Feet Wide Research Articles

Bearing Capacity of Jute Geotextile-Reinforced Sand Bed

This paper evaluates the optimum geometrical parameters of jute geotextile reinforcement for the load-bearing capacity based on the laboratory model tests carried out on 50, 100 and 150 mm diameter (D) circular footings resting on sand bed. These footing sizes were obtained using a scaling down factor of 4 for the prototype foundations so as to obtain the behavior of an actual prototype structure. Geotextile reinforcement was also scaled down using appropriate scaling factors. The natural jute geotextile reinforcement layers were placed as planar sheets and the optimum reinforcement geometrical parameters were evaluated using 150 mm diameter circular footing for the load-bearing capacity of sand. Further, the effect of the footing size on improvement of load-bearing capacity of both unreinforced and reinforced sand beds was brought out using circular footings of 50, 100 and 150 mm diameter. The experimental results showed that the optimum depth and vertical spacing of jute geotextile reinforcement layer(s) for the load-bearing capacity were found to be 0.31–0.32D and 0.28–0.3D, respectively, depending on the settlement criteria. The optimum width of reinforcement layer was found to be 3.5D, while the optimum number of reinforcement layers was found to be 4. The surface deformations are also in conformity with the optimum geometrical parameters obtained from the load-bearing tests. Further, the load-bearing capacity of unreinforced and reinforced sand beds increased with the increase in footing size. However, the bearing capacity ratio decreased with the increase in size of footing.

A Rare Mutation in SMAD9 Associated With High Bone Mass Identifies the SMAD-Dependent BMP Signaling Pathway as a Potential Anabolic Target for Osteoporosis.

ABSTRACTNovel anabolic drug targets are needed to treat osteoporosis. Having established a large national cohort with unexplained high bone mass (HBM), we aimed to identify a novel monogenic cause of HBM and provide insight into a regulatory pathway potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. We investigated a pedigree with unexplained HBM in whom previous sequencing had excluded known causes of monogenic HBM. Whole exome sequencing identified a rare (minor allele frequency 0.0023), highly evolutionarily conserved missense mutation in SMAD9 (c.65T>C, p.Leu22Pro) segregating with HBM in this autosomal dominant family. The same mutation was identified in another two unrelated individuals both with HBM. In silico protein modeling predicts the mutation severely disrupts the MH1 DNA‐binding domain of SMAD9. Affected individuals have bone mineral density (BMD) Z‐scores +3 to +5, mandible enlargement, a broad frame, torus palatinus/mandibularis, pes planus, increased shoe size, and a tendency to sink when swimming. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measurement demonstrates increased trabecular volumetric BMD and increased cortical thickness conferring greater predicted bone strength; bone turnover markers are low/normal. Notably, fractures and nerve compression are not found. Both genome‐wide and gene‐based association testing involving estimated BMD measured at the heel in 362,924 white British subjects from the UK Biobank Study showed strong associations with SMAD9 (PGWAS = 6 × 10−16; PGENE = 8 × 10−17). Furthermore, we found Smad9 to be highly expressed in both murine cortical bone–derived osteocytes and skeletal elements of zebrafish larvae. Our findings support SMAD9 as a novel HBM gene and a potential novel osteoanabolic target for osteoporosis therapeutics. SMAD9 is thought to inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐dependent target gene transcription to reduce osteoblast activity. Thus, we hypothesize SMAD9 c.65T>C is a loss‐of‐function mutation reducing BMP inhibition. Lowering SMAD9 as a potential novel anabolic mechanism for osteoporosis therapeutics warrants further investigation. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Improvement of bearing capacity of soil by using natural geotextile

An experimental study has been carried out to improve the bearing capacity of soils by using geotextile. In the present study geojute (gunny bags) is used as geotextile, whereas sand is used as soil media. This research presents the results of laboratory load tests on model square footings supported on reinforced sand beds. A total of 32 load tests are conducted to evaluate the effects of single layer reinforcement placed below square model footings. Parameters of testing programme of the research are the depth of reinforcement, the plan area of reinforcement and the footing size. The test results indicated that the maximum gain in ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) of footings on reinforced soil (by using geojute) is found to be increased by a factor of 3.37 as compared to soil without geojute. Also, the optimum size of reinforcement is found to be 3.5B × 3.5B irrespective of the type of reinforcing materials used. The optimum placement position of geotextile is found to be 0.5B from the base of the footing. At low settlement rates, the study on the values of BCR reveals almost the same results with regard to optimum depth and size of reinforcement mentioned above. It is found that with increase in the settlement rate, BCR increases. Also, the improvement in bearing capacity is found to increase with increase in footing size.

