Pipe Size Research Articles

The Deep Structure of the Kimberlite Pipe Volchya in the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province and Controlling Faults Based on Passive Seismic and Radiological Methods (Northwest Russia)

The successful prospecting of kimberlite pipes is dependent upon a comprehensive understanding of the deep structures of the pipes and the host geological formation. This is a challenging task, given the complex nature of diamond deposits, the small size of pipes in the plan, the absence of stable features in potential fields, etc. As a consequence, the allocation of control structures is practically not used in exploration work. In this regard, the Arkhangelsk diamond province (NW Russia) is distinguished by the considerable overburden thickness, which presents a significant challenge for the application of geophysical methods. It is thus imperative to devise novel methodologies for conducting investigations. In order to achieve this, a set of methods was employed, including microseismic sounding, passive seismic interferometry, and radon emanation mapping. This set of methods has previously been tested only on a few pipes and has not previously been employed in the Griba deposit. The Volchya pipe was selected as the test object due to its proximity to the Griba pipe. The findings revealed that the pipe displayed a more complex configuration than was previously postulated. The controlling faults were found to be oriented in a southwesterly to northwesterly direction and to exhibit a contrasting narrow vertical structure at depths greater than 400 m. Further identification of control structures by the proposed set of methods can increase the efficiency of diamond prospecting.

Evaluation of Applied Destructive and Non-destructive Tests in the Technical Inspection Process of High-Frequency Electric Resistance Weld Pipes

Ensuring the absence of structural defects in metal pipes of the gas network requires production control and quality control tests. On the other hand, the main role of these pipes is the transmission of natural gas, therefore, the smallest leakage, along with damage to the environment and loss of natural gas, entails the dangers of explosion. In this article, all the quality tests performed on the raw materials and the metal pipe production process are mentioned, and the result of their optimization in terms of sampling, prototyping, and acceptance criteria in the quality control plan is given. In addition to destructive tests, three important non-destructive methods including industrial radiography, ultrasonic test, and eddy current test have been specially investigated. The statistical results of detectable defects for three specific sizes of pipes including 4, 6, and 8 inches have been collected. The final result of this essay is the optimization of high-frequency electric resistance welding pipe production.

Data-Informed Synthetic Networks of Water Distribution Systems for Resilience Analysis in Puerto Rico

The increasing potential of infrastructure disruptions calls for high-quality infrastructure models to be used in resilience analysis and decision making. Unfortunately, many utilities and communities do not have access to accurate and detailed models due to a lack of data and resources. Furthermore, security restrictions on sharing infrastructure models present roadblocks to research, analysis, and decision making. Recent advances in the development of synthetic water distribution models provide a potential solution to this problem. There is an opportunity to improve these methods by leveraging incomplete pipe datasets to aid synthetic network generation. To address this gap, we developed a methodology for synthetic network generation that incorporates partial pipe data using a modification of the minimum cost flow algorithm for network generation and pipe sizing. This methodology demonstrates how partial pipe data can be leveraged to improve site-specific synthetic network generation. For the study area of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, a synthetic model generated using 50% of real pipe data matches the pressure of the validation system with an average error of 23.5 m of head, which improves upon the average error of 31.6 m of head produced by a synthetic model generated using no data of the real pipes. Additionally, synthetic networks are shown to replicate the pressure response under a disruption scenario of the validation network, suggesting potential use in resilience analysis.

Pipe Insertion Technique for Slug Attenuation in a Downwardly Inclined Pipeline

Slug flow is more prevalent in downwardly inclined pipelines and it is important to develop effective and suitable mitigation strategies to reduce its occurrence and enhance stable flow. In this work, the application of pipeline insertion was proposed to reduce slugging in pipeline. A simulation based approach was adopted and a model with smaller pipe sizes of 3.958-inch, 1.995-inch and 6-inch diameter, inserted near the pipeline riser system. The developed model was run for 2 hours to monitor the harsh nature of the slug on the total liquid volume flow, the pressure at the pipeline riser outlet, surge liquid volume and accumulated liquid volume. The result shows a stable liquid production of approximately 3797.08bbl/day and 3798.44bbl/day for the 3.958-inch and 1.995-inch diameter pipe size, while the total liquid flow oscillated between 7366.45bbl/day and 1.917.37bbl/day, and repeated at 0.22 hours. There was a pressure buildup and later steady at 761.978 psia and 762.127 psia for the 3.958-inch and 1.995-inch diameter pipe at the riser base while the 6-inch diameter pipe was fluctuating. Smaller diameter pipe of 3.958-inch and 1.995-inch gave a stable fluid pressure of 725.196 psia at the riser top (outlet) .Therefore, smaller diameter pipe is the best to insert since there was no cyclic fluctuation of pressure at the riser top, which can lead to severe slugging.

