Investment Size Research Articles

Regional and analytical aspects of innovation processes in the livestock industry

The aim of the study is to systematize the problems of innovation and technological development of livestock breeding in the region and to determine the guidelines for the development of biological and information technologies, which involves updating the organizational and economic mechanism of agricultural production management and obtaining new competitive products. In the course of the study, the indicators of innovative development of the industry in the Orenburg region were analyzed on the basis of the data of the Territorial Service of State Statistics. In the article the authors summarized the materials of the modern innovative development of the livestock industry in the region and revealed that in recent years there have been positive shifts in the size of investments and costs for research and development of agrarian science in the industry. The study identified the factors that hinder the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex of the Orenburg region. The deficit of own sources of working capital formation was and remains the main problem of aging means of production. The existing level of state support allowed agricultural organizations in the region to increase the average annual level of profitability, but it is important to implement modern science-based systems of innovative transformation of the industry with the transition to a new technological way of life with minimal dependence on the impact of external climatic and biological factors.

КОМПЛЕКСНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙ В ІННОВАЦІЇ БАНКІВСЬКИХ УСТАНОВ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЇХ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article addresses the issue of various factors and threats impacting the operations of banking institutions, particularly their financial security. Through the application of correlation analysis, the macroeconomic determinants of banking system functioning and national economy are identified. The authors of the article formulate research objectives aimed at a comprehensive analysis of investments in innovation by commercial banks and their impact on the development of banking institutions. The main material reveals the composition and characteristics of non-material assets of commercial banks, which are considered as investments in innovation. The authors propose an algorithm for evaluating the level of innovation-investment security of banking institutions, which includes investment analysis and determination of security type. The toolkit of economic-mathematical modeling is utilized to establish dependencies between investments in innovation and banking activities' outcomes. Using the example of two banks - "PrivatBank" and "Lviv", the dynamics of investments in innovation and their impact on security are analyzed. The article examines the dynamics of innovation investments in two banks, PJSC CB "PrivatBank" and PJSC CB "Lviv", during the period from 2015 to 2022. Various econometric models are applied to study the relationship between investments and various financial indicators. According to the analysis, innovation investments in the bank "Lviv" increased by 31,62 times over the analyzed period, compared to the base year 2015. Compared to "PrivatBank", the growth of such investments was 7,74 times. Calculations also showed that the growth rate of innovation-investment resources of PJSC CB "Lviv" significantly exceeds the growth rates of such resources of PrivatBank. Regression models were used to study the relationship between investments and financial results of the banks. It was found that the size of investments in innovation plays an important role in increasing the bank's assets and capital, and may also affect its profit and profitability. The analysis also showed that the excess level of innovation investments in PJSC CB "Lviv" compared to PrivatBank is 4 times. The conclusions of the article confirm the importance of investments in innovation to support the dynamic development of the banking system.

ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИЙ СУБЪЕКТОВ РФ

The article studies the investment foundations of the economic specializations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the conditions of the modern economic environment, the study of investment fundamentals for the economic specializations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is of particular importance. This is due to a number of factors that determine the need for a more in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the investment component of regional economic development: the study of investment fundamentals allows us to identify potential areas of economic specialization, which in turn contributes to a more efficient allocation of resources and the development of development strategies; studying investment fundamentals allows us to identify problematic issues that hinder investment in certain industries or regions; the third aspect is related to the need to determine the potential of regions for the development of specific types of activities based on an analysis of investment fundamentals. This is important both for the formation of strategies for the development of the regional economy, and for making informed decisions on areas of attracting investment. The subjects of the Volga Federal District are considered as the object of research, special attention is paid to the Orenburg region. The subject of the study is economic, organizational, financial and production relations that arise during the formation of the investment foundations of the economic specializations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to study the economic specialization of the region based on an assessment of interre- gional differentiation. The article proposes methodological support for studying the investment foundations of eco- nomic specializations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation based on methods of comparative and retrospective analysis, as well as regression modeling. It is highlighted that investments in fixed capital are a signifi- cant factor in the development of economic specialization of the region. The results of the study can be used by scientists for further research in the direction of developing the economic specialization of the region based on assessing the size and level of investment in fixed capital.