DESIGN OF LANDSLIDES TREATMENT WITH COUNTERFORT WALL ON CITY LIMITS ROADS TANAH GROGOT-LOLO KUARO, PASER REGENCY, TANA PASER, THE PROVINCE OF KALIMANTAN TIMUR

The landslides occurred on city limits roads Tanah Grogot-Lolo Kuaro, Paser regency, Tana Paser, causing depletion of the smooth flow of transport from the city towards Grogot Lolo-Kuaro or vice versa. Landslides 8 meters height and 50 meters length. The landslides occurred in September 2015 caused by high rainfall and bad drainage system. So it needs to be done the landslides treatment using retaining wall with Counterfort.The methodology of this planning, first to calculate the forces acting on the retaining walls of the soil due to traffic load and soil stockpile with method of Rankine. Continued calculation of the forces acting on the stake piles using the method of Meyerhoff and Skempton. Then do the calculations to determine the group efficiency of stake piles using Brooms method analysis. After the stake piles were declared safe against lateral load and bearing capacity, perform the calculation of reinforced concrete of soil retaining walls. After that the retaining walls and stake piles of the foundation soil is modeled and analyzed using the Geo Studio software to get the safety factor of the design. Lastly, the calculated volume of work and unit price of the retaining walls to get a budget plan costs.After the retaining walls design brings about a result that is, the dimensions of the walls with 8 m height is 4.2 m width foot wall, 0.6 m high to the foot of the wall and the lower part of the wall width, 0.3 m width of to the top of the wall, 0.4 m for a width of Counterfort and 3 m for the distance between Counterfort with lateral load 63.756 tons. Stake pile received 25.867 tons of vertical load and 9.099 tons of lateral load. Safety factor of slopes after landslides treatment modelled with software Geo Studio, resulting in a value of safety factor 2.956 (> 1.25) which can be said to be secure. Based on the calculation of volume and unit price work, retaining wall Counterfort cost is Rp. 3,572,350,220.0-Keyword: Landslide, Retaining Wall, Counterfort, Slopes Stability

On vertical bearing capacity of ring footings: finite element analysis, observations and recommendations

ABSTRACT Ring footing is defined by a radius ratio (ri /ro ) which is the ratio of the inner radius (ri ) to outer radius (ro ) of the ring footing. The behaviour of ring footings (ri /ro = 0 to 1) lies in-between the behaviour of circular (ri /ro = 0) and strip footings (ri /ro = 1). In this study, the variation of bearing capacity factors N’c, N’q and N’γ of smooth and rough base ring footings from axisymmetric solutions (ri /ro = 0 to 0.95) to the plane strain solutions (ri /ro = 1) is examined using finite element (FE) analysis. The bearing capacity factors of ring footings for the ri /ro = 0 to 0.75 are taken from Chavda and Dodagoudar (2019) and the same solution technique is adopted to evaluate the bearing capacity factors for ri /ro = 0.75 to 1. Based on the observations from the FE results, the guidelines are provided in regard to the following points: (a) the proper choice of the equation for ultimate bearing capacity of ring footing (b) the effect of variation of the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio on the ultimate bearing capacity and (c) the dependency of N’γ on the width of ring footing. An example problem is considered to illustrate the pattern of variability in the bearing capacity of ring footing for ri /ro = 0 to 1. Based on the pattern, the ultimate bearing capacity equation for the ring footing is proposed using the bearing capacity expressions of the circular and strip footings.

