Blade Size Research Articles

Diversity of structural and functional parameters of the photosynthetic apparatus among hydrophilic plants of the Maksimikha River (Republic of Buryatia, Russia)

Structural and functional parameters of leaves were studied in 21 dominant and abundant species growing in shallow waters and excessively moistened banks at the mouth of the Maksimikha River (Barguzinsky district, Republic of Buryatia). The analysis of the variation coefficients revealed that in hydrophilic plants, the most variable were indicators associated with the size of the leaf blade - the area and thickness of the leaf (170 and 130 %, respectively). The parameters associated with the leaf structure, leaf density and dry matter content (DMC), depended on the degree of plant hydrophilicity. On average, the leaves of hygrophytes had denser leaves (by 41 %) with a higher DMC (by 38 %) compared to helophytes. The functional photosynthetic apparatus indicators of wetland plants, such as the content of chlorophylls per unit mass and leaf area, as well as the rate of CO2 uptake, were the most stable among the studied parameters (variation coefficients were 37, 33, and 29 %, respectively). On average, hygrophyte leaves had a 38 % lower transpiration rate and 29 % higher water use efficiency compared to helophytes. It was concluded that with a decrease in the degree of hydrophilicity of plants in the series helophytes - hygrophytes, the structural rearrangement of the leaf occurs in the direction of increasing its density and dry matter content, which is accompanied by a decrease in the transpiration rate and an increase in the water use efficiency.

Toroidal counter electrode for ionic propulsion

Significant attention has recently been given to applications of ionic wind to atmospheric propulsion. Rotational ionic engines (RIE) have also demonstrated to have potential for in-atmosphere propulsion in negative polarity. However, such devices have not yet produced enough thrust for a rotary ionic drone to be developed. We demonstrate here that a toroidal counter electrode can increase the RIE's performance by up to 7.8 times greater than in previous configurations (upper limit not determined). The RIE is designed with pin emitters extended on the trailing edge of a 12.6 cm two-blade plastic propeller placed above a toroidal counter-electrode which provided axial thrust up to 288.55 m Nat 23.15 N/m2, 4.2 m/s bulk airflow speed within the propeller plane, and 251 m3/h flow rate. The new design generates axial thrust due to the linear acceleration of ions between electrodes, and also due to the induced rotary motion of the propeller which captures the energy and momentum of ions accelerated in the propeller rotational plane. Thrust to power ratio can be measured by the ratio of voltage to current or propeller kinetic energy to power. A 4-RIE array matched the thrust (1 N) of a four-blade drone with similar blade size.

Unsteady conjugate heat transfer characteristics in hexagonal cavity equipped with a multi-blade dynamic modulator

PurposeThe transient analysis of the thermal response and frictional loss characteristics for flow-modulated conjugate heat transfer phenomena has been investigated in the present study. The flow domain is a partitioned cavity of a hexagonal structure equipped with a multi-blade flow modulator. The clockwise rotating blade is adiabatic and stirrers the internal flow along with the natural convection caused by the bottom heated floor of uniform heat flux. The conjugate behavior is introduced through the solid subdomains consisting of two brick-made partitions and one glass partition of uniform thickness. The material of the partition wall reflects the physical aspects of industrial applications. ApproachThe two-dimensional unsteady continuity, momentum, and energy equations are expressed in a non-dimensional form where the buoyant force is modeled through the Boussinesq approximation. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Euler (ALE) finite element is adopted to solve the moving mesh problem by formulating a free triangular discretization scheme. Parametric computational investigations are carried out for air as the working fluid (Pr = 0.71) and 3 different configurations of the rotating modulator while varying the other parameters, i.e., Reynolds number (Re) and Rayleigh number (Ra) for a fixed Biot number (Bi = 104). This dynamic mesh problem encompasses a wide range of parameters, i.e., (100 ≤Re≤ 103), and (104≤Ra≤ 106) for Bi = 104 to evaluate the thermodynamic response of the present thermo-fluid system. Various thermo-fluid system responses are visualized through the spatially average Nusselt number evaluated on the heated surface, system effectiveness, average thermal storage capacity, and frictional power loss of the flow domain. The thermal response is fragmented into individual responses in terms of component signal frequency by the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. FindingsAccording to the current analysis, increasing the number of blades increases the rate of heat transfer by a negligible amount. On the other hand, among three different types of modulators, the three-blade modulator shows the lowest power loss coefficient and the lowest power instability. Thus, a three-blade modulator qualifies as the optimum design to impart external motion to the working fluid to introduce forced convection. LimitationsThis research has some scope for improvement. Future studies can be conducted on the improvement of blade designs, thickness, and size of the blades. Practical ImplicationsThe present study can shed light on the modeling of a better storage system where heat transfer and moisture control are integrated for the proper functioning of the storage, such as food storage, cold storage, garment inventory, etc. OriginalityThis study is original, and no previous research has been conducted considering the hexagonal domain and variation of the number of blades. ConclusionThe present study reveals that a modulator best serves its purpose at low Rayleigh and high Reynolds numbers. Moreover, the three-blade modulator has the lowest power loss coefficient and lowest power instability, making it the most suitable modulator to impart external excitation to the working fluid.