Potencijal održivog investiranja u Srbiji - SDG investiciona mapa

The Serbia SDG Investor map is created using an established SDG Investor Map Methodology 2.0 - a comprehensive step-by-step UNDP methodology that combines secondary data research with desk analysis, interviews, and discussions with public and private sector stakeholders to verify findings and contribute new insights. The data are analyzed to distill Investment Opportunity Areas (IOAs) and data-backed business models. The findings on the SDG Investor Maps are uploaded to the SDG Investor Platform, allowing the investors to use extensive functionality to search for market intelligence on Serbia's SDG-aligned investment opportunities by filtering on several criteria of particular interest, including sectors, regions, SDGs as well as return profiles, market size and timeframes of investments. Serbia's proposed SDG investment portfolio consists of thirteen Investment Opportunity Areas, which came out as a result of the process of prioritization of the country's sustainable development needs, the existence of supporting country and sectoral policies, and the identification of appropriate business models for investment development. The total IOA pipeline is estimated at more than $8.3 billion in the next five years.

기업의 정보보호 수준과 감사노력과의 관련성에 관한 연구

[Purpose]Recently, the importance of information protection has been emerged with the increasing number of cases of cyber security incidents toward companies. In this study, we examine whether there is relevant implication to the input of additional audit efforts from the auditor’s point of view, whose work includes checking additional efforts invested by companies to improve the level of information protection by linking them with internal control risks. [Methodology]A regression analysis was conducted based on a sample constructed from TS2000 and the information security disclosure portal sites. [Findings]Results of the study show that there is a positive (＋) relationship between the level of information protection (investment amount, manpower) and audit effort (fee, hour). In addition, there is a positive (＋) relationship between information protection investment per person and audit effort, but the higher amount of information protection investment among the amount of technology investment might influence relationship, which reminded us of the need to appropriately consider the size of investment and the size of manpower in information security. [Implications]This study contributes by suggesting that it is possible to study the accounting aspect in the field of information protection and, at the same time, contributes to the expansion of related literature. In addition, by selecting information protection rather than external intrusion (hacking) as a substitute for cyber security, it is differentiated from previous studies by showing that it is possible to identify a relatively small sample to conduct empirical tests. However, since the mandatory information security disclosure system is in its infancy and the sample was selected based on compulsory disclosure and voluntary disclosure, it did not cover the entire industry and various sizes of companies, so care must be taken in interpreting the results.

혁신도시 이전 공공기관의 지역발전사업 투자특성에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the details and investment scale of regional development projects carried out by public institutions relocating in innovative cities to identify regional characteristics and the cause of regional gaps. To this end, the characteristics of regional development projects were analyzed targeting 63 public institutions that moved to 10 innovative cities nationwide. As a result of the analysis, first, the total investment in regional development projects was cut in the order of public enterprises, quasi-governmental institutions, and other public institutions, and statistically, there were differences between groups. Second, the size of investment in the field of regional industrial development was highly correlated with the sales variable among the size characteristics of public institutions, and the priority purchase of local goods had the highest correlation with the number of employees in all three types of public institutions. In particular, it was analyzed that local talent development projects and resident support projects showed a low correlation with institutional size variables in all types of public institutions. This suggests that the system needs to be improved so that public institutions with larger assets and higher sales can promote investment in the field. Finally, it was analyzed that public institutions that are highly related to regional specialized industries have invested more than local industries and human resources development. This could lead to policy implications that the connection between the work of public institutions and local industries should be considered first when additional public institutions are relocated in the future, and that local government-level industrial promotion policies should be carried out to strengthen the connection between public institutions and regional specialized industries that have completed the relocation.

“Very strong” turnpike effect in a non-stationary Gale economy with investments, multilane turnpike and limit technology

This article presents a multiproduct model of a non-stationary Gale-type economy with technology convergent to a certain limit technology, in which changes in the production technology (the dynamics of the Gale production spaces) are ruled by the size of investments. Thus, the considered model differs from the vast majority of the Gale-type models considered in the mathematical economy. With this assumption, the so-called “very strong” version of the multilane production turnpike theorem in the Gale economy with investments is proved. According to the theorem, if the optimal growth process in such an economy reaches the multilane turnpike, it remains on it from then on, except for, possibly the last period of the analysed economic horizon.