The Design of Shoe Sizes for Boys Aged 4-6 Years Old Based on Foot Anthropometric Data: Length Foot, Width Foot, and Foot Ball Circumference

Shoes are footwear that is useful for protecting feet. The right shoe sizes is the main factor of the functional aspect in comfort of wearing shoes. Shoes which had been sold massively still have different standard of the sizes between one brand and another, so that the consumers will find it difficult to determine which shoes are right for the foot. The purpose of this study was to design a shoe sizes for children aged 4-6 years based on foot anthropometry data, namely, foot length, foot width and foot ball circumference. Data collection was carried out on 100 boys aged 4-6 years. Anthropometric measurements of the feet were done manually using a ruler, measuring tape and calipers. K-means cluster was used to process data of foot anthropometric size and produce a shoe sizes reference with healthy allowance value from the foot growth chamber to design the size. The shoe sizes produced was 21 patterns of shoes sizes and could accommodate 87% of the total 100 respondents.

Effect of Partial Replacement with Crushed Concrete on Settlement and Bearing Capacity of Soft clay

This paper aims to examine the effect of partial replacement with crushed concrete as a recycled material to enhance the bearing capacity and to decrease the settlement of soft clay. To clarify the effect of scale factor, four cubic steel soil tank with four dimensions of (250 x 250 x 250) mm; (300 x 300 x 300) mm;(400 x 400 x 400) mm; and (500 x 500 x 500) mm are used to carry out the experimental works, by using a foursizes for each square and strip footings with varying the depth of replacement (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 width of square footing) and (0.33, 0.67 and 1 width of strip footing).The effect of replacement wasevaluated with regard to settlement control and bearing capacity. It is found from results of experimental works that a significant decreasing in settlement and increasing in bearing capacity of treated soil with increasing the depth of the partial replacement layer for both square and strip footing compared to untreated soil. The study also shows that the use of partial replacement layer with a depth of 0.4 B for strip footings results in reducing the settlements by an averaged percentage of 72 % and increasing the bearing capacity with an average of 96%. Also the results demonstrates that clear increasing in bearing capacity for all depth of replacement under square footing with indistinct in settlement

Soil Interaction of Building Frame Resting on Clayey Soil: Effect of Change of Footing Size

In every structure, the super structure and the foundation executed on soil, represent an entire structural system. The analysis of a framed structure while not modeling its foundation system and its rigidity could mislead the axial forces, moments due to bending and due to settlement. It is, thus necessary to hold out the analysis considering the type of soil, foundation and above the sub structure i.e. (super structure). Hence the analysis of the single bay single storied building frame resting on soil (Clayey Soil) is taken for present study. The analysis is carried out using “ANSYS 16.0”. In this paper the effect of soil interaction on building frame design parameters as change of modulus of sub-grade reaction from 0.010 to 0.050 N/mm3.Shear force, Bending moment and settlements have been studied for different footing sizes of 1mx1m to 4.5mx4.5m the effect of SSI is quantified using finite element analysis. The following conclusions have been drawn from the study, the shear force and axial force value in the beam and column is constant from finite element analysis are not having considerable difference. The analysis is predicting that percentage difference in bending moment in beam, column and footings are at lower EFS value i.e 0.010N/mm3 at lower footing size 1mX1m is greater than when compared to higher EFS value i.e 0.050N/mm3 at higher footing size 4.5mX4.5m which considers soil interaction. But in case of the footings they undergo some settlement the percentage difference of settlement is 14.41% and 6.72% at lower EFS value i.e 0.010N/mm3 at lower footing size 1mx1m when compared to higher EFS value i.e 0.050N/mm3 at higher footing size 4.5mx4.5m respectively, which considers soil interaction.

Identification of some factors influencing soil transfer on shoes

In criminal activities, soil can be transferred from a crime scene to items linked with a perpetrator; for example, shoes, cars or tools. Several parameters will influence the quantity of soil transferred in a given scenario. The knowledge of the most influential factors can help the expert to assess the evidence using a logical approach at the activity level or to predict the amount of soil that can be expected in a given scenario. The influence of five chosen parameters, namely the shoe profile, shoe size, walker's weight, soil type and soil humidity were assessed using Design of Experiment (DOE) in order to understand their influence on soil quantity transferred on shoes.The Faced Central Composite Design (FCCD) using a quadratic model was found to be highly significant, thus they could be adequately used to model and to interpret the amount of soil recovered from one shoe.These designs demonstrate that the characteristics of the donor (soil type and soil humidity), as well as a combination of these two factors have a very significant impact on the soil transfer. The characteristics of the receptor (shoe profile, shoe size and walker's weight) also have an impact on the transfer but to a lesser extent.Globally, this research provides valuable information for the forensic scientist both in investigative mode: evaluation of the soil quantity possibly transferred on shoes, and in the evaluative steps: is the quantity of soil found on the suspect shoes in accordance to the proposition/scenario given by the prosecution and the defence?