A new correlation for estimating solid particle erosion in elbows

Throughout the Literature, solid particle erosion prediction models have been developed based on limited data without considering uncertainties involved in measurements. In this study, a new correlation is designed to estimate the maximum erosion rate caused by solid particles in standard elbow geometries. The novel development process of this correlation includes uncertainty estimation of erosion measurements. To estimate uncertainties in an erosion database, it is imperative to have a model that can be used to calculate accurate erosion values and provide reliable references. For this purpose, a database of repeated erosion measurements for gas-sand, low-pressure conditions collected by previous researchers is used. The database includes standard elbow geometries with 0.0762 m and 0.1016 m internal pipe diameter, and sand particles with mean diameters of 75 and 300 μm. Then, the erosion values in this database are adjusted to agree with the physical behaviors expected in the erosion process. Finally, based on the adjusted erosion values, a new correlation is developed that accounts for important parameters such as pipe and particle diameters, and gas velocity. The results and comparison of this new model with other correlations/models in the literature show that this correlation performs very well in predicting solid-particle erosion values for elbow geometry with an RMSE value of 7.96E-02 mm/kg. The effect of superficial liquid velocity is also investigated and modeled based on a database of gas-liquid-sand erosion, resulting in an updated version of the correlation for predicting erosion in gas-liquid-sand flow conditions. Furthermore, CFD results for higher-pressure fluids and larger pipe diameters of 0.1524 m and 0.2032 m and mean particle sizes of 25, 75, 150, and 300 μm, are used to further validate the correlation for larger pipe sizes and high-pressure fluid flows. In summary, three correlations have been developed in this research; one for low-pressure flows with application in uncertainty estimation, one for predicting erosion in two-phase flow conditions, and one for cases with larger pipe diameters or high-pressure fluids.

Pipe Size Calculation for Steam Supply

Pipe designers and engineers often encounter complex mathematical equations to determine the diameter required for adequate steam discharge capacity at specific flow velocities. This article aims to simplify the calculation of steam pipe sizes. The formulas and factors derived herein can be utilized for determining pipe diameters in steam applications. Ultimately, the findings provide engineers and designers with practical tools to enhance the reliability and efficiency of steam system.

Pipe size calculation for compressed air supply

Pipe designers and engineers often encounter complex mathematical equations to determine the diameter required for adequate compressed air at specific flow velocities. This article aims to simplify the calculation of compressed air pipe sizes. The formulas and factors derived herein can be utilized for determining pipe diameters in compressed air applications. Ultimately, the findings provide engineers and designers with practical tools to enhance the reliability and efficiency of compressed air system.

Optimizing the design and operation of water networks: Two decomposition approaches

We consider the design and operation of water networks simultaneously. Water network problems can be divided into two categories: the design problem and the operation problem. The design problem involves determining the appropriate pipe sizing and placements of pump stations, while the operation problem involves scheduling pump stations over multiple time periods to account for changes in supply and demand. Our focus is on networks that involve water co-produced with oil and gas. While solving the optimization formulation for such networks, we found that obtaining a primal (feasible) solution is more challenging than obtaining dual bounds using off-the-shelf mixed-integer nonlinear programming solvers. Therefore, we propose two methods to obtain good primal solutions. One method involves a decomposition framework that utilizes a convex reformulation, while the other is based on time decomposition. To test our proposed methods, we conduct computational experiments on a network derived from the PARETO case study.

