Size Of Silver Nanoparticles Research Articles

Coating of favipiravir (FVP) on silver nanoparticles: First principle study

Silver nanoparticles, thanks to their antiviral and antibacterial properties, have great potential in a variety of applications, such as drug-delivery carriers. The coating properties of silver nanoparticles (size range of 1.6 nm) with a well-known drug, Favipirair, were investigated in this study using quantum mechanical and classical atomistic molecular dynamics simulation in order to use as the drug delivery to treat COVID-19 disease. The drug molecule's optimized structure, frequencies, charge distribution, and electrostatic potential maps were simulated using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6–311++g(d,p) level of theory. The coating of AgNP with each of these drugs was then studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The interaction affinity obtained from MD results agrees with the DFT results on drug adsorption on the Ag(111) slab.

Biokinetics of subacutely co-inhaled same size gold and silver nanoparticles

BackgroundToxicokinetics of nanomaterials, including studies on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of nanomaterials, are essential in assessing their potential health effects. The fate of nanomaterials after inhalation exposure to multiple nanomaterials is not clearly understood.MethodsMale Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to similar sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 10.86 nm) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 10.82 nm) for 28 days (6-h/day, 5-days/week for four weeks) either with separate NP inhalation exposures or with combined co-exposure in a nose-only inhalation system. Mass concentrations sampled from the breathing zone were AuNP 19.34 ± 2.55 μg/m3 and AgNP 17.38 ± 1.88 μg/m3 for separate exposure and AuNP 8.20 μg/m3 and AgNP 8.99 μg/m3 for co-exposure. Lung retention and clearance were previously determined on day 1 (6-h) of exposure (E-1) and on post-exposure days 1, 7, and 28 (PEO-1, PEO-7, and PEO-28, respectively). In addition, the fate of nanoparticles, including translocation and elimination from the lung to the major organs, were determined during the post-exposure observation period.ResultsAuNP was translocated to the extrapulmonary organs, including the liver, kidney, spleen, testis, epididymis, olfactory bulb, hilar and brachial lymph nodes, and brain after subacute inhalation and showed biopersistence regardless of AuNP single exposure or AuNP + AgNP co-exposure, showing similar elimination half-time. In contrast, Ag was translocated to the tissues and rapidly eliminated from the tissues regardless of AuNP co-exposure. Ag was continually accumulated in the olfactory bulb and brain and persistent until PEO-28.ConclusionOur co-exposure study of AuNP and AgNP indicated that soluble AgNP and insoluble AuNP translocated differently, showing soluble AgNP could be dissolved into Ag ion to translocate to the extrapulmonary organs and rapidly removed from most organs except the brain and olfactory bulb. Insoluble AuNPs were continually translocated to the extrapulmonary organs, and they were not eliminated rapidly.

Investigations on material removal and tool wear rate of silver nanoparticles coated copper electrodes for electric discharge machining

ABSTRACT In this research work, the silver nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by hydrothermal method. The silver nanoparticles powder thus obtained was characterised by Ultraviolet – visible spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The UV-V spectrophotometry for various samples showed that NPs formed in range of 390 nm to 470 nm. The XRD analysis resulted in the calculation of correct size of silver nanoparticles by Scherer’s equation and the size was 33.63 nm. The prepared silver nanoparticles were coated to copper electrode by SILAR technique and used in machining die steel (EN31) material by Electric Discharge Machine (EDM). The influence of process variables such as discharge current, duration of pulse on and pulse-off on the metal/material removal rate, was studied using random surface methodology (RSM). It has been observed that MRR was highest for the electrode produced by powder metallurgy with 9% silver nanoparticles and was 0.225065388 gms/min. Similarly, TWR was found lowest as 0.0005 gm/min at the electrode prepared with SILAR coated technique for particular concentrations of A (0.001 M AgNO3, 0.002 M NaBH4) and B (0.002 M AgNO3, 0.004 M NaBH4) for dipping cycles of 25, 50 and 75. It has been clearly evident that the tool electrodes prepared by powder metallurgy by mixing silver nanoparticles by weight percentage yielded great results, particularly tool electrodes prepared by mixing 9% of silver nanoparticles in copper powder matrix yielded in significant increase with 6.85% in MRR and reduction TWR by almost 10%. The reason for the improvement in MRR is due to the noticeably substantial action of the spark for a longer duration, which made more high energy electrons impinging on the work material.