Techno-economic assessment of residential and farm-based photovoltaic systems

The present study aims to provide a techno-economic analysis of two commonly used photovoltaic (PV) systems, Residential PV (RPV), and Farm-based PV systems (FPV) in Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU), South Sumatra, Indonesia. The study includes calculating the potential power output using simulation by the PVsyst program, the economic calculations, and the sensitivity test. The result showed that the average Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) was 4.8 kWh/m2 and fluctuated depending on the location and seasons. The economic analysis found that both photovoltaic systems were profitable investments and less risky projects. Further economic analysis confirmed that the different size of PV system has no competitiveness in economic profitability, but the Payment Back Period (PBP) depends on the annual profit and investment size. The sensitivity analysis found that the selling depreciation has the greatest impact on the viability of PV investment, while Operation and Maintenance (O&M) fluctuation has no significant effects. These findings provide an overview of how investing in PV technologies in Indonesia could benefit people of all financial backgrounds. The government of Republic of Indonesia could start regulating the PV investment bankable to stimulate more people in Indonesia to participate in green energy investment. This collaboration potentially helps the government of the Republic of Indonesia in meeting its energy transition goal by 2045.

Development of rural areas in the context of implementation of agricultural policy

The socio-economic development of rural areas of Kazakhstan is largely determined by the magnitude and degree of use of potential, effectiveness of which largely depends on optimal combination of its constituent elements involved in economic turnover. The main directions of modern social policy are to improve the quality of life and modernize the national economy to ensure the required level of income for the rural population. The goal is to develop methodological provisions for a holistic assessment of the state and prospects for increasing the internal reserves of rural areas. Methods – comparative and system analysis, statistical-economic, logical generalization. Results – it is noted that target indicators are key indicators: level of agro-industrial production per capita, employment, average monthly wages of rural residents, the size of capital investments, consumer prices, environmental well-being. The authors focus on the importance of improving engineering and logistics infrastructure, expanding the capabilities of border rural settlements, uniting small farms and organizing agricultural cooperatives, allowing farmers to reduce costs for fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, feed, increase the volume of production through the sharing of land, agricultural machinery, stable sales of goods. Conclusions - the Concept for the Development of Rural Territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023-2027 provides for a number of measures to involve villagers in local self-government, provide state support, spread agritourism, stimulate exports, ensure environmental safety and, in general, aimed at the systemic restructuring of the Kazakh village, where a significant number of rural population with high opportunities for sustainable growth. Such organizational and managerial approaches help solve the demographic situation and investment attractiveness of rural areas.

Irreversible investment under predictable growth: Why land stays vacant when housing demand is booming

The standard model of irreversible investment under uncertainty considers only the level of the cash flow that could be obtained through the investment. We present a general model that includes as state variables both the level and the growth rate of the cash flow, while the timing and size of the one-time investment are discretionary. As an illustration, we consider an investor with the exclusive right to develop a vacant piece of land, where the timing of the investment and the scale of the property are chosen optimally. We demonstrate that construction is optimally postponed when prospects are gloomy, but also when they are bright. Indeed, under sufficiently high growth it is, perversely, never optimal to invest. Under a cost-of-capital argument, the rational response to predictable growth combined with flexible investment conditions is to keep land vacant for extended periods, which may explain why construction in superstar cities often appears sluggish. Our proposed model can be used in all investment decisions, irrespective of sector, where the assumptions of predictable growth and a one-off, flexible but otherwise irreversible investment are met.

