Button Size Research Articles

Evaluating the Usability and Quality of a Clinical Mobile App for Assisting Physicians in Head Computed Tomography Scan Ordering: Mixed Methods Study.

Among the numerous factors contributing to health care providers' engagement with mobile apps, including user characteristics (eg, dexterity, anatomy, and attitude) and mobile features (eg, screen and button size), usability and quality of apps have been introduced as the most influential factors. This study aims to investigate the usability and quality of the Head Computed Tomography Scan Appropriateness Criteria (HAC) mobile app for physicians' computed tomography scan ordering. Our study design was primarily based on methodological triangulation by using mixed methods research involving quantitative and qualitative think-aloud usability testing, quantitative analysis of the Mobile Apps Rating Scale (MARS) for quality assessment, and debriefing across 3 phases. In total, 16 medical interns participated in quality assessment and testing usability characteristics, including efficiency, effectiveness, learnability, errors, and satisfaction with the HAC app. The efficiency and effectiveness of the HAC app were deemed satisfactory, with ratings of 97.8% and 96.9%, respectively. MARS assessment scale indicated the overall favorable quality score of the HAC app (82 out of 100). Scoring 4 MARS subscales, Information (73.37 out of 100) and Engagement (73.48 out of 100) had the lowest scores, while Aesthetics had the highest score (87.86 out of 100). Analysis of the items in each MARS subscale revealed that in the Engagement subscale, the lowest score of the HAC app was "customization" (63.6 out of 100). In the Functionality subscale, the HAC app's lowest value was "performance" (67.4 out of 100). Qualitative think-aloud usability testing of the HAC app found notable usability issues grouped into 8 main categories: lack of finger-friendly touch targets, poor search capabilities, input problems, inefficient data presentation and information control, unclear control and confirmation, lack of predictive capabilities, poor assistance and support, and unclear navigation logic. Evaluating the quality and usability of mobile apps using a mixed methods approach provides valuable information about their functionality and disadvantages. It is highly recommended to embrace a more holistic and mixed methods strategy when evaluating mobile apps, because results from a single method imperfectly reflect trustworthy and reliable information regarding the usability and quality of apps.

Automated subway touch button detection using image process

Subway button detection is paramount for passenger safety, yet the occurrence of inadvertent touches poses operational threats. Camera-based detection is indispensable for identifying touch occurrences, ascertaining person identity, and implementing scientific measures. Existing methods suffer from inaccuracies due to the small size of buttons, complex environments, and challenges such as occlusion. We present YOLOv8-DETR-P2-DCNv2-Dynamic-NWD-DA, which enhances occlusion awareness, reduces redundant annotations, and improves contextual feature extraction. The model integrates the RTDETRDecoder, P2 small target detection layer, DCNv2-Dynamic algorithm, and the NWD loss function for multiscale feature extraction. Dataset augmentation and the GAN algorithm refine the model, aligning feature distributions and enhancing precision by 6.5%, 5%, and 5.8% in precision, recall, and mAP50, respectively. These advancements denote significant improvements in key performance indicators.

Adaptation and Modification of Digital Cognitive Assessments for Smartphone‐based and Unsupervised Conduct

AbstractBackgroundRemote and decentralized approaches to clinical outcome assessments in clinical trials can reduce patient and trial burden, improve recruitment and retention, and lower barriers to trial participation. Remote assessment may be facilitated through smartphone‐based cognitive assessment, especially in Bring‐Your‐Own‐Device (BYOD) trials, and can also enable novel designs, for example, the use of high frequency ‘burst’ assessments. Application of such digital assessments in remote or unsupervised settings requires understanding of potential error from test administration and delivery platform (e.g., smartphones vs. computer).MethodA series of studies explored the modification of the well‐validated Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) to include practice trials with dynamic feedback to support unsupervised cognitive assessment, and adaptations for smartphone delivery. Data were drawn from healthy populations in (1) the Healthy Brain Project, where middle‐aged adults (n = 1,594) completed unsupervised cognitive assessments on a computer, (2) a pilot study of young adults (n = 60) who completed both smartphone and computer administration, and (3) a large (n = 35,000) study of adults who completed unsupervised smartphone‐based cognitive assessments in a BYOD context.ResultData from middle‐aged adults enrolled in the Healthy Brain Project indicated that adaptation of the CBB for unsupervised computer‐based assessment had high levels of acceptability (98% complete data) and usability (95%), with data meeting criteria for low error rates and ease of understanding). In young adults, rates of test completion were high and comparable (>98%), and performance accuracy (d’s <0.2) was equivalent between smartphone and computer administration. Performance was systematically slower (d’s >0.4) on smartphone than computer. Smartphone usability was high (e.g., >85% found text and button size to be ‘just right’), but there was not a strong preference for smartphone versus computer (56% preferred smartphone) and different issues of fatigue, distraction, and use of keyboard input were raised for the platforms. Similar findings of outcome consistency across platform were observed in the large BYOD sample (N>35,000).ConclusionThese results indicate that smartphone assessment has high acceptability, good reliability, and that accuracy of performance is equivalent between smartphone and computer versions. The data also raise important issues for the successful adaptation and modification of cognitive tasks for smartphone administration.

