Size Korea Research Articles

Virtual model production of women in their 60s using Size Korea 3D data

Virtual model production of women in their 60s using Size Korea 3D data

Development of assessment criteria for elderly lateral torso deformity for 3D scan anthropometry

PurposeWe aimed to establish criteria for determining the deformed lateral torso type to identify individuals requiring measurement methods different from standard methods before extracting dimensions from three-dimensional (3D) scan data.Design/methodology/approachWe collected the 3D body scan data of 119 women aged 70–85 years collected in the 6th Size Korea. Three axes were defined to determine the deformation of the lateral shape, and the angle of each reference axis was used for the analysis. Additionally, to classify the lateral torso shape, 14 experts made visual judgments on the side-view images of the participants.FindingsTo identify the axis that best represented the lateral torso shape, we used each angle value of the three reference axes as an independent variable and the expert’s visual classification as a dependent variable. Each discriminant function was obtained and accuracy calculated. The whole torso axis exhibited the highest accuracy. Next, an assessment scale was developed to determine the shape of the lateral torso using the angular value of the whole torso axis.Originality/valueThe scale developed in this study has the potential to reduce measurement errors arising from elderly deformed torso shapes, thereby enhancing data reliability.

Development of a Non-Contact Sensor System for Converting 2D Images into 3D Body Data: A Deep Learning Approach to Monitor Obesity and Body Shape in Individuals in Their 20s and 30s.

This study demonstrates how to generate a three-dimensional (3D) body model through a small number of images and derive body values similar to the actual values using generated 3D body data. In this study, a 3D body model that can be used for body type diagnosis was developed using two full-body pictures of the front and side taken with a mobile phone. For data training, 400 3D body datasets (male: 200, female: 200) provided by Size Korea were used, and four models, i.e., 3D recurrent reconstruction neural network, point cloud generative adversarial network, skinned multi-person linear model, and pixel-aligned impact function for high-resolution 3D human digitization, were used. The models proposed in this study were analyzed and compared. A total of 10 men and women were analyzed, and their corresponding 3D models were verified by comparing 3D body data derived from 2D image inputs with those obtained using a body scanner. The model was verified through the difference between 3D data derived from the 2D image and those derived using an actual body scanner. Unlike the 3D generation models that could not be used to derive the body values in this study, the proposed model was successfully used to derive various body values, indicating that this model can be implemented to identify various body types and monitor obesity in the future.

산업용 전신 하네스 설계를 위한 치수 체계 제안

Background/Objectives: Industrial harness designs have traditionally prioritized safety and protection against physical impact while giving limited consideration to the wearer's body shape. To enhance the comfort of industrial harnesses, this study proposes domestic industrial harness sizing systems based on an analysis of Korean anthropometric measurements.
 Methods: Data from the 8th Size Korea anthropometric report(2020-2023) were utilized to propose sizing systems tailored to the Korean body type for industrial harness products. Dimensional analysis involved the direct measurement data of adult men and women aged 20 to 59. The sizing systems of commercially available industrial harnesses were also examined. The product from domestic brand with 3 sizes was selected as a representative design for further analysis.
 Results: Through an analysis of waist circumference frequency dis tribution, three sizes were determined: S (66- 161), M (81- 166), and L (96- 172).
 Conclusion/Implications: The industrial full body harness sizing system proposed in this study, based on Korean anthropometric measurements, is expected to enhance the fit of harnesses. Furthermore, this study is expected to offer essential data for establishing a rational sizing system from a producer's perspective. This research is significant as it represents the first effort to establish sizing systems for Koreans in full body harness design. Furthermore, it is anticipated that full body harness product designs using this system will not only improve user satisfaction with fit but also enhance ergonomic suitability.

