Size Of Microcapsules Research Articles

Optimization of microencapsulation of polyaspartic acid ester into UV curable epoxy‐acrylate resin using Taguchi method of experimental design

AbstractDue to fast reaction with isocyanates, polyaspartic acid esters (PAAE) can be used for the development of microcapsules for self‐healing coatings. Microcapsules with encapsulated PAAE into shell formed by UV‐cured commercial epoxy‐acrylate resin were produced through oil‐in‐water emulsion polymerization triggered by UV light. The obtained microcapsules were characterized by FTIR, TGA, optical microscopy, and SEM. Various encapsulation parameters, including core to shell ratio, agitation speed, emulsifier type and concentration, solvent type and its concentration in the oil phase, have been selected at four different levels. Microencapsulation was optimized using Taguchi L16 parameter design approach for determination of desired outcome as larger is better (maximal core content) and nominal is better (microcapsule diameter of 50 μm). It was determined that conditions to prepare microcapsules with the highest core content and the microcapsule size close to 50 μm are rather similar requiring core‐to‐shell ratio at about 4:1, low agitation speed of 500–1000 rpm, and the use of two polymeric emulsifiers poly(vinyl alcohol) and Gum Arabic at concentration of about 2%. Primary benefits of UV‐induced shell formation during microencapsulation of active compounds are remarkably shorter time of the process and possibilities to reach high core content and prepare microcapsules of desirable size.

Survivability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus under stressed conditions as affected by taro starch (Colocasia esculenta) encapsulation

ABSTRACT In the current study, taro starch was extracted and used for the encapsulation of probiotics to prolong their viability under stressed conditions. Taro starch and sodium alginate were used as wall materials for the encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Probiotic bacteria were encapsulated by the extrusion method, and obtained microbeads were subjected to various morphological, molecular, and structural characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ;(FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Furthermore, the viability of free and encapsulated probiotics was also accessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in the food model (cheddar cheese). Average size microcapsules ranged from 6.16 ± 0.05 mm to 5.28 ± 0.03 mm. The encapsulation efficiency for taro and sodium alginate was recorded as 86.27% log CFU/g and 81.78% log CFU/g respectively. SEM micrographs exhibited entrapment of probiotics in wall materials. The surface of capsules was-irregular spherical structure FTIR spectra revealed broad characteristic peaks at 815 cm1, 1320 cm1, 1130 cm1, and ~ 1610 cm1. XRD images showed loss of crystalline structure following encapsulation. Higher probiotic viability was recorded under simulated gastrointestinal conditions for encapsulated probiotics compared to free probiotics. Likewise, a high probiotic count was observed in cheese fortified with encapsulated probiotics. Conclusively, taro starch wall material showed overall best results regarding the viability of probiotics under stressed conditions.

Thermo-kinetic studies of in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation of inulin/Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG co-encapsulated composite beads

In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) and inulin were successfully co-encapsulated into alginate/pectin composite beads using high efficiency vibration technology with freeze-drying. The addition of inulin did not substantially affect the morphology or particle size of microcapsules but improved the survival number of L.GG during encapsulation process, storage and in vitro digestion. Isothermal microcalorimetry was used for the first time to investigate the thermo-kinetics properties of these encapsulated L.GG during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colon fermentation, revealing that the co-encapsulation with inulin increased the growth rate of L.GG in the logarithmic growth phase, without change the total heat production. The number of probiotic microcapsules surviving after 60 days of storage was still more than 8 Log CFU/g. Inulin co-encapsulation also significantly improved the storage and heat stability of L.GG, with the highest viability of 8 Log CFU/g after 60-day storage, 5.58 Log CFU/g after heating at 63 °C for 30 min, and 7.85 Log CFU/g at 72 °C for 3 min, respectively. These microcapsules also altered the composition and diversity of mice gut microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreasing that of Bacteroides. This study introduces a novel colon-targeted probiotic-delivery system and a method to understand the control-release thermodynamics of the encapsulated probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation.

Phase Change Materials Meet Microfluidic Encapsulation.