One Line Plus Soft Keyboard Layout for Smartwatches Text Entry

The "One Line Plus" soft keyboard layout inspired by One Line and T9 layouts. This innovative design condenses the button layout into a single line, maximizing button size for ease of use. The implementation includes essential features like enter and autocorrect buttons to enhance user experience. Performance testing involving 31 participants was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the layout. The results showed an average words per minute (WPM) of 8.8 and a total character count of 43.48, with the highest WPM of 16 and character count of 89, and the lowest WPM of 4 and character count of 16. The analysis grouped participants based on their background, experience with smartwatches, and typing intensity. Notably, the group with frequent typing experience on smartwatches achieved the highest WPM of 11.3 and character count of 53.4, indicating the layout's efficacy for proficient users. The System Usability Scale (SUS) evaluation yielded an average score of 89.35, indicating the layout's successful usability. These findings demonstrate the potential of the One Line Plus soft keyboard layout for enhancing text entry on smartwatches.

A practical method of evaluating work functions

In this report we present the experimental data and the step-by-step technique to evaluate the work functions of thermionic cathodes. The thermionic cathodes utilized here were small, almost button size, and were provided by the Spectra-Mat corporation [1]. The experiments were performed by one of us, Erik Jongewaard, at Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC). We would like to emphasize that among other parameters, the cathode electron current emission work function is of paramount importance for selecting the cathode for many applications and specifically for the injector of linear induction accelerators similar to DARHT II and most recently for the new radiographic accelerators under consideration.

Investigating manual performance when using push buttons following cold water hand immersion

The purpose of this study was to investigate manual performance of humans when using push buttons following cold water hand immersion. An experiment involving 29 human participants was carried out to measure the activation rate of twelve different shaped push buttons mounted on a novel test apparatus after their dominant hand was immersed in cold (2 °C) and thermoneutral (34 °C) water for 2 min. A series of standardized hand dexterity tests were completed to assess the participants' baseline tactile sensitivity in a dry thermoneutral state. The mean baseline performance of participants indicates that they were representative of the general population. The button test apparatus was developed specifically for this experiment and was comprised of 12 different buttons at different locations on the panel which were varying in size, surface shape and texture. After the participants immersed their dominant hand in the assigned temperature condition, their index finger was guided to the centre of the panel, and they were instructed to find and press as many buttons as they could in a 2-min time period using only their index finger. For the button panel test, the participants’ view was obstructed from seeing the buttons. The results of the study indicate that temperature does not influence the activation rate of the push buttons on the button test apparatus. In addition, button size (large) was the most significant factor, followed by shape (protruding), however button texture was not a significant parameter. Given that exposure to cold water reduces manual performance, along with anecdotal evidence from survival training centres that users sometimes struggle to activate PLBs, the motivation for this research was to understand how humans interact with these devices in cold water emergency situations. It is expected that the results of this research will be useful for designers of emergency signalling devices used for rescue at sea.

Temperature-Dependent Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Li/Li Symmetric Cells and Li/MnO2 Batteries