Development of Korean Representative Headforms for the Total Inward Leakage Testing on Filtering Facepiece Respirators

BackgroundThe lack of headforms that accurately reflect the head characteristics of Koreans and the demographic composition of the Korean population can lead to inadequate FFR testing and reduced effectiveness of FFRs. MethodDirect measurements of 5,110 individuals and 3D measurements of 2,044 individuals, aged between 9 and 69 years, were sampled from the data pool of Size Korea surveys based on the age and gender ratios of the Korean resident demographics. Seven head dimensions were selected based on the ISO 16976-2, availability of Size Korea measurements, and their relevance to the fit performance of FFRs. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the direct measurements to extract the main factors explaining the head characteristics and then the main factors were standardized and remapped to 3D measurements, creating five size categories representing Korean head shapes. Lastly, representative 3D headforms were constructed by averaging five head shapes for each size category. ResultsThe study identified two main factors explaining Korean head characteristics by the PCA procedure specified in ISO 16976-2 and developed five representative headforms reflecting the anthropometric features of Korean heads: medium, small, large, short & wide, and long & narrow. ConclusionThis study developed representative headforms tailored to the Korean population for conducting total inward leakage (TIL) tests on filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). The representative headforms can be used for TIL testing by employing robotic headforms to enhance the performance of FFRs for the Korean target population.

중년 비만 여성의 아바타 모델링을 위한 체형 연구

This study categorized and analyzed the body types of middle-aged obese women, aged 40-59, based on the characteristics of their shapes for the purpose of 3D avatar modeling. Data from 149 middle-aged obese women were utilized, as provided by the 'Size Korea 8th Body Measurement Survey,' consisting of 3D measurement data. Eleven body type factors were extracted. The data was analyzed through factor analysis and classified into four body types.Type 1 represents a curved body shape with pronounced curves, Type 2 is characterized by well-developed lower body and a stooped posture, Type 3 exhibits a straight body shape with minimal curves, and Type 4 features long legs and development of upper body with a leaning posture.

의복 여유량 산출을 통한 남성복 재킷 패턴 제도 공식의 정확성 검증

Background/Objectives: The purpose of present study is to verify the size prediction accuracy of pattern drafting formulas through the trend line drawing for anthropometric data and ease allowances calculation. Methods: Pattern drafting formulas were investigated from 6 men's jacket textbooks. A scatter plot with the y-axis as the predictor variable and the x-axis as the input variable in each formula was created using Size Korea data. A trend line was drawn on the scatter plot to observe the change in ease allowance, and to determine the formula that showed the most accurate slope. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were conducted to derive the pattern drafting formulas supplementing problems of analyzed formulas. Results: For ‘armscye depth’, method A was confirmed to be most suitable, and a drafting formula using both chest circumference and height was recommended. For 'waist back length', method E showed the best results, and the explanatory power was the highest when the total length was used. For ‘side waist to hip length’, it was recommended to use direct measurements. For ‘back neck width/2’, it was found that using the neck circumference was appropriate. The ease allowance on ‘armscye width’ was excessively reduced according to the increase of chest circumference since the flatness of the human body was not reflected in the drafting formulas. To remedy this problem, it was recommended to use both bi-shoulder length and back neck to ground length for ‘front width’, and use only bi-shoulder length for ‘back width’. Conclusion/Implications: Since the analyzed men's jacket pattern drafting textbooks did not reflect the actual change of Korean men's body size, a correction of drafting formulas using Size Korea data is needed.