A new tunnel drainage system using double-adhesive spray-applied membrane: key parameters and applicable scope

To address water leakage in tunnels with high water pressure, a new waterproof drainage system was proposed. The system uses a spray-applied material with double-adhesive properties as a waterproof layer, significantly reducing leakages, and incorporates a unique bottom drainage system to reduce water pressure. In order to check the effectiveness of the new drainage system and to analyze the effects of various structural measures on pressure reduction, a numerical seepage analysis was carried out under the conditions of a water head of 160 m and a surrounding rock permeability of 1 × 10−6 m/s. The results show that the maximum water pressure on the secondary lining is 0.6 MPa, which is about 60% reduction compared to a fully enclosed waterproof system and shows a significant pressure reduction. The spacing of the circumferential drainage pipe and the width of the drainage sheet significantly affect the drainage performance, while the arrangement of the drainage system and the size of the bottom drainage pipe have minimal impact. With full consideration of pressure reduction, cost efficiency and construction feasibility, it is recommended to use the following drainage scheme for iterative calculations during the design stage: “1” shaped arrangement, blind pipe diameter of 10 cm, width of drainage sheets of 0.8 m, and drainage spacing of 6 m. By combining the experimentally determined hydrostatic peel-off strength of 1.4 MPa for spray-applied membrane, the applicable scope of the new drainage system was acquired. The research results can provide valuable insights into the application of spray-applied waterproofing membrane in drainage tunnels with high water pressure.

Optimization of the pipe diameters and the dynamic operation of a district heating network using a robust initialization strategy

District heating networks (DHN) are systems offering a substantial solution for the decarbonization of heat production. As these systems involve significant costs, the development of digital tools for their optimization becomes a necessity. In the literature, there is a lack of studies optimizing the sizing of the DHN while considering a dynamic operation of the system with a detailed physics. In this work, we developed a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) optimization used in a case study of a DHN where the pipe sizing and the operation are optimized with a precise modeling of the distribution network. The method of Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements (OCFE) was employed to discretize the partial differential equation (PDE) governing the temperature evolution in the pipes. In addition, the pressure drops were modeled using the Darcy–Weisbach equation. Three optimization criteria were used: investment cost of the pipes, operational cost, and the global cost. The optimization provided the pipe diameters that best fit each optimization criterion. Furthermore, several initializations were tested to verify if the obtained optimum was a confidence optimum and if the resolution was robust. Finally, the optimization provided a coherent response to the variation in the cost of heat production.

Experimental modal analysis of in-plane bending vibration mode using actual water main network

Accidents of water leakage and bursting due to deterioration of water pipes cause water outages and economic losses in the surrounding areas. We are conducting research to develop measurement and diagnostic methods for buried water pipes. The graphitic corrosion of water pipes in a buried environment causes a reduction in pipe thickness which leads to strength problems. For this reason, methods for detecting pipe thickness are necessary for evaluating pipe deterioration, however, there is no effective way to analyze pipe thickness today because it cannot be visually observed in a buried environment. In this study, we focused on the shift in eigenfrequencies of in-plane bending vibration of rings due to deterioration. At first, we performed an experimental modal analysis by using a water pipe network which is used in a practical water utility. In addition, we conducted a theoretical analysis based on a model of a two-dimensional ring with coupled incidental attachment. As a result, in-plane bending vibration was observed in the water pipe of actual size. Furthermore, in-plane bending vibration was observed when excited through fire hydrants and it is also observed in pipes that are different material and diameters.

Methanogenic Potential of Sewer Microbiomes and Its Implications for Methane Emission.

The sewer system, despite being a significant source of methane emissions, has often been overlooked in current greenhouse gas inventories due to the limited availability of quantitative data. Direct monitoring in sewers can be expensive or biased due to access limitations and internal heterogeneity of sewer networks. Fortunately, since methane is almost exclusively biogenic in sewers, we demonstrate in this study that the methanogenic potential can be estimated using known sewer microbiome data. By combining data mining techniques and bioinformatics databases, we developed the first data-driven method to analyze methanogenic potentials using a data set containing 633 observations of 53 variables obtained from literature mining. The methanogenic potential in the sewer sediment was around 250-870% higher than that in the wet biofilm on the pipe and sewage water. Additionally, k-means clustering and principal component analysis linked higher methane emission rates (9.72 ± 51.3 kgCO2eq m-3 d-1) with smaller pipe size, higher water level, and higher potentials of sulfate reduction in the wetted pipe biofilm. These findings exhibit the possibility of connecting microbiome data with biogenic greenhouse gases, further offering insights into new approaches for understanding greenhouse gas emissions from understudied sources.