Improving the utilization of thermal energy is crucial in the world nowadays due to the high levels of energy consumption. One way to achieve this is to use phase change materials (PCMs) as thermal energy storage media, which can be used to regulate temperature or provide heating/cooling in various applications. However, PCMs have limitations like low thermal conductivity, leakage, and corrosion. To overcome these challenges, PCMs are encapsulated into microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) capsules/fibers. This encapsulation prevents PCMs from leakage and corrosion issues, and the microcapsules/fibers act as conduits for heat transfer, enabling efficient exchange between the PCM and its surroundings. Microfluidics-based MEPCMs have attracted intensive attention over the past decade due to the exquisite control over flow conditions and size of microcapsules. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the state-of-art progress in microfluidics-based encapsulation of PCMs. The principle and method of preparing MEPCM capsules/fibers using microfluidic technology are elaborated, followed by the analysis of their thermal and microstructure characteristics. Meanwhile, the applications of MEPCM in the fields of building energy conservation, textiles, military aviation, solar energy utilization, and bioengineering are summarized. Finally, the perspectives on MEPCM capsules/fibers are discussed.

Influence of Technological Process Parameters on Microcapsulation of Substances with Unsatisfactory Technological Properties

Introduction. The article presents the results of a study of the influence of parameters of microcapsulation on the properties of microcapsules obtained by diffusion of an emulsion solvent. The results obtained made it possible to establish optimal parameters of the process, such as the mixing speed, the type of mixing device, the volume of the aqueous phase, the concentration of the polymer in the oil phase, the ratio of medicinal substance : polymer, temperature conditions.Aim. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the parameters of the microcapsulation process on the properties of microcapsules obtained by diffusion of an emulsion solvent.Materials and methods. Ibuprofen was used as a model substance for microcapsulation. Eudragit® RS 100 was chosen as the carrier polymer. To assess the shape and nature of the microcapsule surface, a microscope Levenhuk D80L LCD was used, and the size of microcapsules was determined using a laser particle analyzer Microsizer 201C (VA Instalt, Russia).Results and discussion. The influence of the parameters of the microcapsulation process on the properties of ibuprofen microcapsules as a model substance obtained by diffusion of an emulsion solvent has been studied. The optimal parameters of the technology are established, the dependences between the critical parameters of microcapsulation and the properties of the resulting microcapsules are determined.Conclusion. In the course of the study, the choice of technological parameters of microcapsulation by diffusion of an emulsion solvent was proposed and justified. The experimental data obtained on the example of ibuprofen as a model substance will be used as the basis of the experiment when preparing microcapsules based on other substances soluble in organic solvents.

Preparation of isocyanate microcapsules by complex coacervation and its application in plywood

ABSTRACT At present, the use of isocyanate adhesives mostly requires the assistance of solvents, which can cause adverse environmental pollution and health effects. The aqueous isocyanate avoids the shortcomings of the solvent, but shortens the working life of the isocyanate. Isocyanate microcapsules can avoid these shortcomings, and can also solidify isocyanate to improve the efficiency of isocyanate use. In this study, microencapsulation technology was used to protect the highly reactive -NCO group, improve the stability of isocyanate, and prolong the working life of isocyanate in water-based wood adhesives. That is, isocyanate microcapsules with gum Arabic/gelatin as shell and isocyanate as core were prepared in oil-in-water emulsion by complex coacervation. In addition, the preparation process was optimized by changing the parameters. Then, the prepared isocyanate microcapsules were characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Scanning electron microscope, Particle size analyzer, etc. Finally, plywood was prepared by using the prepared isocyanate microcapsules in the wood adhesive. The results showed that, the particle size of isocyanate microcapsules was controllable, and the content of active groups and core in the prepared isocyanate microcapsules can reach a high level. The isocyanate microcapsules extend the working life of isocyanates from about 30 mins to 5 hours, and significantly improve the stability of isocyanates. The bonding strength of the prepared plywood meets the requirements of (Class I plywood) with only 20% -NCO addition.