Development of a hand classification system for smart hand wearables

Research purpose: This study aimed to lay a research foundation for smart hand wearable design by classifying the right-hand data of 4545 adults aged 20 to 69. Further, to increase the practical applicability of the hand classification system, a hand type discrimination method and regression equations for the hand dimensions of each type were presented. Methods: This study statistically analyzed eighth Size Korea data with IBM SPSS Ver.26.0. Cluster analysis was performed to classify both finger length and circumference type. Discriminant analysis was conducted, yielding discriminant functions to aid potential smart hand wearable wearers in self-diagnosing their hand types. Linear regression analysis yielded regression equations for the detailed finger dimensions for the pattern-making of smart hand wearables. Results: The finger length type was categorized into four types: the Uphill type, Downhill type, Mountain type, and Horizon type for both men’s and women’s hands. The finger circumference type was categorized into two types, the Cone and Cylinder types, for both men’s and women’s hands. The discriminant function showed a mean accuracy rate of 89.9% and the regression equations a mean explanatory power of 72.9%. Conclusion: The hand classification system proposed in this study aimed to improve the fingertip fit of smart hand wearable products by analyzing the configuration of motion tracking gloves or haptic gloves. In addition, considering the practical applicability for both wearers and designers of smart hand wearables, a discrimination method of finger types for wearers’ self-diagnosis and regression functions of finger dimensions for designers’ pattern making were provided.

The development of dress forms in standing and sitting postures using 3D body scanning and printing

3D body scanning and printing are attracting attention as innovative technologies for producing dress forms. While designing dress forms, the shape of the human body must be accurately reflected in the different postures. This study explored the development of dress forms as a tool to understand changes in body size and shape according to postures and reflect this information to design and fit evaluation in the apparel industry. The holistic development process of dress forms in standing and sitting postures was suggested for representing the body shape of a specific target group. The average shape of middle-aged Korean women was derived by analyzing the 6th Size Korea data. A representative participant whose dimensions were closest to the average size was selected among recruited participants for the dress form development. The body data were acquired with a portable 3D scanner and corresponding dress forms and accessories were modeled using 3D CAD software. The models were inspected and corrected through prototyping. Full-size dress forms in standing and sitting postures were printed using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer and post-processed. Completed dress forms were body-scanned and their accuracy was evaluated through morphological similarity comparison, cross-sectional image comparison, surface area and volume comparison, and mesh deviation analysis. Although there were some minor differences caused by the modeling process, the developed dress forms reflected the main characteristics and shapes of the representative body satisfactorily.

Cross-cultural comparison of body dimensions and trends: an analysis of ANSUR and Size Korea datasets for automotive seating design

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change in body dimensions over time in both Western (US) and Eastern (Korea) populations. In order to analyse the change of body dimension between the past and present and between western and eastern population, 13 body dimensions relating to automobile driver seat design were extracted from the ANSUR and Size Korea datasets at two time points, the past (ANSUR I: 1988, Size Korea: 1992) and the present (ANSUR II: 2012, Size Korea: 2012). Most of the dimensions differed significantly between past and present, as well as between the US and Korea. Overall, the data show an increasing trend of body dimensions over time for both genders. Based on the results, all countries should be encouraged to conduct periodic and national anthropometric research because body dimensions are continuously changing over time worldwide. Practitioner summary: This paper describes a study that investigates the changes in body dimensions over time in Western (US) and Eastern (Korean) populations. Findings indicate increasing trends in most dimensions for both populations, crucial for user-friendly product design and preventing hazards caused by faulty products.

남성 정장 재킷의 대량맞춤생산을 위한 체형 분류 방법

Background/Objectives: The purpose of present study is to develop a new body shape classification method, that can be used for the mass customization of men’s formal jackets, using variables measured on the men’s flattened body surfaces.
 Methods: Male participants in their 20s-50s were extracted from the 5th Size Korea database. The body surfaces were flattened into three-panels according to the conventional structure of men’s formal jackets. Variables were measured on the flattened panels, and those were inputted into the PCA. K-means clustering was conducted to categorize the flattened figure types. A logistic regression model was established to predict the body surface types.
 Results: 152 individuals were extracted for the body surface flattening. The 3D meshes were formed on the body surfaces, and those were flattened using distortion minimizing algorithm. Seventeen angles and two size differences were measured on the flattened figures, and five factors were extracted by the PCA. Five flattened figure types were extracted through k-means clustering: “normal”, “sway-back”, “bend-forward” “lean-back-b” and “lean-back-I”. The correspondence between the logistic regression model and K-means clustering was 90.79%.
 Conclusion/Implications: The classification method developed in the present study enable the quick and convenient decision of apparel customer's body shape type. It is optimized for mass customization of men's jackets because the variables were measured by converting the body surface into a jacket pattern structure.