Understanding the electrochemical properties of Lithium metal is a crucial step for developing and optimizing rechargeable batteries with lithium metal anodes. During discharge, the lithium metal is oxidized, generating dissolved lithium cations. Transport of the ions to the electrolyte is a significant part of this process. To investigate this process, temperature-dependent EIS experiments are done to independently measure the resistance due to this transport and, eventually, the activation energy.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-destructive analysis method mainly employed for studying the characteristics of electrochemical energy storage systems. EIS can be invaluable in isolating and studying buried interfaces without physically separating individual components. The anodic process, specifically the charge transfer through the solid-electrolyte interface can be studied without any influence of the rest of the processes.In this study, we built and measured the Potentiostatic EIS of both symmetric (Li/Li) and batteries (Li/MnO2). Button size (CR 2032) cells were constructed with different battery-grade electrolytes. A symmetric cell can isolate the processes related to metallic lithium. In contrast, a battery type (with an anode and a cathode) can differentiate the effect of the cathode on the anode. A broad range of temperatures (15ᵒC to 65ᵒC) was achieved with a Peltier-powered, homemade climate chamber. The limiting factors were selected according to the freezing and boiling temperatures of the electrolyte systems. Cycling of symmetric cells and discharging of batteries were performed, and the cells were measured after cycling/discharging.The evaluation of the spectra as a function of temperature and states-of-charge can give a comprehensive understanding of metallic Li and the oxidation process. The resistance modeling the transport as well as the capacitance values were investigated as functions of temperature. The change in resistance values at different temperatures resulted in not only Arrhenius behavior but also regions where Arrhenius behavior is violated.Interpretation of the temperature dependence provides a detailed understanding of the underlying electrochemical phenomena involving the metallic lithium anode. The effect of electrolytes on Li+ conductance can also be interpreted from the achieved results.

Augmented reality sickness questionnaire (ARSQ): A refined questionnaire for augmented reality environment

We developed a two-dimensional motion sickness measurement index for augmented reality (AR) environments. Studies on the side effects of AR devices, such as motion sickness, are needed. There is no sickness measuring tool for AR environments; therefore, we modified the conventional simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) for use in AR environments. Twenty-four participants performed target selection tasks using Microsoft HoloLens to measure motion sickness in an AR environment. The SSQ data were collected after each task in a Latin square balanced design experiment. The existing three-component SSQ was revised to develop a two-component AR sickness questionnaire (ARSQ) through exploratory and confirmatory analyses. The button size and distance from the target virtual objects to eyes were found to be significant factors affecting motion sickness in the AR environment. The obtained results can be used for measuring motion sickness in AR devices and designing AR applications.

주행 환경에서 터치 기반 IVIS의 터치버튼 크기와 터치스크린 위치에 대한 평가

주행 환경에서 터치 기반 IVIS의 터치버튼 크기와 터치스크린 위치에 대한 평가

Influence of size and location of buttons on the usability of interface on large touch screens

This study examined how large touchscreen buttons affect user task completion time, error rate, and subjective satisfaction (ease of pointing and clicking on targets). In this experiment, 31 participants completed button click tasks of square targets placed at 30 (5 × 6) different locations, with seven button sizes (10 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, and 130 mm). Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that on a 65'' large touch screen (W 1428 × H 803 mm), 70 mm buttons achieved essentially the best performance in completion time, 50 mm in error rates, and 90 mm in subjective satisfaction, respectively. We also compare the differences in efficiency among different button areas and button sizes. The surrounding area and lower area require a bigger button size to achieve the best performance in terms of error rates and subjective satisfaction. The right area requires a bigger optimal button size than the left area considering error rates, while it is the opposite for subjective satisfaction. Practitioner summary: This study investigates how the size and location of buttons on the increasingly popular large touch screen affect user experience. The study reveals that 70, 50, 90 mm size buttons are recommended when speed, accuracy and satisfaction are priorities respectively. The interaction between button size and button area is significantly different. The surrounding area and lower area require a bigger button size to achieve the best performance in terms of error rate and subjective satisfaction. Considering error rates, the right area requires a bigger optimal button size than the left area, while it is opposite for subjective satisfaction. These findings could facilitate the optimal design of usable large touch screens.

Development of a Fuzzy Model and Usability Test of a Recommended Interface Design for Mobile Phones for Elderly Users

Although mobile phone application developers aim to design software to be user-friendly, elderly users report having problems with flexible user interfaces. The purpose of this study was to examine a range of flexible user interface designs for mobile phones with the aim of locating and addressing the limitations reported by elderly users. Accordingly, a fuzzy model drawing on a range of variables was developed from an age/vision impaired related data set for the development of a variety of basic design elements for user interfaces. The model was tested to assess the preciseness and accuracy of its functions, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) close to 0 and an Effectiveness Index (EI) close to 1, giving the model a high value for effectiveness. A subsequent usability test of the generated design interfaces using four types of mobile phones (18 screens in all) was conducted among 25 elderly users with vision impairment. The findings showed that the size and shape of both numeric and function buttons was a significant factor in assessing phone usability both for communication and for social media use, as was text and number size, although, significantly, the latter was qualified by screen size. Recommended numeric and dial function button sizes are 15.6mm and 16.2 mm, respectively. Likewise, recommended text and numbers sizes are 14 and 25 points, respectively. Furthermore, square-shaped buttons with rounded-edge buttons are the most suitable for elderly users, as is a background in a light shade, with texts and icons in dark colors. The model demonstrates that it is possible to design user interfaces with particular groups in mind such as the elderly and vision-impaired, in order to enhance mobile phone usability for these groups.