Investigation of the best possible methods for wind turbine blade waste management by using GIS and FAHP: Turkey case.

The aim of this study is to present the status and projections of wind turbine blade retirement in Turkey; to investigate the number of retiring WT blades in the regional, manufacturer, and material aspects; and to discuss the management methods for retired WT blades. To determine the best possible wind turbine blade waste management methods for Turkey, a combined application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used in this study. It is found that around nine thousand WT blades will become waste between 2020 and 2039 in Turkey, corresponding to around 80,500 tons of waste. On average, 52,325 tons of glass/carbon and 28,175 tons of polymers will be accumulated between 2020 and 2039 from wind turbine blades. More than half of the WT blade waste will come from two WT manufacturers, namely, Enercon and Nordex. Aegean and Marmara regions will provide 74% of the blade waste, where 33% of them will be 2MW and 2.5MW sizes of WT blades. Furthermore, a case study is applied to Izmir city to demonstrate the results of FAHP for finding the best available method to dispose of WT blades. The results show that using blade waste as filling material is the best alternative, while waste-to-energy is the last favorable option for blade waste management. Finally, sensitivity analyses are applied to demonstrate the robustness of the results for the inclusion of new alternatives and the bias of experts' judgments.

CFD Simulation of Co-Planar Multi-Rotor Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Performance Based on ALM Method

Considering requirements such as enhanced unit capacity, the geometric size of wind turbine blades has been increasing; this, in turn, results in a rapid increase in manufacturing costs. To this end, in this paper, we examine the aerodynamics of co-planar multi-rotor wind turbines to achieve higher unit capacity at a lower blade length. The multiple wind rotors are in the same plane with no overlaps. The ALM-LES method is used to investigate the interaction effect of the blade tip vortices, by revealing the regulation of aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics of the multi-rotor wind turbines. The simulated results suggest an observable reduction in the blade tip vortices generated by blades located closely together, due to the breaking and absorption of the blade tip vortices by the two rotors. This results in increased aerodynamic performance and loads on the multi-rotor wind turbine. The influence between the blade tip vortex is mainly located in the range of 0.2 R from the blade tip, with this range leading to a significant increase in the lift coefficient. Thus, when the wind rotor spacing is 0.2 R, the interaction between the blade tip vortices is low.

Model-based efficiency mapping and parametric analysis of low-pressure axial fans

This paper advances a methodology for axial fan efficiency mapping followed by a design optimization exercise of a low-pressure axial fan for small capacity refrigeration applications. For these purposes, a tailor-made first-principles simulation model based on the so-called blade element theory (BET) was put forward. First, the fan efficiency was deployed into two terms – namely, electric motor and blade efficiency, which in turn was split into two other terms that account not only for the irreversible losses but also for flow maldistribution – in order to identify opportunities for blade optimization. Later, a sensitivity analysis was performed to find out the optimum values of key operating and design parameters of the fan, namely motor speed, blade size and number, chord length, pitch angle, and airfoil characteristics, such as thickness and maximum camber values. Among those, the pitch angle stood out as the most influencing parameter affecting the fan characteristics, including the airflow rate, the power consumption, and the blade efficiency. Comparisons with results obtained by means of the so-called fan laws are also reported for the blade size and speed.