Static electronic baropodometry in patients with metatarsalgia

Objective: To analyze the values obtained by electronic baropodometry in patients with metatarsalgia. Methods: A retrospective observational study of medical data (gender, height, weight, body mass index, foot laterality, shoe size and clinical diagnosis) and values obtained by static electronic baropodometry (load distribution and maximum and mean pressure) was performed. A total of 39 patients with clinical complaints of metatarsalgia were selected and subjected to static electronic baropodometry. Results: Female gender was more prevalent (58.9%) among patients, and 61.53% of the patients were overweight or obese. The mean maximum pressure was 1.76kgf/cm2, and the forefoot-to rearfoot load distribution ratio was 0.86. There was a significant correlation between body mass index and maximum pressure. No correlation was found with shoe size. Conclusion: The baropodometry values measured in this study were similar to those reported in the literature. Obese and overweight patients had a higher maximum pressure value, which suggests a higher risk of metatarsal pain in this population. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Studies; Study of non consecutive patients; Without consistently applied reference “gold” standard.

Children’s foot size versus children’s shoe size when they return to store

It is widely understood that properly fitting footwear is beneficial for a child’s physical development (Barisch-Fritz, Plank, & Grau, 2016; Imaizumi, Akimoto, Kobayashi, Hobara, & Kouchi, 2015). S...

Common foot deformities among Malaysian women: wearing incorrectly sized shoes

Several foot deformities have been identified in Malaysian women due to wearing shoes which do not fit the size and shape of their feet. Hallux valgus (bunions), corn, cellules and ingrown toenail are among the common deformities experienced by Malaysian women. The root of this issue is that the Malaysian footwear market has adopted foreign shoe size standards such as those from the US and UK. This means that Malaysian women face difficulties in obtaining correctly-sized shoes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and propose a standard shoe sizing system for women in Malaysia based on anthropometric measurements of Malaysian women’s foot sizes and shapes. Women from Malaysia’s primary ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) aged 20 to 60 years old participated in this project, where the anthropometric measurements for their foot size and shapes were obtained using a 3D foot scanner. Regression analysis in the form of Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was performed to determine the association between a few attributes including foot measurements and the existence of the foot deformities. Foot length and Ball girth circumference have significant association with the foot deformities (FL: p = .028 and BG: p = .045). The new standard shoe sizing system has been developed ith more accurate sizes and shapes, it is hoped that the foot deformities problem could be solved or at least reduced the foot pain.

Load behaviour of model strip footings on reinforced transparent soils

A number of loading tests were performed in the laboratory on strip footings resting on unreinforced and geotextile reinforced transparent soils. Fused silica sand and white oil were used to manufacture the transparent soils. Reinforcement layers with different lengths were placed at a vertical spacing of 0.25B and 0.5B, with reinforcing depths varying from 0.5B to 2B (B is the width of the strip footing), and reinforcing widths ranging from 1B to 7B. The deformation of the reinforcement layers and soil was monitored using digital cameras with the aid of a laser transmitter to highlight the deformation of the reinforcement layers. Two peaks were observed in the load-settlement curves of some footings on soils with reinforcements at 0.5B spacing. The deformation of the reinforcement layers showed that each peak point is related to the failure of one layer of reinforcement, indicating the progressive development of reinforcement failure into deeper layers. Most of the footings on soils with reinforcement layers at 0.25B spacing showed brittle failure behavior, which was due to the near-simultaneous rupture of the reinforcement layers. It was also found that longer reinforcement does not always provide greater bearing capacity at certain reinforcement spacings.