Performance analysis of paraffin microcapsules and phase change concrete based on microporous cenospheres

Combining concrete and phase change materials has created a novel method for building energy conservation. However, introducing phase change materials into the concrete will cause various impacts on its performance. This study explores a novel approach to enhance thermal energy storage in building materials by incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) into concrete. Microporous cenospheres were extracted from fly ash through a three-step process and used to produce composite PCM microcapsules containing paraffin as the core material. The produced PCM microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and phase change cycle analysis. Phase change concrete was then formulated by substituting 0–25 % sand with these microcapsules. Effects of the addition of the PCM microcapsule on both the mechanical and thermal properties of concrete were experimentally examined. While the incorporation of microcapsules significantly improved concrete's thermal properties, it also led to a reduction in compressive strength (up to 19.65 % at 28 days), though still meeting specifications. The introduction of microcapsules notably enhanced the temperature control capabilities of concrete. In spring, the model room made with the phase change concrete exhibited a 2.2 °C lower indoor peak temperature 2 h 40 min later than the one room with the ordinary concrete. During active heating in winter, the phase change concrete demonstrated significantly lower indoor temperature fluctuations, with a maximum reduction of 45.39 %. Furthermore, the study found that the particle size of microcapsules had varying effects on concrete performance, with larger particles improving thermal properties and smaller particles enhancing mechanical properties. Overall, this research highlights the potential of composite phase change microcapsules and phase change concrete based on microporous cenospheres for effective temperature control and energy conservation in building applications.

DEVELOPMENT OF CASTICIN-LOADED ETHYL CELLULOSE MICROPARTICLES BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD WITH SINGLE EMULSION SYSTEM

Objective: Casticin (Vitexicarpin) has shown immunoregulatory, antitumor, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Application of the valuable bioactive compounds can be limited by their unpleasant taste, low bioavailability, volatilization of active compounds, sensitivity to the temperature, oxidation and UV light, as well as in vivo instability. The problem can be solved by coating the Casticin with a microencapsulation technique. The purpose of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Casticin with solvent evaporation technique using Ethocel 10 cP. Methods: The microencapsulation process of Casticin was done by solvent evaporation technique (O/W: oil in water). The formula of Casticin microcapsules were designed into three formulas (Ethocel 10 cP: 10%, 15% and 20%). Microcapsules of Casticin were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM), encapsulation efficiency and release test. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing Casticin has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP) as the polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP) used in microencapsulation resulted in better Casticin microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing Casticin were in the range of 42.51 to 61.47 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (% EE) was categorized as good because the value were ≥ 80% to, which 91.57% to 96.24%. SEM picture of Casticin microcapsules revealed that the surface of microcapsule were a smooth surface and no pores of microcapsule were obtained. When Eudragit E100 used as a polymer, a rough and porous surface of microcapsule were obtained. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of Casticin can be prepared by solvent evaporation method with a single emulsion system (O/W) using Ethocel 10 cP as polymer. Characterization of the microcapsules revealed that ethyl cellulose used on this method is applicable to produce microcapsules which stable in physical properties. A higher polymer concentration led to a more viscous solution, which delayed the polymer precipitation and resulted in a less porous polymer matrix with a slower drug release.

Microencapsulation of a salt hydrate phase change material by resorcinol formaldehyde through electrohydrodynamic disintegration of coaxially layered filament

Uniform microcapsules of size on the order of 100 nm with CaCl2.6H2O at the core and resorcinol formaldehyde as the shell was made by electro hydrodynamically disintegrating the coaxially layered filament. The shell thickness was varied by changing the flow ratio. The effect of shell thickness on the phase change temperature and the heat flow at its peak value during the DSC scan were reviewed to ascertain the extent of thermal equilibration, and the fraction of PCM melting at the peak value of heat flow. The integrity of the shell was evaluated by sustained dipping in deionized water for a month. The DSC scan was repeated after several heating-cooling cycles to understand the cycle life of the microcapsules.

Labeling and Tracking of Individual Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Using Photoconvertible Fluorescent Microcapsules.

The behavior and migration of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are focal points of research in the biomedical field. One of the major aspects is potential therapy using hMCS, but at present, the safety of their use is still controversial owing to limited data on changes that occur with hMSCs in the long term. Fluorescent photoconvertible proteins are intensively used today as "gold standard" to mark the individual cells and study single-cell interactions, migration processes, and the formation of pure lines. A crucial disadvantage of this method is the need for genetic modification of the primary culture, which casts doubt on the possibility of exploring the resulting clones in personalized medicine. Here we present a new approach for labeling and tracking hMSCs without genetic modification based on the application of cell-internalizable photoconvertible polyelectrolyte microcapsules (size: 2.6 ± 0.5 μm). These capsules were loaded with rhodamine B, and after thermal treatment, exhibited fluorescent photoconversion properties. Photoconvertible capsules demonstrated low cytotoxicity, did not affect the immunophenotype of the hMSCs, and maintained a high level of fluorescent signal for at least seven days. The developed approach was tested for cell tracking for four days and made it possible to trace the destiny of daughter cells without the need for additional labeling.