Contributions of age, gender, body mass index, and normalized arch height to hallux valgus: a decision tree approach

BackgroundHallux valgus (HV) is a common toe deformity with various contributory factors. The interactions between intrinsic risk factors of HV, such as arch height, sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) should be considered. The present study aimed to establish a predictive model for HV using intrinsic factors, such as sex, age, BMI, and arch height based on decision tree (DT) model.MethodsThis is retrospective study. The study data were based on the fifth Size Korea survey, of the Korea Technology Standard Institute. Among 5,185 patients, 645 were excluded due to unsuitable age or missing data, and 4,540 (males = 2,236 and females = 2,304) were selected for inclusion in the study. Seven variables (i.e., sex, age, BMI, and four normalized arch height variables) were used to develop the prediction model for the presence of HV using a DT model.ResultsThe DT model correctly classified 68.79% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 67.25–70.29%) of the training data set (3,633 cases). The predicted presence of HV based on the DT was verified against the testing data set (907 cases) and showed an accuracy of 69.57% (95% CI = 66.46–72.55%).ConclusionsThe DT model predicted the presence of HV on the basis of sex, age, and normalized arch height. According to our model, women aged over 50 years and those with lower normalized arch height were at high risk of HV.

Development of automatic 3D body scan measurement line generation method

PurposeThis research aimed to develop an automatic 3D body measurement line generation method that reduces errors induced by diverse body shapes and incomplete scan areas.Design/methodology/approachThree-dimensional body scan data from the 5th Size Korea database were used. Measurement extraction methods were developed for each measurement; chest girth, underbust girth, armscye girth and neck base girth.FindingsThe research showed that the method adopted in this study enhanced the accuracy of the scan measurements for various body shapes and incomplete scan data. The authors verified the accuracy of the developed methods for various body shapes by comparing the scan measurement against manual measurement.Originality/valueThe automatic 3D body measurement line generation algorithms developed for various human body shapes will improve the reliability and accuracy of 3D body scan measurement program. Also. it will be of practical use in human-size-related production processes.

3D 아바타 모델링을 위한 중년 여성의 체형 유형화

This study aims to provide basic data that can be used for 3D avatar modeling by categorizing the body type of middle-aged women aged 40-59 according to their shape and analyzing their characteristics. This study was sampled with 3D body scanned data to 522 middle-aged women provided by the ‘Size Korea 8th Body Size Survey’. Factors for body type classification contained arm and lower body horizontal size, body vertical size, hip length, neck·shoulder size, torso flatness, shoulder·armpit shape, upper body shape, horizontal armpit size, upper body lateral shape, breast Size, belly size, front and back width difference, and head size. The survey was found to be body typed with development of lower body with long limbs, a flat body without curvature, development of a curved upper body, and a bent body with a belly protruding.

마스크와 모자 개발을 위한 20∼24세 남성의 얼굴 및 머리 유형 분석

This study attempted to analyze the face and head shape of 20∼24 aged males using the 8th Size Korea Survey and classify the types to find out the characteristics of each type. Through this, it was intended to provide data to help develop fashion items that span the face and head, such as masks and hats. A total of 39 items of data were analyzed with the SPSS 26.0 program. Among the measurement items on the face and head of men in 20∼24, the items with the largest standard deviation were Head Circumference, Bitragion Coronal Arc, Sagittal Arc of Head, Bitragion Cellion Arc, Bitragion Chin Arc, Menton to Occiput Length, etc. There are many items related to the vertical length of the face and head, indicating that men in 20∼24 have a large individual difference in the vertical length of the face and head. The face and head parts of 20∼24 aged males were classified into six categories: face and head vertical, face front width, face, and head thickness, eye spacing, under-eye vertical, and face protrusion. There were four types: short lower face & short face type, long lower face-flat face and thick head type, long-big face and flat head type, and wide-protruding face and thick head type. When developing a mask pattern, the mask