Estimation of dynamic characteristics of a wind turbine blade

Wind energy is considered a clean source of energy that can be used efficiently to produce electricity without any harmful emissions. A wind turbine is an electro-mechanical system that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electricity. A typical wind turbine consists of three components, viz. the rotor (which includes the turbine blades), generator and the supporting structure. The turbine blades are a critical component of any wind turbine. They comprise of numerous airfoil sections with varying chord lengths and twist angles, that are combined together to form a three-dimensional blade surface. When generating electrical power through rotating motion, they are subjected to different loads, such as wind, gravitational, and centrifugal loads. The sheer size of the turbine blade necessitates the use of light and strong materials, and composites are well suited for this. The selection and manufacturing of suitable composite material is critical to blade design as it directly affects the efficiency and power of wind power plants. With blades that are continuously exposed to large wind loads, it is essential to determine the natural frequencies of vibrations at which they occur and understand the consequences. Large amplitude vibrations can induce dynamic stresses and accelerate the fatigue of the blade material leading to blade breakage. Thus, it is of significant importance to analyse the dynamic behaviour of these structures. This study aims to investigate the effect of varying fiber orientation and volume fraction on natural frequencies and vibration modes of the turbine blade.

Analisa Pengaruh Variasi Jumlah Nozzle Dengan Memanfaatkan Ketinggian Aliran Air Terhadap Daya Listrik Yang Dihasilkan Turbin Pelton

The performance of a Pelton turbine is influenced by the height, flow velocity, blade angle, number of nozzles, flow size and number of blades and nozzle spray distance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the number of nozzles and nozzle angles on the power produced by the PRLton turbine. The test results show that the more nozzles used, the greater the power generated and the smaller the nozzle angle, the greater the power generated. In position I using 1 nozzle, at an angle of 25o the electrical power produced is 6.16 Watt, at an angle of 30o the electric power produced is 2.65 Watt, at an angle of 45o the electrical power generated is 0.1 Watt. While in position II using 2 nozzles, , at an angle of 25o the electrical power produced is 7.56 Watts, at an angle of 30o the electrical power generated is 3.76 Watts, at an angle of 45o the electrical power generated is 0.24 Watts.Keywords: Electric power, Nozzle, Pelton turbine

The optimization of louvers shading devices and room orientation under three different sky conditions

This paper presents parametric and multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach in optimizing daylight and energy consumption by incorporating louvres shading devices depicting three different sky conditions: Birmingham, UK, Jakarta, Indonesia, and Sydney, Australia. The study aims to observe the best louvre design configuration for each given context. The proposed optimization system iterates the logic of the louvre shading device as the dynamic design parameters such as overhang, blade size, spacing, and blade rotation, together with the room orientation to achieve maximum useful daylight illuminance (UDI) and the shading aperture while simultaneously reduces energy consumption. A total of 8509 simulations for three cities have been run and distributed for the purpose of this research. The results of MOO stated an improvement in UDI for Birmingham, Jakarta, and Sydney of 80%, 146.26%, and 79.48%, and cooling energy consumption of 28%, 3.26%, and 2.99% respectively.

Impact of Macintosh blade size on endotracheal intubation success in intensive care units: a retrospective multicenter observational MacSize-ICU study

PurposeTo investigate the impact of Macintosh blade size used during direct laryngoscopy (DL) on first-attempt intubation success of orotracheal intubation in French intensive care units (ICUs). We hypothesized that success rate would be higher with Macintosh blade size No3 than with No4.MethodsMulticenter retrospective observational study based on data from prospective trials conducted in 48 French ICUs of university, and general and private hospitals. After each intubation using Macintosh DL, patients’ and operators’ characteristics, Macintosh blade size, results of first DL and alternative techniques used, as well as the need of a second operator were collected. Complications rates associated with intubation were investigated. Primary outcome was success rate of first DL using Macintosh blade.ResultsA total of 2139 intubations were collected, 629 with a Macintosh blade No3 and 1510 with a No4. Incidence of first-pass intubation after first DL was significantly higher with Macintosh blade No3 (79.5 vs 73.3%, p = 0.0025), despite equivalent Cormack–Lehane scores (p = 0.48). Complications rates were equivalent between groups. Multivariate analysis concluded to a significant impact of Macintosh blade size on first DL success in favor of blade No3 (OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.14–1.84]; p = 0.0025) without any significant center effect on the primary outcome (p = 0.18). Propensity scores and adjustment analyses concluded to equivalent results.ConclusionIn the present study, Macintosh blade No3 was associated with improved first-passed DL in French ICUs. However, study design requires the conduct of a nationwide prospective multicenter randomized trial in different settings to confirm these results.