Chitin Nanofibrils Enabled Core-Shell Microcapsules of Alginate Hydrogel.

An engineered 3D architectural network of the biopolymeric hydrogel can mimic the native cell environment that promotes cell infiltration and growth. Among several bio-fabricated hydrogel structures, core-shell microcapsules inherit the potential of cell encapsulation to ensure the growth and transport of cells and cell metabolites. Herein, a co-axial electrostatic encapsulation strategy is used to create and encapsulate the cells into chitin nanofibrils integrated alginate hydrogel microcapsules. Three parameters that are critical in the electrostatic encapsulation process, hydrogel composition, flow rate, and voltage were optimized. The physicochemical characterization including structure, size, and stability of the core-shell microcapsules was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, and mechanical tests. The cellular responses of the core-shell microcapsules were evaluated through in vitro cell studies by encapsulating NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. Notably, the bioactive microcapsule showed that the cell viability was found excellent for more than 2 weeks. Thus, the results of this core-shell microcapsule showed a promising approach to creating 3D hydrogel networks suitable for different biomedical applications such as in vitro tissue models for toxicity studies, wound healing, and tissue repair.

Modeling of operational elastic characteristics of polymer compositions modified with microcapsules with lubricant and magnetite nanoparticles

A model for predicting the operational elastic characteristics of compositions based on epoxy binder ED-20 with microcapsules — polyester shells filled with vegetable oil and magnetite nanoparticles is considered. The model is based on the generalized singular approximation of the theory of random fields and takes into account the composition, volume concentrations of the components of tribomaterials, as well as the characteristic size of microcapsules and the non-uniformity of their distribution over the thickness of the polymer compositions. Keywords: modeling, microcapsule, epoxy binder, magnetite, tensor of effective elastic moduli, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio alekc_sap@mail.ru

Preparation and performance improvement of a dual‐component microcapsule self‐healing system for silicone rubber insulating material

AbstractA key factor limiting the development of silicone rubber insulating materials is their short service life in harsh operating environments. The establishment of a self‐healing system is desired to improve the long‐term operational performance of silicone rubber and effectively extend its service life. In this study, poly(urea‐formaldehyde) microcapsules containing polydimethylsiloxane healing agents are prepared and a dual‐component microcapsule self‐healing system for silicone rubber material is established and optimised. In addition, the key factors affecting the self‐healing performance (such as microcapsule size, rupture rate, and microcapsule doping amount) are investigated. It is found that when SYLGARDTM 184 is used as the healing agent and matrix, with a 4:6 (A:B) doping ratio of dual‐component microcapsules and 20 phr doping amount, the self‐healing efficiency is approximately 51%. Furthermore, increasing the microcapsule rupture rate and the interface strength between the healing agent and the matrix can effectively improve the self‐healing performance. The relationships between key factors and self‐healing performance are theoretically revealed. Based on the relationships, the microcapsule self‐healing system can be appropriately designed. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the development of long‐life silicone rubber insulating materials.

Enhancing stability of 1,3-dioleic acid-2-palmitate (OPO) through microencapsulation: A comparative study of single- and double-layer microcapsules