A Study on the Strength Properties of Various Buttons Used in Garments

Auxiliary materials are as important as the fabric, which is the main material of a garment. One of the most important auxiliary materials is the button. There are different types of buttons, made of different materials, with different numbers of holes in different sizes. The breaking strength of the button determines the performance characteristics of the buttons during use. 
 In this study, commonly used types of buttons were investigated and the breaking strength values of different buttons were measured. The results show that the breaking strength of buttons is related to the number of holes in the button, the size of the sewing thread, and the fabric type. However, the effects of button size and button material were found to be statistically insignificant.

Assessing touchscreen operations under vibration: effects of vibrational environments, button size, and button spacing on digit- and letter-entry task performance

Assessing touchscreen operations under vibration: effects of vibrational environments, button size, and button spacing on digit- and letter-entry task performance

Commodification of Mobile Banking Interface Design for Elderly Users

The design planning of the Mobile Banking Interface Design for Elderly Users aims to redesign the mobile banking application interface to be more effective and easier for elderly users. This research uses a mixed-method of explanatory sequential, which sequentially uses quantitative and qualitative modes. The quantitative model uses questionnaires and bodystorming simulations to obtain data on the needs and behavior of the elderly. The qualitative model is based on the User-Centered Design (UCD) design process. The research resulted in the following: (1) data on the needs of elderly users when using mobile banking applications (2) data on the behavior of elderly users to better understand the interface of the mobile banking application. Based on these data, a mobile banking interface was developed to suit the needs of elderly users, which includes a more simplified display, enlarged text size, enlarged button size and additional spacing, adjusted icon shape to the understanding of elderly users, and display layout arrangements that are very concerned for making the interaction process more comfortable. Evaluation of the interface design results on mobile banking applications for elderly users shows that the application is more acceptable, more understandable, and easier for elderly use.

A study of button size for virtual hand interaction in virtual environments based on clicking performance

A study of button size for virtual hand interaction in virtual environments based on clicking performance

An Empirical Study on the Influence of Smart Home Interface Design on the Interaction Performance of the Elderly.

The concept of the smart home has been widely recognized and accepted, but the differentiated characteristics of elderly smart products in terms of demand and use are becoming more and more prominent. The lack of an efficient navigation design of the smart product interface increases the cognitive burden of elderly users, and how to better meet the needs of the elderly with smart products gradually becomes the focus of attention. This study was conducted for the elderly group, using the scenario-based design method to analyze the needs of elderly users, combining the research results of scenario theory with the smart home interaction design research method, focusing on how to make the style of interface navigation, sliding layout and button size more suitable for the cognitive behavior of elderly users. The purpose of this research is to realize an age-friendly smart home interaction design in terms of functional design and interface design. The experiment is divided into two stages: in stage 1, two different layouts and operation methods are commonly used for the age-friendly smart home interface: up and down sliding and left and right sliding; in stage 2, the functional buttons are square, where 4 styles are selected, and the side lengths are set to 10 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm, 18 mm and 22 mm. The sliding and retrieval test and retrieval and click test results show that for different sliding layout methods, the interactive performance and subjective evaluation of the interface with the up-and-down sliding layout are better. Among all functional button styles, the interaction performance and subjective evaluation of the simple button style with lines are the best. Among the function keys with a size of 10–22 mm, the interaction performance is better from 12 mm to 18 mm. The conclusion of the better interface data information obtained from this experiment improves the rationality of the age-friendly smart home interface and makes the smart home interface better for the age-friendly scenario.

Study on Smart Home Interface Design Characteristics Considering the Influence of Age Difference: Focusing on Sliders.

Smart homes represent an effective approach to improve one’s quality of life. Developing user interfaces that are both comfortable and understandable can assist users, particularly the elderly, embrace smart home technologies. It’s critical to concentrate on the characteristics of smart home interface design and their impact on people of various ages. Since sliders are one of the most common components utilized in the smart home user interface, this article aimed to investigate the effects of slider design characteristics (e.g., button size, track color, and sliding orientation) on user performance and preference. Thirty-four participants were recruited for the experiment (16 for the young group, aged between 18 and 44 years; 18 for the middle-aged and elderly group, aged between 45 years and above). Our results revealed that both groups had shorter task completion time, less fixation time, and saccades on horizontal sliding orientation and larger buttons, which means better user performance. For the older group, the slider with color gradient track led to better user performance, while the track color only had less effect on the performance of the younger group. In terms of user preference, the results and performance of the older group were basically consistent, while the younger group had no significant difference in sliding orientation and track color.