Study on the Stress Intensity Factor of Tilt Crack on the Inner Surface of Pipeline

Abstract Cracking is one of the key factors jeopardizing the safe operation of pipelines, and Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is an important parameter for evaluating the degree of crack danger. Cracks on engineering pipelines often appear in irregular patterns. In this paper, with FRANC3D crack analysis software, SIFs of the circumferential tilt cracks and axial tile cracks on the inner wall surface of a pipe under internal pressure were studied with concentration on the effects of the crack tilt angles. Mode I stress intensity factor weakening effect KI/K0 was defined and influences of the crack tilt angle, pipe and crack size on KI/K0 were investigated. With enough simulation results, empirical formulas for calculating the Mode I SIF for the circumferential or axial tilt crack were obtained by modifying the formulas for calculating the SIF of the crack in AMSE FFS-1.

A simplified analytical solution of pipeline response under normal faulting

Buried pipelines are one of the critical lifeline structures, and the evaluation of pipeline performance under seismic faulting is essential for protection of pipeline networks. This paper explores an analytical solution incorporating implementation of Winkler models around a beam-type structure using the finite difference method to evaluate the pipeline response under normal faulting. The effectiveness of the analytical solution is assessed by comparing the calculated pipe strains with centrifuge and full-scale laboratory testing measurements. Subsequently, the effect of pipe size, faulting condition, and burial condition on pipe response are investigated. It can be found that a pipeline with a smaller pipe wall thickness or larger pipe diameter is generally more prone to failure. Larger pipe wall thickness or lower D/t ratio should be used for pipe design crossing an active fault. In geotechnically problematic areas, shallow burial depth and less stiff soil with lower modulus are recommended to reduce the probability of exceedance of allowable limit states due to normal faulting. In the end, empirical functions relating to critical D/t ratio are proposed to evaluate the critical states of fault displacement, burial depth, and spread of fault rupture with different diameter-to-thickness ratio considering the controlled limit of failure modes.

Optimized sizing of a pumping system using the Scilab software

Climate change represents, today, one of the greatest challenges regarding the availability of water resources for the cultivation of food and raw materials of plant origin that the world's population so badly needs. Sugarcane, due to its high added value to produce several products and whose accumulation of sucrose is mainly due to a perfect dosage of water, brought to light the need to obtain new irrigation strategies, thus aiming at a more sustainable, efficient and economical management of water consumption in this sector. As an alternative to this challenge, drip irrigation stood out, which allowed not only a more precise control of water dosage, but also essential nutrients for the development of sugarcane. Taking advantage of this, a sugar and alcohol plant in the interior of the state of São Paulo, whose identity will be preserved, made several investments to implement this system on its farms and one of these projects will be discussed in detail about the dimensioning of the entire piping network. which involves the pumping system, from water collection to discharge into a storage tank, responsible for supplying the dripping, using a pre-dimensioned pump and respecting the specifications defined by the client for this work. In addition, the free software Scilab was used to implement the piping and pumping sizing procedure, as an extra tool, in addition to development in Excel.

Benchmark of mixed-integer linear programming formulations for district heating network design

Optimal routing and investment decisions are key design criteria to reduce the high investment costs of district heating systems. However, these optimization problems have prohibitively high computational costs for large districts. Four different mixed-integer linear optimization frameworks are benchmarked in this study in order to compare their computational scaling. The frameworks exhibit significant differences in solving times for synthetic benchmarks and real-world urban districts of up to 9587 potential edges. The new open-source framework topotherm, developed for this work, exhibits the best computational performance when only one time step is optimized. The comparison between the models Résimont, DHmin, DHNx, and topotherm shows two main trends. First, fewer integer variables do not necessarily translate to lower solving times, and second, using redundant binary variables, which introduce symmetries into the constraints, leads to higher solving times. None of the considered optimization frameworks is able to solve the largest benchmark problems for five time steps within the allowed time limit and tolerance. These findings highlight the challenges of and pressing need to develop efficient models for simultaneous optimization of district heating network topology, pipe sizing, and operation.