Is Accruals Management Constrained by Institutional Investment Size or Persistence? Indian Market Evidence

This article examines the relationship between institutional investment stability and the reliability of financial reporting. The sample consists of all publicly traded firms on the Indian market from 2013 to 2021. The size of Institutional investment and its stability are used to regress discretionary accruals. The article also investigates whether the scale of institutional investment, its long-term stability, or both contribute to effective monitoring that limits discretionary accruals. The findings indicate that the persistence of institutional investment and large-scale investment significantly restrict discretionary accruals. This indicates that large institutional investments and their stability improve the quality of financial reporting. However, the monitoring is ineffective when the size of institutional investment is small and/or the persistence of institutional investment is low. Institutional investors can effectively monitor large-scale investments and the persistence of their investments. In the context of promoters pledging shares, neither the size of institutional investment nor its persistence can reduce discretionary accruals. This indicates increased pressure on managers to adopt earnings management when promoters’ shares are pledged. The results also demonstrate that operating assets, operating cycle, and leverage provide more opportunities for earnings management. Conversely, firm size is negatively associated with discretionary accruals. This article is the first to examine the impact of institutional investment stability on accrual management. It offers valuable insights into evaluating corporate reporting quality dynamics, considering the evolving role of institutional investors in the corporate governance of their investee firms.

EXPLORING INVESTOR ENGAGEMENT WITH CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENTS IN SRI LANKA

This research paper explores the dynamics of investor engagement in cryptocurrencies within the context of Sri Lanka, a country marked by economic distress and growing interest in the digital economy. Cryptocurrencies, characterized by their decentralized nature and potential for high returns, have gained significant traction globally. This study employs an exploratory research methodology to delve into the demographic details, investment behaviour, and strategies of cryptocurrency users in Sri Lanka. Through convenience sampling, the study identifies and surveys 35 cryptocurrency users. The research findings reveal that the cryptocurrency market in Sri Lanka is predominantly male dominated, with the majority falling within the 21-30 age group and holding Bachelors degrees. Participants are primarily employed in the self-employed or private sectors. Their investment horizons vary, with a notable percentage investing for 3-5 years, followed by 1-2 years and less than a year. A significant portion of respondents has experienced fraud within the cryptocurrency space, emphasizing the need for cautious investment practices. Investment levels among participants vary, with the largest proportion having invested more than 500,000 LKR. However, a substantial number of investors have portfolios exceeding 1,000,000 LKR, highlighting the diversity of investment sizes. Profitability in cryptocurrency investments is mixed, with a substantial proportion achieving significant profits, while others report substantial losses. This underscores the inherent risk in cryptocurrency investments, with a notable percentage of participants experiencing financial setbacks. KEYWORDS: Cryptocurrency, Investments, Profitability, Financial setbacks.

Dyadic Assessment of Perceived Partner Forgiveness and Relationship Investment Model in Turkish Romantic Couples

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between perceived partner forgiveness and relationship investment variables [relationship satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investment size,] in dyadic context. The data were collected from 116 heterosexual romantic couples (n = 232) in the 18-30 age group having at least six months of romantic relationship. This study employed cross-sectional correlational study design. Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine the predictive effect of independent variables of the couples on their dependent variables (actor) and their partners’ dependent variables (partner). In this study, dependent variables are relationship satisfaction, quality of alternatives and investment size, independent variable is subjective partner forgiveness. Subjective Partner Forgiveness Scale, The Investment Model Scale were used for data collection. The results suggest that as the level of forgiveness experienced by men and women increase relationship satisfaction increases in the relations between relationship satisfaction and perceived partner forgiveness. Results of the quality of the options and perceived partner forgiveness indicate that the partners' assessment of the quality of alternative decrease as the perceived forgiveness level of both men and women increase. Results of relationship investment and perceived partner forgiveness indicate that the partners' assessment of relationship investment increases as perceived forgiveness in women and men increase. The results were discussed in the context of relevant literature.