Influence of Ag size and shape in dye photodegradation using silver nanoparticle/ZnO nanohybrids and polychromatic light

In this work, we propose zinc oxide (ZnO) surface functionalization with plasmonic silver nanoparticles (AgNP) of different sizes and shapes (spheres, prisms, and rods) creating ZnO/AgNP nanohybrids. These were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Surface functionalization with AgNP improved photocatalyst electronic properties, its visible light absorption, and slow electron/hole recombination on the ZnO surface. Photocatalysis assays performed with a polychromatic Hg lamp degraded methyl orange, a model of persistent organic pollutant in water. A systematic study showed that the photodegradation kinetics of the nanohybrids are significantly more efficient than pure ZnO (up to 18 times) and that AgNP size and especially its shape are important in dye degradation. Mechanistic studies revealed that degradation occurred by direct dye reduction on the ZnO surface holes, ZnO electron transfer to Ag followed by •O2- formation, and direct injection of AgNP hot electrons in the ZnO conduction band. The last effect was stronger for anisotropic AgNP, which explains their high kinetic degradation rates. Therefore, the rational design in ZnO/AgNP nanohybrid engineering and a systematic approach used in this manuscript allowed a detailed description of photodegradation process that occur at ZnO/AgNP interface. Our results are not conclusive about AgNP size; on the other hand, it clearly demonstrates that anisotropic nanoparticles (as Ag rods and prims) present superior photodegradation efficiency and are promising particles for further large-scale use of solar-irradiated nanohybrids.

Effect of silver nanoparticle size on interaction with artemisinin: First principle study

According to their antiviral and antibacterial capabilities, silver nanoparticles hold great promise in a wide variety of applications, including drug delivery carriers. The coating properties of silver nanoparticles (various sizes ranging from 1 to 5 nm) with the most commonly used anti-malarial drug, artemisinin, were investigated in this study using quantum mechanical and classical atomistic molecular dynamics simulations in order to determine their suitability for use as drug delivery in the treatment of malaria and COVID-19 diseases. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++g(d,p) level of theory was used to simulate the optimal structure, frequency, charge distribution, and electrostatic potential maps of artemisinin. The adsorption of drugs on the Ag nanoparticle (55 silver atoms) was investigated using DFT simulations. Then, using molecular dynamics simulations, the coating of AgNPs (various sizes) with drug molecules was investigated. The influence of AgNPs’ size and composition on the coating with artemisinin was determined in order to identify the most suitable candidate for drug delivery. This type of modeling may aid experimental groups in developing effective and safe therapies.

In-situ growth of silver nanoparticles on sulfonated polyarylene ether nitrile nanofibers as super-wetting antibacterial oil/water separation membranes

Super-wetting nanofibrous membrane showing anti-microbial feature is considered as a promising candidate to resolve the longstanding fouling issues of emulsified oil/water separation. Herein, we have synthesized a super-engineering polyarylene ether containing pendent nitrile and sulfonate groups (sPEN). Furthermore, the synthesized sPEN has been converted into electrospun nanofibers, on which the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) of different sizes have been covalently immobilized to prepare the composited Ag@sPEN nanofibrous membranes (NFM). Detailed experimental results indicate that the in-situ growth Ag NPs not only enhances the thermal and mechanical properties of sPEN matrix, but also renders the sPEN-based NFM with desired surface wettability of hydrophilic/underwater super-hydrophobic as well as strong anti-bacterial effects towards both gram-positive and gram-negative strains. As the consequence, the optimized Ag@sPEN NFM exhibits a high flux of 3597 ± 212 L m-2 h-1 under a pressure difference of 0.09 MPa for separation of surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsion. More importantly, the emulsion flux and efficiency of optimized NFM remain above 3000 L m-2 h-1 and 99% even after 20 cycles of separation due to its mechanical stability as well as anti-fouling features. Thanks to the facile fabrication and good oil-water separation performance, the current work would open a new way for design of nanofibrous membranes for environmental remediation.