Effect of Fuzzy Boundaries on the Bearing Capacity of Footings on Two-Layered Clay

In this study, fuzzy logic was implemented to formulate the fuzziness of layer boundaries for a two-layered clay soil. A field of two-layered clay with fuzzy boundaries between layers was generated, and then the bearing capacity of strip footing on this field was calculated by the assumption of plane-strain conditions. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was used and bearing capacity calculations were based on finite difference method. The effect of fuzziness in layer boundaries was investigated for the case of strong-over-weak clay. It is concluded that the analyses by applying fuzzy boundaries yielded more conservative results than classical two-layered bearing capacity calculations when the ratio of thickness of upper layer to the width of footing exceeds 1. When the ratio of thickness of upper layer to the width of footing is lower than 1, the bearing capacity of footing on two-layered clay is higher by considering fuzzy boundaries.

MON-LB069 When a Routine Postoperative Internal Medicine Consultation Unearths a Hidden Diagnosis

Although rare in incidence, acromegaly can present with secondary osteoarthritis due to anabolic effects of Growth Hormone (GH). The diagnosis can be potentially missed until later in its clinical course, leading to a lost opportunity to prevent further complications and irreversible changes attributed to acromegaly. A 32-year-old patient with history of mild Type 1 Von Willebrand (VW) disease and severe crippling bilateral osteoarthritis of the hips was admitted for elective right hip replacement. The etiology of the osteoarthritis was not clear, but was felt to be unlikely to be related to VW disease, in the absence of hemarthrosis. A routine Internal Medicine consult was requested by the Orthopedics service for co-management of the patient postoperatively as he was on placed on VW factor infusion. Intraoperative findings were notable for severe osteopenia and destructive deformity of the femoral head. On examination, the patient was moderately built with largely normal systems examination. Closer examination revealed prominent supraciliary arches and nose. Large hands were noted with sausage like appearing digits. On further questioning, patient mentioned that his shoe size has increased to size 13 from size 10 in the last 3-4 years. A comparison of a previous picture of his face (5 yrs. ago) to now confirmed the pronounced changes in facial features. He recalled his dentist mentioning about significant spacing between his teeth a year ago. An insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) level was ordered as a first part of the work up for Acromegaly. The level returned back at 1448 ng/ml (53-332 ng/ml). An MRI scan of the brain revealed a large macro-adenoma extending onto the right cavernous sinus and displacing the optic chiasma. He was referred to the pituitary clinic for further work up and ultimately underwent a partial 2 stage trans nasal endoscopic resection of the tumor followed by fractionated radiotherapy. He continues to be on octreotide and pegvisomant. With the increase in childhood obesity, there has been an increased incidence of osteoarthritis in young patients. The need for joint replacement in relatively young patients has also increased. While it is important to pursue joint replacement surgeries in these patients to prevent disability, careful evaluation of the cause of OA must be looked into, especially in young patients. Unless otherwise noted, all abstracts presented at ENDO are embargoed until the date and time of presentation. For oral presentations, the abstracts are embargoed until the session begins. s presented at a news conference are embargoed until the date and time of the news conference. The Endocrine Society reserves the right to lift the embargo on specific abstracts that are selected for promotion prior to or during ENDO.