Sustainable Creativity: Overcoming the Challenge of Scale When Repurposing Wind-Turbine Blades

Abstract With the growing adoption of wind-energy technology to help address climate change, we must now also consider the disposition of retired wind-turbine blades, which are not easily recycled. This pressing environmental problem was used as the prompt in a creativity study, where participants were asked to identify potential reuses in a wind-turbine-blade repurposing task (WRT). In past iterations of this study, participants consistently struggled with correctly incorporating the large physical size of wind-turbine blades in their reuse concepts. The Alternate Uses Task (AUT) is an established measure of creativity that involves asking participants to identify uses for common objects like bricks and paper clips. The current work explored whether an AUT can be adapted as an intervention to help overcome the WRT scale challenge so that the appropriateness of reuse concepts can be improved. Students in a fourth-year undergraduate engineering-design course (N = 28) underwent both of two conditions, a scaled-AUT intervention and a typical-AUT control, before the WRT. The results support that a main difficulty with the WRT is object size. Both fluency and flexibility (number and categories of ideas) for the relatively common AUT objects were significantly lower in the scaled AUT than in the typical AUT. However, correctly scaled WRT concepts significantly increased after the scaled AUT, supporting the intervention's effectiveness. While motivated by the real-world problem that decommissioned wind-turbine blades present, the current work focuses on conceptual design and creativity, where incorporating real-world problems may provide value beyond more typical AUTs, which have fewer real-world applications. Thus, for future work, the WRT is proposed as a standard design-study task whose solutions help address a real-world problem.

Correlation between Pressure Minima and Cavitation Inception Numbers: Fundamentals and Hydrofoil Flows

Cavitation inception predetermines a jump of noise radiated from marine vehicles. Usually marine propellers are the main sources of such a noise. In the situation of cavitation inception near the blade’s leading edge, its prediction remains a challenge. Though contemporary CFD tools for fully turbulent flows satisfactorily predict pressure distribution around cavitation-free blades and with cavities of length comparable with the blade size, analysis of blade cavitation inception is a difficult task for these tools. On the other hand, there are validated computational tools for 2D multizone flows capable of predicting cavitation inception. There is the possibility of considering the real 3D flow around the leading edges of blades as a 2D flow with the known pressure distribution along the blade section; the cavitation inception number is computed in this 2D cavitating flow, and correlations between this number and the pressure minimum in cavitation-free flow around the same section are determined. Such a correlation would be usable with any tool for cavitation-free flow. The issue of their applicability to arbitrary blades can be solved with the employment of asymptotic solutions for the pressure around contours with rounded leading edges.

Breeding for intercropping: the case of red clover persistence in grasslands

Legumes are important in sustainable agriculture and particularly so when they are intercropped with other species. In breeding programs, little attention is paid to their agronomic performance in species mixtures. In red clover, improved persistence is an important breeding goal. We identified traits associated with survival of red clover cultivated in pure stands (PS 3) or in mixtures with grasses (MS 3) and managed under a 3-cut system (two locations), as well as in pure stands in a 5-cut system (PS 5, one location). Survivors from replicate plots were collected and a new generation made from each plot. The new generations were characterized in a growth experiment with light or simulated shade, and in a freezing experiment. We show that the traits related to red clover persistence depend on both plant community composition and cutting frequency. MS 3 had more leaves with larger leaf blades and longer petioles during the vegetative stage, followed by earlier stem elongation, higher number of elongating stems, higher biomass (also when accounting for earlier stem elongation) and more leaves in the regrowth after cutting than PS 3. MS 3 also had better freezing tolerance. PS 5 was similar to MS 3 and different from PS 3 in the number of leaves, leaf blade size, petiole length and number of elongating stems. These results show that breeding and cultivar evaluation, which is currently almost exclusively considering performance in pure stands, may miss some variation which provides persistence of red clover in mixtures with grasses.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Different Sizes of Savonius Rotor Wind Turbine

Wind energy is one of many renewable energy sources available. This energy is environmentally friendly green energy. Wind turbines can act as electric generators when the wind passes through them. It's also an alternative to burning fossil fuels or carbon, which can harm the environment in terms of gas emissions. According to the data, wind power is one of the fastest-growing sources of electricity. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the Savonius Rotor wind turbine's performance in terms of aerodynamic characteristics, including torque, torque coefficient, and power coefficient. The design of Savonius wind turbine blades is the subject of this study. The size of wind turbine blades significantly impacts how efficiently they generate electricity. Ensuring the wind turbine can efficiently work requires the proper selection of blade size for the Savonius wind turbine. The blade modeling used Solidworks 2021 and then generates in Ansys Design Modeler 2021 R1 to define the fluid domain. In addition, a CFD study with three distinct turbine blades is performed using FLUENT 2021 R21. A constant wind speed value of 9.2 m/s has been used throughout the simulation. The simulation was carried out using a transient time flow with a constant upstream wind speed. The results have shown that the power coefficient of all models increases with TSR and the highest efficiency is consensually obtained at almost a unity (0.9) TSR. Comparing the performance of all models, Model 2 generates the highest power coefficient followed by Model 3 and Model 1, respectively. In terms of power, torque and torque coefficient, nearly similar conclusion is drawn.