Formulating silver nanoparticles from Syzygium Samagense flower buds extract

The study was to investigate the possibility of synthesizing silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method using Syzygium Samagense flower bud extract as a green reducing agent. Various reaction conditions affecting the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were investigated including AgNO3 concentration (2 mM; 5 mM; 10 mM), volume ratio Vextract/VAgNO3 (2:30; 3:30; 4:30; 5:30), reaction temperature (50 – 80 °C), reaction time (15 - 60 mins). The presence of silver nanoparticles was detected by the combination of spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology while the size of silver nanoparticles was determined by scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results showed that silver nanoparticles (owning an average size in the range of 20 - 35 nm) were successfully formulated with the highest yield when mixing the flower bud extract and AgNO3 solution (5 mM) with a ratio of 4:30 at 70 °C for 45 mins.

Biosynthesis of Bixa orellana seed extract mediated silver nanoparticles with moderate antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative activity

Biosynthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained much interest and offers an attractive alternate to physical and chemical approaches. In recent year several safe, easy, cost-effective, reproducible, and environmentally friendly synthesis approaches for silver nanoparticles have been developed. In this research work, a simple, cheap, and unexplored method was applied on green synthesis of AgNPs using secondary metabolites extracted from Bixa orellana seeds. The seeds are rich of flavonoids and phenolic compounds which presumably responsible for the fast reduction and stabilization of silver ion into silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesis process is very likely to be able to reduce silver ions under simple physiological conditions. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that was appeared at 420 nm in UV–vis spectrum, had confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Moreover, the functional groups in secondary metabolite that act as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents for silver nanoparticles, are identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. An X-ray diffraction analysis generated four peaks for Bixa orellana seed extract mediated AgNPs positioned at 2θ angles of 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.6°, and 77.5° corresponding to crystal planes (111), (200), (220), and (311). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the formation of nanosized silver particles. The z-average of the synthesized particles measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was found to be 92.9 nm. AgNPs synthesized exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, antibacterial and antiproliferative activity against human breast (MCF-7) cell line. On the basis of our results, we conclude that biologically synthesized AgNPs exhibited favorable characteristics and have the potential to be used in biomedical fields.

Exploration of Nanosilver Calcium Alginate-Based Multifunctional Polymer Wafers for Wound Healing

Wound care is an integral part of effective recovery. However, its associated financial burden on national health services globally is significant enough to warrant further research and development in this field. In this study, multifunctional polymer wafers were prepared, which provide antibacterial activity, high cell viability, high swelling capacity and a thermally stable medium which can be used to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents. The purpose of this polymer wafer is to facilitate wound healing, by creating nanosilver particles within the polymer matrix itself via a one-pot synthesis method. This study compares the use of two synthetic agents in tandem, detailing the effects on the morphology and size of nanosilver particles. Two synthetic methods with varying parameters were tested, with one method using silver nitrate, calcium chloride and sodium alginate, whilst the other included aloe vera gel as an extra component, which serves as another reductant for nanosilver synthesis. Both methods generated thermally stable alginate matrices with high degrees of swelling capacities (400-900%) coupled with interstitially formed nanosilver of varying shapes and sizes. These matrices exhibited controlled nanosilver release rates which were able to elicit antibacterial activity against MRSA, whilst maintaining an average cell viability value of above 90%. Based on the results of this study, the multifunctional polymer wafers that were created set the standard for future polymeric devices for wound healing. These polymer wafers can then be further modified to suit specific types of wounds, thereby allowing this multifunctional polymer wafer to be applied to different wounding scenarios.

Effect of crosslinker to monomer ratio on the adhesion and size distribution of silver nanoparticles grown on poly (methacrylic acid) microspheres