20대 비만 남성의 체형에서 나타나는 토르소 유형별 보디스 패턴 비교

This study aimed to compare bodice patterns according to body type for obese men in their 20s. Examining the difference in patterns according to the body type of obese men was intended to provide data necessary for producing upper body clothing suitable for various torso types of obese men. The 8th Size Korea Survey data were used for body type analysis of 20s obese men. The results were as follows. As a result of the evaluation of the appearance, the horizontality of the front bust circumference was the best in type 2, type 3, and type 4. The horizontality of the front waist circumference, the location of the front waist circumference, and the horizontality of the front waist circumference were excellent in type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4. Type 4 was the best in the location and shape of the front neck depth, front neck width, and front neck circumference. Type 4 was the best in terms of the position and horizontality of the side bust circumference, and type 3, type 4, and type 5 were the best in terms of the location of the side neck point. However, it was analyzed that there was no significant difference in overall appearance. The front neck depth was set to the same size as the neck width, causing the front neck point to rise too high, so it was necessary to lower the front neck depth by adding 1.0cm to the existing formula. In the case of a body shape with a protruding abdomen, it was considered necessary to adjust the amount of forwarding descent. In the case of a body with a wide shoulder length, if the actual length is used, the shoulder seems to extend to the end, so it should be adjusted with a difference of 0.5cm from the actual shoulder length.

제품 설계를 위한 국내외 인체치수 비교 연구: 한국과 미국 인체측정치를 중심으로

Objective: This study aims to identify how height and width-related variables change among Korean and American anthropometric data, and to find out whether width-related variables are suitable for product design.BRBackground: Although domestic human dimensional surveys are continuously conducted, the reflection of width and clearance according to the westernized body is insufficient. Therefore, users who use the products are complaining. Especially, width-related variables have safety problems as well as convenience, so it is necessary to consider whether they are appropriate for anthropometric aspects.BRMethod: Korean data were analyzed based on the 6th and 7th human dimension surveys of Size Korea. American data were collected based on anthropometric values of MIL-STD-1472H and NATICK/TR-15/007. In order to analyze width-related product design elements, the sitting hip breadth and bideltoid breadth were investigated. In addition, the corresponding U.S. human body dimensions, hip breadth and bideltoid breadth, were extracted.BRResults: The acceptance of human dimension was analyzed through case study on the design of airplane and train. The width of seat for both airplane and train was acceptable up to 95SUPth/SUP percentile Korean. However, it is difficult for 95SUPth/SUP percentile American to accept the width of seat. In case of airplane, the width of aisle was acceptable up to 95SUPth/SUP percentile Korean. The width of aisle for train was not acceptable up to 95SUPth/SUP percentile Korean and American.BRConclusion: The 95SUPth/SUP percentile standard for domestic and foreign human dimension is steadily increasing. Therefore, average or minimum design due to product cost or spatial constraint can be reduced the usability and user satisfaction. BRApplication: It is expected that domestic and foreign human dimension can be appropriately used when designing the width and clearance of the product.

Body Measurements for Designing Hip Dislocation Prevention Garment in Children with Cerebral Palsy

This study aims to provide basic size data for the development of a hip dislocation prevention garment for cerebral palsy (CP) children and useful information for the design of garment products for CP children through identifying differences in body shape between CP and non-CP children and reviewing the tibial-stature prediction formulas of previous studies. Forty-seven Korean children with CP aged 2 to 14 years were measured for body size from October 2019 to August 2020. Body measurements of 18 sites, including greater trochanter length, which is an important site for a hip dislocation prevention garment, were collected and analyzed. Data of non-CP children were taken from same age of Size Korea and compared. Tibial-stature prediction formulas suggested in four previous studies were also reviewed. CP children had significantly lower stature as well as circumferential dimensions when compared to non-CP children. Greater trochanter length is difficult to predict through other body dimensions. Thus, direct measurement is required. Of the general key dimensions used in the clothing industry, only hip circumference could explain the body shape of CP children. Tibial-stature prediction formulas cannot always but tend to largely predict the actual stature of CP children.