Comparison of time to intubate and intubation conditions with CMAC Miller blade size 1 and CMAC Macintosh blade size 2 in pediatric patients-A prospective randomized controlled study

BackgroundIntubating conditions with CMAC Miller and Macintosh blade have not been compared. AimThe primary aim was an evaluation of intubation time with a CMAC Miller blade & Macintosh blade in children. The secondary aim was an evaluation of the best glottic view time, ease of blade insertion & intubation, maneuvers and complications. MethodsA total of 160 children aged 1–4 years were included. After anesthesia, intubation was attempted with either a CMAC Miller blade size 1 (group Mil) or Macintosh blade size 2 (group Mac) by a second year resident. Intubation time, best glottic view time, procedure time, Cormack-Lehane (CL) grade, percentage of glottis opening (POGO) score, ease of blade insertion and intubation were noted. ResultsThe demographic data was comparable. Mean time for intubation (22.73 ± 9.06 vs 23 ± 8.34 s) (p = 0.84), best glottic view (11.79 ± 7.97 vs 12.66 ± 5.93 s) (p = 0.43) and procedure (28.54 ± 9.57 vs 29.24 ± 10 s) (p = 0.65) was comparable between group Mil and group Mac respectively. Ease of intubation was significantly more in group Mac (p = 0.02). The need for cheek retraction during intubation was significantly more in group Mil (p=<0.0001). The ease of blade insertion, intubation attempts, CL grading, POGO score and complications were comparable. ConclusionThe mean time for intubation was comparable with a CMAC Miller blade size 1 and Macintosh blade size 2 in 1–4 years old children. Significantly more children required cheek retraction during intubation with a Miller blade.

Investigating Rotor Conditions on Wind Turbines Using Integrating Tree Classifiers

Renewable wind power is productive and feasible to manage the energy crisis and global warming. The wind turbine’s blades are the essential components. The dimension of wind turbine blades has been increased with blade sizes varying from approx. 25 m up to approx. 100 m or even greater with a specific purpose to increase energy efficiency. While wind turbine blades tend to be highly stressed by environmental conditions, the wind turbine blade must be constantly tested, inspected, and monitored for wind turbine blades safety monitoring. This research presents a methodology adaptation on machine learning technique for appropriate classification of different failure conditions on blade during turbine operation. Five defects were reported for the diagnosis study of defective wind turbine rotor blades, and the considered defects are blade crack, erosion, loose hub blade contact, angle twist, and blade bend. The statistical features have been drawn from the recorded vibration signals, and the important features was selected through J48 classifier. Eight tree-dependent classifiers were used to categorize the state of the rotor blades. Among the classifiers, the least absolute deviation tree performed better with the classification percentage of 90% ( Kappa statistics = 0.88 , MAE = 0.0362 , and RMSE = 0.1704 ) with a computational time of 0.06 s.

Сорт мяты перечной Розовская Арома

The original plant of the peppermint variety Rozovskaya Aroma was obtained by vegetative propagation of cuttings of a mutant shoot with traits of increased length and altered leaf shape, discovered in 2010 on the variety Pamyat' Reznikovoy. As a result of vegetative propagation of cuttings, the breeding line L-9.24.455 was obtained, which received the commercial name "Rozovskaya Aroma". Based on the results of the variety trial of 2017–2019, the variety Rozovskaya Aroma exceeded the standard variety Vesna by 5.93 t/ha in terms of biomass yield. The shape of the bush of the variety Rozovskaya Aroma is semi-closed. Plant height is up to 95 cm. Leafiness degree 57.8%. The shape of the leaf blades is oval-rhombic, the color is green. The surface of the leaf is smooth, without pubescence. The size of the leaf blades is 6.0–7.0 × 2.5–3.5 cm. The inflorescence is loose, spike-shaped, with spaced whorls. The length of the inflorescences is 14–16 cm. Flowers are almost sterile. The color of the corolla of the flower is light pink. Stamens have undeveloped pollen sacs, and are longer than the corolla. The shape of the teeth of the calyx is triangular. The pubescence of the calyx is almost absent. The peppermint variety Rozovskaya Aroma is distinguished by a high content of essential oil in biomass – up to 4.70% and high yield of essential oil – up to 93.9 kg/ha. In 2020, the variety Ro-zovskaya Aroma was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and approved for cultivation in all regions of the Russian Federation.