MON-LB056 A Case of Transient Global Amnesia and Pituitary Tumor

Introduction Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is benign clinical syndrome of reversible anterograde amnesia that occurs in middle-aged and older individuals. Only few cases on literature have reported co-occurrence of TGA and pituitary lesion. Case Presentation 72 year old man with history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease presented with a transient amnestic state where he appeared confused unable to recall the time, asking multiple times and forgetting things they had discussed repeatedly. The anterograde amnestic episode lasted approximately 5 hours and there was no motor weakness, aphasia, conscious disturbance or any other focal neurological deficit. Patient returned fully to his baseline. Prior to this event he was in good health, no excess headache, no vision issues, no increase in size of hands or feet, and no history of head trauma. CT head noted note a mass in the left sella extending into the cavernous sinus. CT perfusion of head and neck demonstrated no significant stenosis. MRI brain characterized a hypointense T1-weighted sequence with homogeneous contrast enhancement eroding the dorsum sella measuring 1.5 x 1.4 x 1.4 cm. The pituitary gland is not well separated from this mass and the basilar and internal carotid arteries were patent. Labs show prolactin to be >1000,testosterone and LH was low but FSH, Free T4, TSH, ACTH, am cortisol, IGF-1 were normal range. Labs showed normal electrolytes and normal glucose level. Discussion TGA is an isolated, sudden and self-limited disturbance of anterograde amnesia lasting less than 24horus and unaccompanied by other focal neurological deficits or seizure. The etiology of TGA is not completely clear with hypotheses including migrainous or epileptic phenomenon, vascular with transient interruption of vascular perfusion of memory related structure versus psychogenic disorder theory. In our case the CT and MR imaging studies disclosed a case of pituitary mass. The markedly high serum prolactin level and imaging finding are suggestive of prolactin-producing adenoma, although histological confirmation was not obtained. Literature review has showed a case of TGA presenting with hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma or pituitary apoplexy, postulating that the compression from bleeding adenoma affecting the memory eloquent pathways of hyppocampus.On our index case there is no exact anatomical relationship with memory related structure. It is not clear if TGA and pituitary adenoma finding on our patient is due to a chance of concurrence or it has etiological association. Although TGA is considered as a benign and functional disorder, neuroimaging need to be obtained to exclude organic causes of amnesic events. Unless otherwise noted, all abstracts presented at ENDO are embargoed until the date and time of presentation. For oral presentations, the abstracts are embargoed until the session begins. s presented at a news conference are embargoed until the date and time of the news conference. The Endocrine Society reserves the right to lift the embargo on specific abstracts that are selected for promotion prior to or during ENDO.

SAT-472 Increased Thyroid Cancer Risk in Acromegaly: A Report of 3 Cases

Introduction: There is a high incidence of thyroid cancer in patients with acromegaly. We present three patients who were diagnosed with acromegaly and thyroid cancer within a short time interval. Case 1: A 34-year-old female who had uvulopalatopharngoplasty for sleep apnea presented for evaluation of elevated IGF-1 1226 ng/mL (88-246). She reported increased shoe size, growth of facial hair, and increased hand size causing her to resize her wedding band multiple times. GH did not suppress on oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and MRI revealed a 2.2 cm pituitary macroadenoma. On initial exam, she was noted to have to have thyromegaly and ultrasound showed a 1.3 cm solid nodule with microcalcifications. She underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy (TSSH) and a month later was sent for FNA biopsy of the nodule which was consistent with papillary carcinoma (PTC). She underwent total thyroidectomy two months later with 1 cm PTC on final pathology. Case 2: A 60-year-old female presented for evaluation of thyroid nodules. An ultrasound revealed a right solid 2.2 cm isoechoic nodule and a left 1.2cm solid nodule with calcifications. At the initial encounter, physical exam was notable for prominence of the forehead and jawline and sausage digits. History was significant for carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoarthritis, DM2, excessive perspiration and snoring. Screening IGF-1 was elevated 771 ng/mL (81-225) and GH failed to suppress on OGTT. FNA biopsy of the left nodule showed PTC. Pituitary MRI revealed an 8mm microadenoma. She underwent TSSH and then a total thyroidectomy three months later with a 1cm PTC, follicular variant on final pathology. Case 3: A 30-year-old female presented with amenorrhea, increased hand/foot size and changes in the jaw. IGF-1 was 729 ng/mL(63-373) and GH failed to suppress on OGTT. MRI showed a 2.5cm pituitary adenoma with cavernous sinus invasion. She underwent TSSH and was on medical treatment for acromegaly for about two years when she was noted to have a thyroid nodule on palpation. Ultrasound showed a 10 mm isthmus solid isoechoic nodule and a 15 mm left midpole solid hypoechoic nodule. FNA of the isthmus nodule was consistent with PTC. Total thyroidectomy pathology showed a 0.7cm PTC. Conclusion: Carcinomas are the third most frequent cause of mortality in acromegalic patients, after vascular and respiratory diseases. Sustained secretion of GH and IGF-1 is known to induce proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Thyroid nodular disease is more frequent in acromegalic patients, and thyroid cancer is one of the most commonly detected cancers in acromegaly. It remains controversial whether acromegaly increases the risk of malignant transformation of thyroid nodules. In all of our patients with acromegaly, stage I PTC was likely present at the time of diagnosis. Periodic thyroid ultrasound exam should be considered an important part of monitoring patients with acromegaly.