친환경 천마스크 디자인을 위한 마스크 패턴 개발 연구

The purpose of this study was to reduce the use of disposable masks, which are one of the main causes of environmental pollution, and to present the basic data for the design of functional and stable eco-friendly cloth masks that take into account both environment and health. The 2D type masks used in the study were selected from the top 9 masks ranked by Naver Shopping (www.naver.com). The 9 masks collected were size L (large), which corresponds to the size of an adult. The mask shape of the L size was compared and analyzed with Size Korea (2010, 2020) using human body dimensions for women in their 20s and 50s. The mask sizes and morphological features of the 9 brands were as follows: First, the length of the vertical line was measured. This is the basic line required for the mask pattern design and is used to compute the ‘Face length’ of Size Korea (2010, 2020) and the ‘Mask vertical length’ of the mask. The results show that the vertical line length between 15.12 to 15.62 cm, was suitable for the size L (15 to 17cm). Second, ‘Face Breadth’, ‘Mask width 1 (Upper)’ and ‘Mask width 2 (Lower)’ were used as horizontal lines of the mask. Ideally, the Mask width 1 should be between 11 to 11.8 cm and Mask width 2 between 10 to 10.6 cm. Third, the dimensions required to form the curved surface of the mask are ‘Nasal dart’ and ‘Jaw dart’. The ideal sizes are 3.5 to 4.5 cm for the “Nasal dart” and 3.0 to 3.7 cm for the “Jaw dart”. A “Jaw dart” 0.5 to 1 cm smaller than the “Nasal dart,” would result in a mask with a good fit. The conclusions of this study are expected to be used as basic data for the design of masks, an important tool to protect our health and safety amid the global pandemic.

신한복 온라인 플랫폼 구축을 위한 추천 치마디자인 개발

This study establishes an online customization platform for New-hanbok based on analyzing the hanbok brands and the preference for new-hanbok skirts. This study aims to develop a design that can recommend a modern hanbok skirt so that customers can purchase it online. Design elements according to body parts of each age group were extracted in two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques, and short, medium, and long skirt designs were selected. The pattern for the selected design was made through YUKA Apparel CAD, and the design was confirmed by simulating by using a CLO 3D program. Pattern production dimensions were produced by substituting the dimensions of women in their early 20s from the 7th body dimension survey report of Size Korea. The applied dimensions are 161.0 ㎝ in height, 71.0 ㎝ in waist circumference, and 93.0 ㎝ in hip circumference. The exact dimension was applied to the virtual model for 3D simulation. As a result of examining design elements for 3-Dimension, young people in their 20s and 30s preferred long skirts of around 80㎝, and older people preferred medium-length (60㎝). Except for those in their 20s, short length (45㎝) was the least preferred, so skirt length was found to be related to age. Regardless of age group, the waist width was about 5㎝, which was the most preferred. Next, it seems that the simple shape of the skirt was designed with a change in the waist of the skirt, preferring a wide width. The most preferred length was an average length of about 60㎝, followed by about 100 ㎝. Young people preferred monochromatic colors for skirts, and older people preferred chromatic colors such as red and blue. Patterns were preferred more in the older age group than in the younger age group, and flower patterns were preferred the most. Among the developed skirt designs, the top three types with high preference seem to be related to individual tastes and age. Customers can purchase a recommended skirt simultaneously or re-recommendation for a new skirt by revising design components.