Size Of China Research Articles

Phylogenetic relatedness, not geographic origin, shapes traits across ontogenetic stages for common native and exotic plants in subtropical China

Abstract Functional traits, which shift as a plant develops from seed to adult and may be phylogenetically conserved, are widely acknowledged to be associated with exotic species invasion. However, existing studies comparing functional traits between native and invasive species often focus on a single ontogenetic stage, yielding mixed results. It remains unclear whether the functional trait differences and their relationship with invasiveness (e.g. range size) of exotic species remain consistent across ontogenetic stages. In this study, we experimentally compared 18 traits across the seed, early growth and adult stages of 127 native and exotic species from 19 families. These species are common and often co‐occur in the subtropical region of China. We also explored the linkage between these traits, alongside their phylogenetic relatedness with native species and exotic species' range size in China. Our results show that only seed mass differed between native and exotic species. Moreover, the compositions of traits across all stages and the entire lifespan were primarily influenced by phylogenetic relatedness rather than geographic origin. Further, the range size of exotic species in China positively correlated with their mean phylogenetic distance to native species, with no association with individual functional traits or functional distinctiveness. Synthesis. Our results emphasize the importance of comparing functional traits across ontogenetic stages between native and exotic species to improve our understanding of the role of functional traits in shaping plant invasion. Our findings also underscore the pivotal role of phylogenetic relatedness in shaping plant functional traits and the distribution of exotic species in their new ranges.

Prospective Analysis and Innovative Path Research on Silver Sports Economy in the Context of Aging Society

This study focuses on the prospects and innovative pathways for the development of the silver-haired sports economy in the context of an ageing society. The proportion of the global population over 65 years old is expected to increase from 9% in 2019 to 16% in 2050, highlighting the huge potential of the silver-hair economy. This paper adopts a mixed research methodology, combining spatial econometric modelling and rootedness theory, to explore in depth the current development status, trend forecasts and innovation paths of the silver-haired sports economy. The study constructs a silver-hair sports economy assessment system containing 22 indicators, and uses panel data to analyse the development level of 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China from 2010 to 2023, and the results show that the average annual growth rate of silver-hair sports economy reaches 15.7%, but the gap between Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangdong and the central and western regions reaches 1.8 times. Analyses based on the Spatial Durbin Model show that every 1 percentage point increase in silver-haired sports consumption can drive 0.3 percentage points of GDP growth in neighbouring regions. Through a Delphi method research of 150 industry experts, it is predicted that the size of China's silver-haired sports market will exceed RMB 3 trillion in 2030, increasing its share of GDP to 2%. The qualitative study reveals three innovative paths: intelligent transformation, ecosystem construction, and cross-border integration, and proposes specific strategies such as "integration of sports and medicine" and "social platform for silver sports". The results of the study provide data support and theoretical basis for the formulation of policies for the development of the silver sports economy, and provide important insights into the industrial transformation of an aging society.

Intention to adopt autonomous vehicles in China: a comparative study among residents in different-sized cities

ABSTRACT Transitioning to a fully Level-5 autonomous vehicle (AV) environment presents numerous challenges, notably influenced by public adoption intention. Previous studies have shown limitations in scope, population, and methodology. This study expands the Technology Acceptance Model to investigate AVs adoption intention across various city sizes in China. Through surveys in China, 2,662 responses were gathered in 2021 from mega, large, and small-to-medium cities. Using Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes models, the study examines influencing factors on AVs adoption intention and population heterogeneities. Key findings emphasize the importance of adoption attitude, information provision, and perceived AV usefulness. Additionally, the impact of financial incentives, convenience, and several other factors varies across city sizes. The insights gained from the study can be utilized to develop more cost-effective policies and strategies tailored to different subgroups of the population to fully utilize the potential benefits of AVs while minimizing unintended consequences across diverse urban settings.

A meta-analysis of Chinese men's penile size in a global context.

Penile size is a topic of significant interest among men and healthcare professionals. However, data on adult male penile dimensions in China are scarce, hindering clinical counseling and research. This study aimed to establish normative data for Chinese penile size and compare it with a global reference population. We conducted a meta-analysis of published studies on penile size, focusing on Chinese and international data. Studies from East and Southeast Asia were excluded to minimize regional confounding factors. The analysis included 23 Chinese studies encompassing 34,060 men aged 16-57 years, and 19 international studies encompassing 15,216 men aged 16-91 years. Penile length and circumference were assessed in both flaccid and erect states. This study established the first nomogram and percentile distribution chart for adult male penile size in China. The mean flaccid length was 7.42cm (standard deviation [SD]±0.95cm), and the mean flaccid circumference was 8.54cm (SD±0.62cm). The mean erect length was 12.42cm (SD±1.63cm), and the mean erect circumference was 10.75cm (SD±1.34cm). Compared with the global reference population (flaccid length: 9.09cm±1.51cm, flaccid circumference: 9.12cm±0.93cm; p<0.05 for both), Chinese men exhibited statistically significant shorter flaccid lengths and circumferences. No significant differences were observed in erect length or circumference between Chinese men and the global reference population (p>0.05 for both). Notably, the growth coefficient during erection (defined as the percentage increase from flaccid length to erect length) was significantly higher in Chinese men (67.39%) compared with the global average (43.45%; p<0.05), supporting the hypothesis of a proportionally greater increase in shorter penises. This study provides novel and comprehensive data on penile size in Chinese men. Compared with a global reference population, Chinese men exhibited shorter flaccid penises but a higher proportional increase upon erection. These findings may be of value for clinical counseling and future research on penile size variations. The newly developed nomogram and percentile chart can serve as a valuable tool for both patients and healthcare professionals.