Investigating incomplete mixing models in cross junctions under real-world conditions of water distribution networks

ABSTRACT Questions have been raised about the correctness of water quality models with complete mixing assumptions in cross junctions of water distribution systems. Recent developments in the mixing phenomenon within cross junctions of water distribution networks (WDNs) have heightened the need for evaluating the existing incomplete mixing models under real-world conditions. Therefore, in this study, two cross junctions with pipe diameters of 100 × 100 × 100 × 100 mm and 150 × 150 × 150 × 150 mm were employed in laboratory experiments to evaluate six existing incomplete mixing models for 25 flow rate scenarios ranging between 1.5 and 3.0 L/s. It was observed that within the same flow rate scenario, the degree of mixing in a cross junction with a pipe relative roughness of 6.00 × 10−5 (pipe diameter of 25 mm) was higher than that in a cross junction with a pipe relative roughness of 3.00 × 10−5 (pipe diameter of 50 mm) and smaller. Considering the real-world size of pipes in evaluating the incomplete mixing models showed that two incomplete mixing models, AZRED and the one by Shao et al., had the best accordance with the results of the laboratory experiments.

Integral techno-economic design & operational optimization for district heating networks with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming strategy

The Netherlands, with over 90% of homes heated by natural gas is currently in the early phases of the heat transition to find alternative solutions towards 2050. According to ambitions of the Dutch government up to 50% of future implemented heating systems in the built environment will use District Heat Networks. The investment-heavy nature for District Heating System (DHS) makes it challenging to establish viable business-cases as supply-side parties require security of demand. However, resident participation is lacking as there is no integral estimate for the cost of heat over the lifetime in the early planning phase. This paper proposes a network integral techno-economic optimization with minimal a-priori assumptions. An integral network cost optimization enables to achieve a considerably more reliable cost of heat in the early planning phase. Both the investments and operational strategy are optimized with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming approach that captures the physics as well as the financial choices. Linearization of the physics are chosen to have a conservative impact on the costs estimates. The end scenario network is designed where the placement and size of sources, storage components and pipes are optimized together with the operational strategy, e.g. thermal allocation time-series, for all assets. The workflow was applied to a greenfield network for the Dutch municipality of Rijswijk. It was shown that a 18% reduction in Total Cost of Ownership in the primary grid could be achieved by introducing decentralized sources, decentralized storages and seasonal storage.

PENYEBARAN KECEPATAN AIR PADA DIAMETER PIPA DN 250, DN 200 DAN DN 150

Utilization of water is very necessary for household needs. These needs are distributed through pipe as media. The volume of water flowed depends on the amount needed. So proper distribution is needed. In the mining industry, water distribution is also needed. Especially in PIT. Distribution is aligned with the capacity (Sump) with rainfall and groundwater entering the mine. The choice of pipe also influences the amount of water distribution. Especially with the difference in height in the suction pipe and exhaust pipe. The author conducted research on 3 (three) pipe diameter sizes DN 250, DN 200 and DN 150. By observing these three types of sizes, the phenomenon of flow velocity in the pipe was obtained. The phenomenon that occurs is that the smaller the pipe size, the higher the speed of water flow in the pipe. Observations were also made in an area 0.006 m from the inner pipe. In this area, a balance of flow velocity is obtained in pipes with sizes DN 200 and DN 150. So that a speed selection of 0.48 m/s is obtained which corresponds to the DN 200 pipe.

Unified method for predicting the fatigue life of pipe–sphere joints in grid structures

Pipe–sphere joints (PSJs), which are commonly used in grid structures, are susceptible to fatigue failure under cyclic loading caused by suspended cranes. This paper presents a unified method for predicting the fatigue life of PSJs, including the weld toes on both the pipe and sphere surfaces, based on equivalent structural stress. A decomposition and recombination fitting (DRF) method was proposed to determine the optimal functional form of stress concentration factors (SCFs). A nonlinear regression analysis was conducted on the calculated results of 61 common PSJs to obtain a semi-analytical expression for the structural stress of the weld toes. Using this unified method, the fatigue life of the weld toes on both the pipe and sphere surfaces was estimated. The results indicated that the logarithmic ratios between the predicted fatigue life and experimental results were typically 0.93–1.08 for weld toes on pipe surfaces and 0.97–1.13 for weld toes on spherical surfaces, confirming the accuracy of the method. This unified method is applicable to predict the fatigue life of PSJs of various sizes and involves concise mathematical calculations independent of finite element analysis, thereby facilitating engineering applications. The DRF method can be used as a reference for fitting SCFs to specific structures. Furthermore, this prediction method enables the identification of the failure modes in PSJs. As the size of the steel pipe increased, the fatigue failure gradually shifted from the pipe surface to the sphere surface.