vein to epidermis distances. The thin leaves of the seedlings may thus constitute as a necessary trait for achieving shorter path length distances for the transport of water to evaporation sites without the need for a strong investment in costly vascular tissues.

THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM STRESS ON MICRO-ANATOMICAL PROFILE OF CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.)

Chromium contamination can affect morphological, physiological, and anatomical changes, especially in chili vegetative organs. This research aims to understand micro-anatomical structure of the vegetative organs of chili subjected to chromium stress. The aim of the research is to know whether there is a micro-anatomical character difference between contaminated and uncontaminated chromium. The experimental methods using a completely randomized design (CRD). The independent variable is five levels of chromium concentration, i.e., 0; 50; 100; 200; and 300 ppm. The method of preparing anatomical preparations of the stem using a non-embedding and embedding method. The parameters observed in root and stem are organ diameter, xylem, thick of epidermis, and cortex. In contrast, leaf organ parameter includes thick cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, stomata size (length and width), and stomatal number. The research results showed that organ anatomical structure, i.e., root, stem, and leaf in chromium stress condition did not change. Chromium deposition causes a decrease in root diameter, xylem, thick cortex roots, stem diameter, xylem, the thickness of the epidermis and cortex, leaf epidermal thickness, mesophyll, size of stomata width and number. In contrast, the chromium stress causes an increase in the thickness of the root epidermis (43,18%), cuticle thickness (36,36%), and leaf stomata length (33,33%) of chili as chromium concentrations increase. The anatomical structure of chili leaves changes after being contaminated chromium stress.

Growth, stomata and trichome characteristics of diploid and tetraploid Artemisia annua L. plants

Tetraploid A. annua have been reported to have higher artemisinin level compared to diploid plants. This research aimed to evaluate growth, stomata, and trichome characteristics of diploids compared to tetraploid plants. Two accessions of diploids (K.I.B and K1.2.2) and two accessions of tetraploid plants (K2.2.9 and K3.2.1) V0M1 were grown in the field for 11 weeks. Growth of plants was investigated every week by measuring plant height, number of branches per plant, fresh and dry weights. Density and size of stomata were observed using light microscopy; the number of trichomes was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The artemisinin level was analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the plant height of both diploid and tetraploid plants was comparable. From week-1 to week-11, all plants still increased in their plant height. Similarly, numbers of branches also increased except for diploid K.I.B plants. The highest growth rate of numbers of branches was found in tetraploid clone K3.2.1. However, the highest biomass production was found in diploid clone K1.2.2. The artemisinin level of tetraploid plants was higher than that of diploid plants. The level of ploidy was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis.

Effect of Acoustic Waves on the Growth and Productivity of Sawi Plants (Brassica Juncea L.)

Sonic bloom is an audio system that can stimulate the process of plant growth. This technology can help farmers, especially in areas with low water availability and poor soil conditions. Appropriate sonic bloom stimulation can affect plant metabolism at the cellular level and increase the size and number of stomata in each leaf, resulting in a rate of absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. This can be quickly seen in root growth, seed germination, plant growth, and yield. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of sound wave frequency and length of exposure on the quality and productivity of mustard plants. This research was conducted with an experimental method, and used factorial ANOVA with two treatments, namely: 1) Frequency (frequency 4000 Hz and frequency 5000 Hz); 2) Duration of exposure (1 hour/day, 2 hours/day and 3 hours / day). Based on the research that has been done, there is an effect of giving sound wave frequency on plant height growth, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and harvest weight of plant. The effect of the growth rate of plants given sound wave frequency treatment is better in plants with a maximum frequency of 5000 Hz and for the best exposure time treatment is in plants with an hour treatment.