1,3-dioleic acid-2-palmitate (OPO), a widely used breast milk substitution fat, is susceptible to oxidation and the formation of harmful substances during preparation and processing. To overcome these challenges, single- and double-layer microcapsules were developed using microencapsulation technology and compared in terms of their functionality. Through optimized preparation conditions, the encapsulation efficiency reached 86.24% for single-layer microcapsules and 85.94% for double-layer microcapsules. Analysis using FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the formation of well-enclosed structures in both types of microcapsules. DSC results demonstrated significantly higher enthalpy values (21.97 J/g and 50.80 J/g) for the microcapsules, surpassing unencapsulated OPO (0.88 J/g) (P < 0.05), highlighting the enhanced thermal stability achieved through microencapsulation. Storage experiments revealed that the average particle size of single-layer microcapsules increased from 2.1 μm to 10.3 μm, while the double-layer microcapsules maintained a particle size range of 3.0–4.0 μm. Following storage, the enthalpy values decreased by 70.30% for single-layer microcapsules and 56.54% for double-layer microcapsules. Additionally, TBA values rose from 7.67 mgMDA/kg oil to 15.22 mgMDA/kg oil for single-layer microcapsules, while the double-layer microcapsules consistently remained around 3.60 mgMDA/kg oil. Analysis of total fatty acids during storage revealed a decline of 16.47% in unsaturated fatty acids for single-layer microcapsules, compared to only a 1.00% decrease for double-layer microcapsules, highlighting the superior antioxidant activity of the double-layer structure. Ultimately, these findings demonstrate that double-layer microencapsulation technology enhances the stability of OPO, expanding its potential applications.

Spray-dried microencapsulation of bean coat flour (Phaselus vulgaris, L.) bioactive compounds: optimization, functional activity, and storage

ABSTRACT Common beans are a source of phenolic compounds. However, they are sensitive to different factors. Microencapsulation may protect those bioactive compounds (BC). Hence, it is important to study the effects of microencapsulation and increase BC stability. A mix of methanolic extract of bean coat flour was prepared with N-lok as wall material. Inlet air temperature and total solids of wall material were evaluated. Air inlet temperature (115°C) and 28.54% total solids were the optimal conditions for the drying process, obtaining the highest concentration of BC. The particle size of microcapsules was ≈20 μm, and microencapsulation efficiency reached 96.29%. The stability conditions at two temperatures (30°C and 7°C) and two water activities (0.329 and 0.765) showed that encapsulation maintained BC stability in time as compared to control. The bean coat extract can be used as a functional microencapsulate with high BC content in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Laboratory studies of the feasibility for microencapsulated polymer flooding

Conventional polymer flooding faces challenges in terms of injection difficulty and shear degradation when applied in medium- and low-permeability reservoirs. Microencapsulated polymer flooding, as a promising method for enhancing polymer flooding, involves encapsulating the polymer within microcapsules to resist shear and improve the injectivity. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to explore the fundamental properties of thermo-sensitive microencapsulated polymer, including dispersion stability, injection, shear resistance and viscosity enhancement. The experimental results show that the microencapsulated polymer is a spherical particle with core-shell structure, which is easy to disperse and has good stability. The microcapsule size is from 0.1 μm to 1 μm, making it to be better injected into formations. The microcapsule shell has excellent shear resistance, that after undergoing high-speed mechanical shearing, the trigger viscosity of the microencapsulated polymer can still reach 97.4% of the initial viscosity. Thickening experiments show that the microencapsulated polymer has a delayed thickening property in the range of 50-90℃, and it can be released inside the core, resulting in higher flow resistance. This study provides a more detailed evaluation of the application potential of microencapsulated polymer, which proves that the microencapsulated polymer flooding is a feasible and powerful technology for EOR.

Liposoluble vitamin B1 microcapsules: Preparation, characterization, stabilization, and bioaccessibility

AbstractThiamine (VB1) is an essential water‐soluble vitamin that is necessary in our daily diet. However, its instability when exposed to external factors poses a limitation on its application in the food industry. To address this issue and increase its application in fat‐rich food systems, this study developed liposoluble VB1 microcapsules via freeze‐drying, utilizing β‐cyclodextrin as a wall material and polyglycerol fatty acid ester as an emulsifying agent. The VB1 microcapsules were characterized in terms of their particle size distribution, morphology, solubility, and stability in soybean oil, as well as their in vitro bioaccessibility. The results showed that the average particle size of VB1 microcapsules was 83.73 μm with a nonuniform, somewhat wrinkled spherical structure. The solubility of the VB1 microcapsules in soybean oil was increased to 142.86 mg kg–1. The retention rates of VB1 in soybean oil was found to be above 95% after 48 h of UV irradiation and 96.44% after heating for 7 days at 60°C. The presence of VB1 microcapsules did not significant impact on the oxidation stability of soybean oil. The bioaccessibility of VB1 in soybean oil was 82.81%. This work provides a useful and novel direction for the application of VB1 in high‐fat diets.Practical applications: VB1 is one of the B‐group vitamins that assists in maintaining normal glucose metabolism. However, it is readily inactivated when exposed to UV radiation, certain pH conditions, and other factors. In this work, the VB1 microcapsules prepared by freeze‐drying exhibited high liposolubility, stability, and bioaccessibility, rendering them suitable for applications in oil‐based systems. This work not only provides a new delivery system to facilitate VB1 supplementation in humans, but also helps to elucidate its application prospect of VB1 in fat‐rich foods, such as edible oil, butter, margarine, rich‐fat dressings, and so on, thus improves the application value of VB1.