In this study poly methacrylic acid (MAA) microparticles were synthesized with variations in methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), with MBA in the role of the crosslinker. The as produced microparticles serve as substrates for the growth of silver nanoparticles while evaluating the effect of different crosslinker content. Each formulation was assessed in terms of silver nanoparticle adhesion, size distribution and silver quantity. Experimental evidence reveals that while incorporating crosslinker above 20 wt% with respect to the monomer, silver nanoparticle adhesion to the polymer surface increases, whereas in formulations above 35 wt% microparticle morphology hinders silver ion binding and the subsequent formation of silver nanoparticles. In addition, TEM microcopy combined with image classification analysis reported that in the range of 20–35 wt% MBA content, silver nanoparticle size distribution can be tuned. Evidently, MBA content between 20 wt% and 35 wt% (in relation to MAA) exhibits a dynamic state where carboxylic acid terminated functional side groups and amino-terminal side groups provide a synergistic effect in silver ion binding thus opening a functional pathway towards the controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTED CHITOSAN-BASED SILVER NANOPARTICLES

In recent years, nanoparticles of noble metals such as silver have gained enormous attraction owing to their distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from silver nitrate (AgNO3) using extracted chitosan as the reducing agent. The chitosan was extracted from the exoskeleton of the marine crab Portunus pelagicus. Three different sample solutions were prepared using 0.02mM AgNO3 in 0.5% (w/v) chitosan, 0.04 mM AgNO3 in 0.5% (w/v) chitosan, 0.06 mM AgNO3 in 0.5% (w/v) chitosan. Preliminary characterization of the formed silver nanoparticles was made based on the measurements of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characteristic absorbance peak corresponding to silver nanoparticles was observed at 400nm. The average size of chitosan-based silver nanoparticles was in the range of 160-530nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were further tested for their antimicrobial activity. The synthesized chitosan-based silver nanoparticles exhibited effective antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli as well as Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum. Among the different concentrations of silver nitrate solutions, a maximum zone of inhibition against all the microbial cultures was observed with chitosan-based silver nanoparticles produced using 0.06mM silver nitrate solution. The synthesized nanoparticles were further incorporated in Cotton Gauze to evaluate its antibacterial activity. It showed higher bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and thus proved to have the potential to be used as wound dressing material.

A label-free fluorescent biosensor based on specific aptamer-templated silver nanoclusters for the detection of tetracycline

Tetracycline (TET) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used in the treatment of animals. TET residues in food inevitably threaten human health. High-performance analytical techniques for TET detection are required in food quality assessment. The objective of this study was to establish a label-free fluorescent biosensor for TET detection using specific aptamer-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs). An aptamer with a high specific binding ability to TET was used to synthesize a novel DNA-templated AgNCs (DNA-AgNCs). When TET is present, the aptamer’s conformation switched from an antiparallel G-quadruplex to a hairpin structure, altering the connection between AgNCs and the aptamer. Following the transformation of AgNCs into large sized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a fluorescence decrease was detected. When used to detect TET in milk, the proposed biosensor displayed high sensitivity and selectivity, with a limit of detection of 11.46 ng/mL, a linear range of 20 ng/mL−10 g/mL, and good recoveries of 97.7–114.6% under optimized conditions. These results demonstrate that the proposed biosensor was successfully used to determine TET quantitatively in food samples, suggesting that our method provides an efficient and novel reference for detecting antibiotics in food while expanding the application of DNA-AgNCs in related fields.

Cell-free synthesis of silver nanoparticles in spent media of different Aspergillus species.

The recovery and valorization of metals and rare earth metals from wastewater are of great importance to prevent environmental pollution and recover valuable resources. Certain bacterial and fungal species are capable of removing metal ions from the environment by facilitating their reduction and precipitation. Even though the phenomenon is well documented, little is known about the mechanism. Therefore, we systematically investigated the influence of nitrogen sources, cultivation time, biomass, and protein concentration on silver reduction capacities of cell-free cultivation media (spent media) of Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, and A. oryzae. The spent medium of A. niger showed the highest silver reduction capacities with up to 15μmol per milliliter spent medium when ammonium was used as the sole N-source. Silver ion reduction in the spent medium was not driven by enzymes and did not correlate with biomass concentration. Nearly full reduction capacity was reached after 2 days of incubation, long before the cessation of growth and onset of the stationary phase. The size of silver nanoparticles formed in the spent medium of A. niger was influenced by the nitrogen source, with silver nanoparticles formed in nitrate or ammonium-containing medium having an average diameter of 32 and 6nm, respectively.