Сравнителна оценка на актуалната и потенциалната продуктивност на земеделски земи със слабо излужени черноземи в община Кайнарджа област Силистра

On sites with weakly leached chernozems located in the agro-ecological conditions of the municipality of Kaynardzha, Silistra region, the soil fertility and the productivity of agricultural lands were assessed in two ways: 1. Through the routinely used in Bulgaria “Methodology for work on the cadaster of agricultural lands in NRB” (Petrov et al., 1988.) and 2. Through a newly developed methodology “Modern approaches for potential assessment (Land evaluation and categorization) of agricultural lands in Bulgaria” (Radovanova, 2020). The results showed the following: In the current evaluation, the average agronomic score of the lands subject to research under non-irrigated conditions is 69, and under irrigated conditions 86, i.e. this classifies land use suitability in the 4th and 2nd categories respectively. The obtained average agronomic scores at the potential assessment of 72 and 90 under non-irrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively, classify the suitability of these lands into the 3rd category (non-irrigated) and the 1st category (irrigated). The critical comparison of the results leads to the conclusion that even for lands with some of the most fertile Bulgarian soils, the current assessment does not reveal their full production potential. For practice, both assessments should be performed simultaneously. This would most accurately orient manufacturers for the type of technological solutions and the size of the necessary investments.

A comparative examination of the motivating factors underpinning consumers' loyalty toward credit card usage in the United States and France

PurposeThis study aims to develop and validate a cross-national framework to identify the motivation underpinning consumers' (i.e. the general public's) loyalty toward credit card usage. The following research questions guided the study: (1) What factors motivate consumers to stay loyal to their credit card? (2) Does the investment model (regarding satisfaction and investment size) mediate the relationship between factors motivating consumers to stay loyal to their credit card?Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the investment model theory (Rusbult, 1980) as a theoretical framework and uses structural equation modeling to develop and validate a cross-national framework, addressing factors that motivate consumers to stay loyal to credit card brands. In addition, the authors test the mediating effect of the investment model on the relationship. Survey data were collected from the United States and France.FindingsThe findings revealed four factors (incentives, customer service, investment size and satisfaction) that impact consumer credit card loyalty behavior in the two mature credit card markets. The authors find empirical support for two of four hypotheses. That is, investment size mediates the relationship between incentives and consumer loyalty, and satisfaction mediates the relationship between customer service and consumer loyalty. Moreover, unlike the French sample, the American sample produced a significant finding for investment size to mediate the relationship between customer service and consumer loyalty.Originality/valueThis paper validates and extends the investment model theory in the marketing of credit cards within a cross-national setting. Most studies on credit card consumption focus on the college student segment, and there is less understanding of the motivation to stay loyal to using a credit card from the general public who are not necessarily college students. Given the scarce stream of empirical studies dealing with cross-national consumer motivation, choice criteria of credit cards, and loyalty toward credit cards, this research comes at an opportune moment as credit card firms differentiate their card brands in the global marketplace. Further, a dataset originating from two mature Western economies has been put forward for the benefit of practitioners and researchers.

Theoretical and practical research on mathematical modeling of economy and finance based on artificial intelligence

Abstract In the context of the rapid development of big data technology, developing an artificial intelligence economy is beneficial to China’s economic transformation, industrial upgrading, and enhancing international competitiveness. This paper first constructs a financial mathematical model of the AI economy based on the theoretical foundation of financial mathematics. The structure of the financial mathematical model mainly consists of three parts: portfolio model, capital asset pricing model, and financial derivatives pricing model. To address the problem of the unstable development of China’s AI economy, the theoretical framework of investment risk management is constructed, which can help investors intelligently implement investment risk management plans and implement investment risk management countermeasures and measures. Finally, to verify the performance of the risk investment optimization model and intelligent algorithm proposed in this chapter, three investment scales will verify the investment risk management capability based on the portfolio model. The results show that the convergence performance of the portfolio model is 0.2025, 0.4021, and 0.4391 for three investment sizes of 2, 4, and 9, and the penalty coefficients are 1.5, 28, and 0.2, respectively. At the beginning of the iteration, the investment risk is high, and the convergence speed of the portfolio model is higher than the capital asset pricing model and the financial derivatives pricing model. This study applies it to solve financial optimization problems, including portfolio, stock forecasting, risk management, and many other fields, and provides a better solution to the optimization decision problem of the portfolio.