A simple, rapid, and quantifiable system for studying adventitious root formation in grapevine

Woody cutting is customarily utilized as a material in research on grape adventitious root formation (ARF). However, phenotypic heterogeneity caused by the complex background influenced its use for molecular mechanism research of ARF of grape. The present study tested various types of explants from grape tissue culture plantlets and found that the whole leaf: blade with the petiole (LP) was the simplest unit that can easily form adventitious roots (ARs). LP explants which can be easily obtained, directly generate ARs via de novo organogenesis from the base of the petiole. Plantlet age, node position, blade size, the health condition of leaves, and light intensity have been demonstrated to affect the homogeneity of the ARF phenotype in LP. By controlling these parameters, selected LPs cultured on a medium with 6 g·L-1 agar and 10 g·L-1 sucrose under dark conditions started rooting at 6–7 days after culture (DAC) and reached 100% rooting rate within 13–14 DAC. Using this system, the core role of auxin on ARF was verified by exogenous application of indole butyric acid (IBA) and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Strikingly, we found that light promoted ARF in the absence of sucrose, but inhibited ARF in the presence of sucrose (10 g·L-1), while a low concentration of 0.34 µM NPA partially relieved the inhibition. Finally, this study confirmed that exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs), including 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), and 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR), significantly inhibited ARF. This simple, rapid, quantifiable ARF research system provides a new approach to studying the factors influencing the formation and development of grape adventitious roots and establishes a framework for investigating the mechanism of grape adventitious root induction and initiation.

Morpho-biological characteristics of tropical water lilies in the Stavropol Botanical Garden

Relevance.Water lilies are recognized as one of the most ornamental plants that play a significant role in the life of reservoirs and rivers.Methodology. The study of 15 species and varieties of tropical water lilies was carried out in the period 2016-2021 according to generally accepted methods.Results. It has been established that 40% of water lilies (Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea, N. lotus, N. lotus var. thermalis, N. rubra, N. capensis cv. Rosea, N. capensis var. alba) are characterized by a long vegetation period, which lasts 313.3±6.1 days. A short vegetation period of 140.6±42.7 days is typical for 60% of water lilies (Nymphaeaхdaubeniana, N.хdaubeniana cv. Panama Pacific, N.хdaubeniana cv. Suwahna, N. gigantean, N. gigantean cv. Gug, N. gigantean hybrida 1, N. cv. Mrs. George C. Hitchcock, N. cv. Nangkwaug Champooz, N. cv. Nangkwaug Fax). Depending on the species or variety, the duration of the flowering phase per year is forNymphaea cv. Nangkwaug Fax, N. cv. Nangkwaug Apsara, N. lotus N.хdaubeniana cv. Panama Pacific— 43-95 days, for the rest — 138-302 days. In 67% of species and varieties of water lilies, the sizes of leaf blades and flowers are close to natural and varietal indicators, in 33% the sizes do not match the varietal ones (Nymphaeaхdaubeniana cv. Panama Pacific, N.хdaubeniana cv. Suwahna, N. gigantean cv. Gug, N. cv. Nangkwaug Apsara, N. cv. Nangkwaug Fax), they are 1.0-1.5 times smaller. According to the prospects — MP — unpromising (40%), P — promising (33%), OP — very promising (27%). Unpromising varieties are decorative for 100-130 days. Promising types and varieties of water lilies are decorative throughout the year, which has a positive effect on the perception of indoor compositions.

Zeravschania sola (Apiaceae), a new species from Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran

A new species, Zeravschania sola (Apiaceae), is described from the Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. The new species is recognized by molecular phylogenetic analysis of nrITS as closely related to Z. khorasanica and Z. minjanensis. At the same time, it differs from the above-mentioned species in the stem height and diameter at the base, shape of sheaths, leaf blades size, primary and terminal segments of leaves, and umbel size.