Highly Sensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the Surface Corrosion Analysis of Bronze Relics Using the Polyacrylonitrile/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Silver Nanoparticle Flexible Substrate.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is widely used in biological and chemical analyses and in other fields because of its advantages such as high sensitivity and nondestructive nature. Ancient bronze cultural relics of China are exquisitely shaped and highly ornamental. Harmful rust components on the surface of bronze cultural relics have been extensively analyzed. SERS is beneficial to the surface composition analysis of ancient Chinese bronze relics and can be used for accurate characterization with almost zero damage to the surface. In this study, we designed a solution with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) macromolecules as precursors, which were electrospun and used as the nanofiber substrate. After tannic acid modification, the substrate was loaded with silver nanoparticles by using Tollens' reagent as the silver source and glutaraldehyde as the reducing agent in a water bath. The morphology and size of silver nanoparticles were adjusted by changing the reaction times. The effects of tannic acid and PVP as stabilizers were investigated. R6G and basic copper chloride were used as probe molecules for substrate SERS, and the Raman enhancement factor was calculated. The SERS performance of the substrate with high sensitivity was verified through characterization.

Synthesis and Catalytic Study of NiAg Bimetallic Core-Shell Nanoparticles.

This publication presents the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles, where the core was Ni, and the shell was a Ag-Ni nano alloy. The synthesis was based on the reduction of Ni and Ag ions with sodium borohydride in the presence of trisodium citrate as a stabilizer. In order to determine the phase composition of the obtained nanoparticles, an XRD study was performed, and in order to identify the oxidation states of the nanoparticle components, an XPS spectroscopic study was performed. The composition and shape of the particles were determined using the HR-TEM EDS test. The obtained nanoparticles had a size of 11 nm. The research on catalytic properties was carried out in the model methylene blue reduction system. The investigation of the catalytic activity of colloids was carried out with the use of UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The Ag-Ni alloy was about ten times more active than were pure silver nanoparticles of a similar size.

Preparation of Polymer Composite Filled with Silver Nanoparticles and Investigation of its Antimicrobial Properties

Several features of the preparation of an antimicrobial polymer composite material as a masterbatch filled with silver nanoparticles for producing items for various purposes are considered. The efficiency of the antibacterial activity of the obtained masterbatch was studied experimentally under laboratory conditions. The efficiency was determined as the yield of active antibacterial agent from the polymer (with a determination of the concentration and sizes of silver nanoparticles) in the aqueous phase and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Particle Size Modulates Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity during Embryogenesis of Urchins Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus.

Silver nanoparticles represent a threat to biota and have been shown to cause harm through a number of mechanisms, using a wide range of bioassay endpoints. While nanoparticle concentration has been primarily considered, comparison of studies that have used differently sized nanoparticles indicate that nanoparticle diameter may be an important factor that impacts negative outcomes. In considering this, the aim of the present study was to determine if different sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 nm) give rise to similar effects during embryogenesis of Mediterranean sea urchins Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus, or if nanoparticle size is a parameter that can modulate embryotoxicity and spermiotoxicity in these species. Fertilised embryos were exposed to a range of AgNP concentrations (1−1000 µg L−1) and after 48 h larvae were scored. Embryos exposed to 1 and 10 µg L−1 AgNPs (for all tested sizes) showed no negative effect in both sea urchins. The smaller AgNPs (size 10 and 20 nm) caused a decrease in the percentage of normally developed A. lixula larvae at concentrations ≥50 µg L−1 (EC50: 49 and 75 μg L−1, respectively) and at ≥100 µg L−1 (EC50: 67 and 91 μg L−1, respectively) for P. lividus. AgNPs of 40 nm diameter was less harmful in both species ((EC50: 322 and 486 μg L−1, for P. lividus and A. lixula, respectively)). The largest AgNPs (60 and 100 nm) showed a dose-dependent response, with little effect at lower concentrations, while more than 50% of larvae were developmentally delayed at the highest tested concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg L−1 (EC50(100 nm); 662 and 529 μg L−1, for P. lividus and A. lixula, respectively. While AgNPs showed no effect on the fertilisation success of treated sperm, an increase in offspring developmental defects and arrested development was observed in A. lixula larvae for 10 nm AgNPs at concentrations ≥50 μg L−1, and for 20 and 40 nm AgNPs at concentrations >100 μg L−1. Overall, toxicity was mostly ascribed to more rapid oxidative dissolution of smaller nanoparticles, although, in cases, Ag+ ion concentrations alone could not explain high toxicity, indicating a nanoparticle-size effect.