Digitalization of tax administration and corporate performance: Evidence from China

This paper finds a direct causal relationship between company performance and the digitization of tax collection. Using the “quasi-natural experiment” of the implementation in 2013 of the third stage of the China Tax Administration Information System (CTAIS-3) pilot, we conduct an empirical test based on micro-data of listed companies from 2009 to 2021 and discover that by increasing taxes on firms, lowering the size of new investments, and intensifying financial problems, which result in lower operational income, the critical CTAIS-3 pilot for digitizing tax administration significantly reduces corporate performance. Enhanced tax enforcement is particularly prominent if a firm is with significant financing constraints, is a non-state-owned enterprise, or is bigger. Furthermore, we find that the implementation of the CTAIS-3 pilot has increased fairness because it is more effective in lowering the performance of large-scale enterprises, primarily because it reduces the government subsidies and tax benefits that these companies receive.

Effect of carbon regulations on the financial technological development: Russian and European companies’ adaptation strategies

The plans announced by the European Union to impose a carbon fee by 2022 on commodities purchased from both European and external manufacturers make it increasingly relevant to examine the adaptation of Russian and European companies to low-carbon requirements. The article aims to assess the financial technological costs, technological achievements and energy transition risks for enterprises in Russia and the EU. Theoretical approaches to analyzing technological effects of carbon requirements on enterprises constitute the methodological framework of the study. The research methods of comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis were used in relation to technologies introduced by European and Russian large companies, reached values and dynamics of the carbon footprint in manufacturing, energy consumption, the percentage of renewable energy, the size of costs and investments, projected parameters of traditional energy, the EU plans, and the cost price of alternative energy. The empirical evidence includes public reports of European and Russian exporting companies affected by the carbon fee introduction, as well as microeconomic statistics. The analysis showed that both European and Russian major exporters by the end of 2021 had already initiated certain efforts to reduce their carbon footprint and achieved satisfactory outcomes in this area. In some cases, the Russian companies were even more successful than the European ones, but in general they lagged behind. However, expenses of the European companies are more significant, and energy transition risks for them are higher, which significantly reduces the dividend received by the leader. We propose recommendations to protect Russian business, including export-oriented one, from excessive costs incurred in the development of low-carbon energy. These recommendations can be of use for authorities when implementing industrial policy.

Cross Cultural Translation and Validation of the Investment Model Scale for Married Adults of Pakistan

The current study aimed at cross validating one of the most widely used scales for investigation of romantic relationships among married individuals. From past few decades, interest in understanding the contributing factors in success and failure of marriage has increased. For said purpose culturally appropriate tool was required. Investment Model Scale measures romantic relationships in four sub-dimensions: relationship satisfaction, investment size, quality of alternatives, and commitment. Urdu Translated 22 global items were administered on 298 married men and women from five provincial capitals of Pakistan. Confirmatory Factor analysis with promax rotation was performed. Results confirmed the four-factor structure with the omission of items 18, 19, and 20 because of inadequate factor loadings. Subsequently, 19 items Urdu-translated version of IMS was found to be psychometrically sound tool with semantic, idiomatic, contextual, and linguistic appropriateness as original English version.

Impact of Tokenisation on Economics Demographics and Economics of Selected Crowdfunding Investments

The text analyzed data from two German crowdfunding investments issued by one initiator in the real estate industry, involving a total of 1,692 investors. One fund has a classical investment structure while the initiator used an innovative approach with a tokenised investment product based on the Ethereum blockchain technology in the second one. This paper tries to find the impact on the demographics of the funds and the profitabi lity for the initiator when making a structural change from a classical investment with a minimum investment size of EUR 1,000 to a tokenised investment structure with a mini mum investment of EUR 1. The results show no impact from tokenisation on the structure of the investors´ gender and only minor impact on the age of the investors. But the findings highlight that lowering the minimum investment to EUR 1 via tokenisation to attract more investors, diminishes the profit margin for the initiator substantially. Because every inves tor comes at an acquisition cost, only a certain number of loss-making small investments in relation to profitable high investments can be compensated. Since it is not possible to precisely determine the density distribution of investment sizes in advance to placing a new investment, it is recommended to give up the minimum investment size of EUR 1 to avoid the risk of attracting too many investors at a deficit, hence diminishing the profit margin of the funds.