Microcapsules of a cinnamon, peppermint, and lemon essential oil mix by spray drying: Preparation, characterization and antibacterial functions

Plant essential oils (EO) are increasingly used as food preservatives due to their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. For such applications, EO are commonly microencapsulated to overcome their poor stability, low solubility and dominant aromas. But, typically, individual EO act against only a narrow range of bacterial species. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a microencapsulated preservative using a combination of three EO and to determine its anti-bacterial action against three common food contaminants, viz. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus, and one, usually, beneficial species, viz. Lactoplantibacillus plantarum. The EO of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), peppermint (Mentha haplocalyx) and lemon (Citrus limon) were combined in the proportions, 1.0 : 1.8: 2.4, respectively and were encapsulated in gelatin-chitosan by spray drying. The particle size, zeta potential, moisture content, and encapsulation rate of the essential oil microcapsules (EOM) were measured. With increasing EOM exposure time, the concentrations of E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and L. plantarum decreased by 3, 3, 4, and 5 orders of magnitude, respectively. Cell apoptosis accompanied loss of membrane integrity and permeability, inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity and disruption of organic acid metabolism. Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and L. plantarum) were more susceptible to those effects of EOM than Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella). It also demonstrates that in applications as preservatives for probiotic foods requiring live L. plantarum, EOM comprising cinnamon, peppermint or lemon EO should be avoided.

Microencapsulation of limonene with polyurethane-urea and its application on cotton fabrics

Refreshing scents are encapsulated and bonded to the fabric, and when they stay for a long time, they have a positive effect on people. In the study, limonene was microencapsulated with polyurethane-urea, which formed a strong and stable shell, and was fixed to cotton fabric with intermediate binders (butane tetracarboxylic acid, succinic acid, citric acid) containing multiple carboxyl groups at different curing temperatures. The dimensions of the microcapsules, the effect of mixing speed on the size of the capsule, the efficiency of microencapsulation and the effectiveness of intermediate binders, the fastness of microencapsulated fabrics to UV rays, rubbing and washing were investigated. The following results were obtained: Average microcapsule size 3.18–13.70 µm, microencapsulation efficiency of 73.16–96.24%, active substance loss of 5.7–15.1% for 8 weeks at 20°C and under UV rays 3.32%, binder BTCA that best binds capsules to fabric and capsules adherence to fabric up to 8 washes.

Development and characterization of omega-3-rich flaxseed oil microcapsules and evaluation of its stability and release behavior in probiotic millet yogurt

The study investigated the encapsulation potential of probiotics (PRO) and flaxseed oil (FS) using different wall materials, including sodium alginate-maltodextrin-inulin (SIN), skim milk (SK), whey protein (WP), and soy protein concentrate (SP) to produce oil-enriched millet yogurt. The microcapsules (SIN-FS-SK, SIN-FS-WP, and SIN-FS-SP) and co-microcapsules (SIN-FS-PRO-SK, SIN-FS-PRO-WP, and SIN-FS-PRO-SP) were characterized by encapsulation efficiency, lipid oxidation, FTIR, SEM, and GC–MS. Thus, the obtained emulsion droplets size was favorable (1.11 to 1.73 μm) for freeze-drying with an encapsulation rate above 95%, better oxidative stability at 4 °C, and microcapsule sizes between 800 and 1600 μm allowing the oil release during intestinal stage (51–65%). Thus, it was possible to obtain flaxseed oil enriched-millet yogurt with good oxidative stability. Adding co-microcapsules also improved the quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly alpha-linolenic acid, in the various products, enabling a significant release of PUFAs during intestinal digestion, thus improving the omega 6/omega 3 ratio.