Development of new shoe-sizing system for Malaysian women using 3D foot scanning technology

The aim of this study was to develop and propose a standard shoe sizing system based on anthropometric measurements of Malaysian women's foot sizes and shapes. Participants were from the primary ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) aged 20 to 60 years old. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using a 3D foot scanner. Foot length was chosen as the primary parameter, while foot breadth and ball girth circumference were secondary parameters. A 5 mm increment is used to classify 15 sizes from size 4 until size 11, including half sizes. The increments taken to be 3 mm for foot breadth and 6 mm for ball girth. The eight shapes for these two parameters were then developed using alphabetical labels a, b, c, d, e, ee, eee and eeee. Finally, this new standard shoe sizing will be proposed to the manufacturers who will then create the corresponding lasts for the specified sizes.

Anthropometric Evaluation of Body Composition and Foot Arches of African and European Women

Anthropometry is the branch of ergonomics that deals with body shape and size. The parts of the human body varies in size and in shape, thus, there is a need to take these variations into consideration whenever a product is designed for their use. The absence of the application of ergonomics principles could result musculoskeletal disorders. Evolutionary development of humans over the years has produced erect posture among humans necessary for their functionality and effective interaction with their immediate environment. The sole of the human foot has evolved to attain an arch and a three‐point support, which supports the body from either falling back or front. The foot is complex in structure and by function. It plays a major role in keeping the body in balance and steady. Body composition is the proportion of fat and fat‐free mass in the body. However, the fat and non‐essential body fat can be excessively stored in the body and may tend to be unhealthy to the human body and the foot. In this study we aim to preliminarily evaluate the relationship between body composition and anthropometric features of the foot, among women from African and European origin. A total of 150 feet of young women from African and European origin between the ages of 18 and 27 were recruited for the study. The required anthropometric parameters were measured. The shtriter index, a Russian method to determining height of foot arches was used, and body composition examined using BMI. The data were analysed using T‐test and regression analysis. The respective parameters for African and European women were measured: mean Height (H) of 159.6±0.54 and 164.3±0.69, (p<0.05), Body Mass Index (BMI) 24.5±0.40 and 21.1±0.25 (p<0.05), Foot Length (FL) 22.6±0.14 and 22.8±0.13 (p>0.05), Foot Width (FW) 8.3±0.07 and 8.4±0.05 (p>0.05), Length of Medial Longitudinal Arch (LMLA) 14.2±0.12 and 13.5±0.10 (p<0.05), and Width of Posterior Transverse Arch (WPTA) 3.4±0.13 and 2.5±0.12 (p<0.05). For African women, 51% of the total number of feet were FAF (Flat‐Arch Foot) and LAF (Low‐Arch Foot); 33% – VHAF (Very High‐Arched Foot) and HAF (High‐Arched Foot). European women recorded 18% – FAF and LAF; 74% – VHAF and HAF. The research revealed significance difference in the anthropometric parameters of the foot between women from the African and European origin. We speculate that the significant difference in the former is due to the significant difference in their body composition. Reasons for the significant difference in some of the anthropometric parameters of the foot were attributed to factors such as environment, genetics, and origin of race.Support or Funding InformationResearch supported by the Department of Human Anatomy at RUDN University, Moscow, RussiaThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Pseudo-Static Bearing Capacity Analysis of Shallow Strip Footing over Two-Layered Soil Considering Punching Shear Failure

In present analysis, ultimate bearing capacity of footings residing on sub soils comprising of two layers has been investigated for the event of a thin soil layer overlying a weak deposit. Pseudo-static approach has been applied to find out the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow strip footing resting on two layered soil. Ultimate bearing capacity equation was derived as a function of the properties of soils, the footing width and the top soil thickness. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the solution using MATLAB R2009. The paper acquaints a detailed parametric study of the design parameters including the effect of angle of friction, mobilization factor, the ratio of the depth of embedment to the footing width and the ratio of the cohesions of both the layers. Design charts were developed in dimensionless form for very wide range of design parameters. Comparative study of the present analysis has been applied with respect to different analytical, numerical and experimental studies.