THE EFFECT OF SHAPE AND SIZE OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF SENSOR TO HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

The work considers the influence of the morphological characteristics of the AgNPs (form, sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the average size of the area) from the composition of the reducing agent and their influence on the optical characteristics and electrochemical activity of the sensor based on the AgNPs to H2O2. The intensity of the optical spectra of absorption AgNPs and the electrochemical activity of the sensors based on them correlate with the size and shape of the particles. It is shown that the greatest electrochemical activity of H2O2 is possessed by AgNPs-based sensors obtained by using sodium citrate. The reason for increasing the electrochemical activity of the sensor based on the AgNPs obtained in the presence of the soft restorer of sodium citrate is an increase in the area of their active surface 1.3–2.7–3.3 μm2 due to the non-spherical form of particles (triangular, prismatic, pyramidal form), compared with spherical particles obtained using borhydridicitrate and borohydride-based reducing agents.

Effect of caffeine-loaded silver nanoparticles on minerals concentration and antibacterial activity in rats

Background: Caffeine boosts metabolism and the neurological system. When extreme weakness or sleepiness occurs, it is used recreationally and medicinally to reduce physical and mental fatigue. Caffeine initially stimulates the central nervous system, increasing intellect, speed, accuracy, focus, and coordination. Objective: To evaluate how caffeine nanoparticles affect potassium, calcium, zinc, and magnesium levels, in addition, the anti-bacterial activity of the samples has been employed. Methods: Eighteen male albino rats were divided into three separate groups. The first group (G1) was made up of six animals that served as a control group. The second group (G2) was made up of six animals that were given caffeine, and the third group (G3) was made up of six animals that were given silver nanoparticles from a caffeine solution. The particle size and structural morphology of Caffeine and silver nanoparticles were analyzed using Brookhaven Instruments Corp., XRD and SEM respectively. Results: The structural results showed after addition, caffeine was tube-shaped and silver was spherical granular. Caffeine has more silver nanoparticles than caffeine solution. Caffeine solution affects potassium, calcium, zinc, and magnesium levels. Additionally, the solution has antibacterial activity against the following bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve), E. coli (Gram –ve), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-ve), but it has no effect against yeast (Candida albicans). Conclusions: To determine the biological effects of caffeine-synthesized Ag NPs on zinc, magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels in male albino mice's serum, this is antibacterial against staphylococcus.

Directing the size and dispersity of silver nanoparticles with kudzu leaf extracts.

Kudzu is an abundant and invasive species in the Southeastern United States. The prospective use of kudzu as a non-toxic, green and biocompatible reducing and stabilizing agent for one-pot Ag nanoparticle synthesis was investigated. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous and ethanolic kudzu leaf and stem extracts. The size and dispersity of the synthesized nanoparticles were found to depend on the extract used. Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies were used to characterize the extracts. Surface-enhanced fluorescence and Raman scattering were used to characterize the surface species on synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The primary reducing and stabilizing agents in aqueous kudzu leaf extracts were determined to be reducing sugars and saponins which result in Ag nanoparticles with average diameters of 21.2 ± 4.8 nm. Ethanolic kudzu leaf extract was determined to be composed of chlorophyll, reducing sugars and saponins, producing Ag nanoparticles with average diameters of 9.0 ± 1.6 nm. Control experiments using a chlorophyllin standard as the reducing and stabilizing agent reveal that chlorophyll has a key role in the formation of small and monodisperse Ag nanoparticles. Experiments carried out in the absence of light demonstrate that reducing sugars and saponins also contribute to the formation of Ag nanoparticles in ethanolic kudzu leaf extracts. We propose a mechanism by which reducing sugars donate electrons to reduce Ag+ leading to the formation of Ag nanoparticles, forming carboxylic acid sugars which stabilize and partially stabilize Ag nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous and ethanolic kudzu leaf extracts, respectively. In the ethanolic extract, photoexcited chlorophyll serves as a co-reducing and co-stabilizing agent, leading to small and monodisperse Ag nanoparticles.