Interface Design for Products for Users with Advanced Age and Cognitive Impairment.

The aim of this study is to investigate the problems and needs of users with advanced age and cognitive impairment regarding the design and operation of daily living products. Television remote controls and an electric rice cooker were applied as the research tools, and focus group interviews with control older adults and interviews with individuals with MCI or mild dementia were conducted regarding the operation of the products. The control participants stressed that the operating procedures should not be excessively complex, the number of functions and buttons should not be overly high, and buttons and text should be enlarged. For those with MCI or mild dementia, in addition to the size and number of buttons, text size, and functions, their operation of product interfaces was affected by the complexity of the operating procedures. The solutions recommended by the participants included interface design involving direct operation and voice control.

The Effects of Smart Home Interface Touch Button Design Features on Performance among Young and Senior Users.

Touch technology-based smart homes have become increasingly prevalent, as they can help people with independent daily life, especially for the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of button features (i.e., button size, graphics/text ratio, and icon style) in smart home interfaces on user performance across two age groups. Participants in the young group (n = 15) and senior group (n = 15) completed a clicking task. Button size ranged from 10 mm to 25 mm with 5 mm increments. The three levels of graphics/text ratio were 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, while icon style was either flat or skeuomorphic. Results showed that button size and graphics/text ratio had significant effects on user performance in both groups, whereas icon style only had an effect in the senior group. It was observed that the elderly were fond of buttons with a larger size of 20 mm with larger texts and skeuomorphic icons, whereas the young preferred a button size of 15 mm with equal-sized graphics and text. These results may help to improve the accessibility and usability of smart home interface design.

주행 중 차량 터치 스크린 사용 시의 운전자 무오류 반응 곡선 도출

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 Objective: The purpose of this study is to derive errorless response curves according to the driver"s body dimensions when the driver uses a touch screen in a manual driving situation.Background: Drivers are exposed to the risk of safety accidents due to the trend that vehicle systems introduce more auxiliary functions during on road driving. Research on the design of touch screen is needed to minimize arriver"s movement required for the touch operation on a touch screen and to ensure safe operations based on driver"s anthropometric capabilities.Method: 25, 50, 75, and 95 percentiles of subjects were recruited based on Korean anthropometric distribution of males and females, and experiments were conducted through a driving simulator with a touch screen. Subjects are asked to touch buttons on a touch screen as an auxiliary task while operating the primary driving task. The location of the touch screen is designated based on the posture and position in which each driver can drive comfortably. The distances were then measured with respect to the shoulder joint, and the angle is designated based on the center point between the hip joints. As an objective indicator, the error rate (%) was measured from the touch screen operations. After each set of touch screen tasks was performed, a discomfort survey, as a subjective indicator, was conducted. Design of experiment was completely randomized. with all three levels of combinations for three independent variables: button size, distance, and angle. As a result, safe or errorless response curves were generated according to subjects" gender and anthropometry.Results: The button size, distance, and angle appeared to affect the error rate. The interactions of Distance × Button size and Distance × Angle were found to have significant effects between variables. As a result of statistical analysis on discomfort, it was confirmed that there were significant differences in button size, distance, and angle, but there was no interaction between independent variables. A trigonometric equation was used to replace the combination of the distance and angle variables with zero error rates (%) in X and Y coordinates. The substituted x and y coordinates are expressed to generate reaction curves over the X and Y coordinates where the center point between the hip joints is zero (0, 0). The errorless response curve at different locations for each human body dimension distribution was confirmed.Conclusion: This experiment is expected to serve as a guidance for the design of touch screens via errorless reaction curves for using the touch screen in a posture and position where the driver can comfortably drive manually. To minimize the movement of the driver and to safely perform the task of using the touch screen, which is an auxiliary task, the position of the touch screen was tested at the height of the steering wheel. As a result of the experiment, an errorless reaction curve at the height level of the steering wheel was derived when using the touch screen according to the driver"s human body dimension distribution.Application: This study can be applied to ensure safety by minimizing the driver movement when using any in-vehicle infortainment systems with a touch screen, where more auxiliary functions are being introduced. It also suggests an errorless or safe location of a touch screen at the height level of the steering wheel. #Anthropometry #Driving #Touch screen #Errorless response curve 1. Introduction2. Experiment3. Results4. Discussion and ConclusionReferences