Effective approach toward low-carbon development: Digital economy development enhances carbon efficiency in cities

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) proposes to accelerate the development of the digital economy and promote “carbon neutrality”. In 2020, China announced a “double carbon” target. In 2022, the size of China's digital economy has reached 7.5 trillion dollars, ranking second in the world. Against this background, this paper takes 211 cities in China from 2011 to 2019 as the research object and tries to sort out the impact of the development of the digital economy on the carbon efficiency of cities in order to find an effective path for cities to realize low-carbon development. The results of the study show that the development of the digital economy significantly improves the carbon efficiency level of Chinese cities. After a series of endogeneity and robustness tests, the conclusion still holds. Public environmental concern and technological innovation are the key mediating paths. In addition, the digital economy has a significant non-linear effect on the carbon efficiency of Chinese cities. On the one hand, the low-carbon effect of the digital economy is only realized when the level of digital economy development is lower than the critical value of 0.040 and higher than the critical value of 0.085; on the other hand, the lower the level of urban carbon efficiency is, the greater the effect of the digital economy on urban carbon efficiency. Further research shows that the digital economy has a significant spatial spillover effect on the improvement of urban carbon efficiency, and the development of the digital economy not only helps to improve the carbon efficiency level of the local city but also positively influences the improvement of the carbon efficiency of neighboring cities through the spatial spillover effect. The heterogeneity study found that in eastern cities and megacities, the digital economy has a more obvious effect on the improvement of carbon efficiency. In the context of the booming digital economy, this paper tries to find an effective new path for urban low-carbon development by means of developing the digital economy.

Research on Environmental Kuznets Curve of Construction Waste Generation Based on China’s Provincial Data

The mounting volume of construction waste in China has been steadily rising over the years, yet has largely been overlooked. The environmental Kuznets curve offers a theoretical framework for understanding environmental management by illustrating the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation. This paper applies the environmental Kuznets curve concept to China’s construction waste generation, utilizing per capita construction waste and gross domestic product per capita as environmental and economic indicators, respectively. Panel data from 31 Chinese provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions spanning from 2000 to 2022 are analyzed. This study reveals an N-shaped relationship between per capita construction waste generation and gross domestic product per capita in China. Additionally, this paper employs the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology model to assess the factors influencing construction waste generation. In descending order of impact, these factors are the size of China’s secondary industry value added (19.34%), construction labor productivity (19.33%), gross domestic product per capita (18.54%), urbanization rate (17.77%), year-end resident population (17.22%), and the technical equipment rate of construction enterprises (8.83%). All these factors contribute positively to construction waste generation. These findings are pivotal in guiding efforts towards minimizing construction waste at its source and for the sustainable development of the construction industry.

Household size and transport carbon emissions in China: Direct, heterogeneity and mediating effects

Shrinking household sizes presents a significant sustainable challenge by reducing the sharing of means of transportation and increasing individual resource consumption and carbon emissions. Research from the historical literature reveals that larger households generally exhibit lower per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions. However, it remains uncertain how widely these trends extend and their implications for carbon emissions within the expanding transportation industry. This paper employs inter-provincial data from China spanning 2003–2021 to investigate the effects, regional heterogeneity, and mechanisms by which household size influences carbon emissions from the transport sector. The findings show that the expansion of household size in China significantly reduces carbon emissions from transport by 0.2805 %. Households with 2 to 4 members are more effective in achieving transport carbon emission reductions, with an average reduction level of 0.1853 %. Moreover, in terms of geographic factors, reducing transport carbon emissions is more effective in low-density areas than in high-density areas. At the income and carbon emissions level, household size significantly reduces transport carbon emissions in high-income and low-emission regions, and to a lesser extent in low-income and high-emission regions. Additionally, the study revealed that transport consumption expenditure and energy consumption indirectly strengthen the effect of household size on reducing transport carbon emissions. Future sustainable development strategies should focus on regulating household size and promoting moderate household size to decrease personal resource consumption and transportation carbon emissions, and to achieve the objective of sustainable development.

Translational medical bioengineering research of traumatic brain injury among Chinese and American pedestrians caused by vehicle collision based on human body finite element modeling

Based on the average human body size in China and the THUMS AM50 finite element model of the human body, the Kriging interpolation algorithm was used to model the Chinese 50th percentile human body, and the biological fidelity of the model was verified. We built three different types of passenger vehicle models, namely, sedan, sports utility vehicle (SUV), and multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), and used mechanical response analysis and finite element simulation to compare and analyze the dynamic differences and head injury differences between the Chinese 50th percentile human body and the THUMS AM50 model during passenger vehicle collisions. The results showed that there are obvious differences between the Chinese mannequin and THUMS in terms of collision time, collision position, invasion speed, and angle. When a sedan collided with the mannequins, the skull damage to the Chinese human body model was more severe, and when a sedan or SUV collided, the brain damage to the Chinese human body was more severe. The abovementioned results suggest that the existing C-NCAP pedestrian protection testing regulations may not provide the best protection for Chinese human bodies, and that the regulations need to be improved by combining collision damage mechanisms and the physical characteristics of Chinese pedestrians. This thorough investigation is positioned to shed light on the fundamental biomechanics and injury mechanisms at play. Furthermore, the amalgamation of clinically rooted translational and engineering research in the realm of traumatic brain injury has the potential to establish a solid foundation for discerning preventive methodologies. Ultimately, this endeavor holds the potential to introduce effective strategies aimed at preventing and safeguarding against traumatic brain injuries.

A Study of Impact of Consumer-Perceived Value on the Sales and Marketing Performance of Skincare Enterprises in the Context of E-commerce Live Streaming Using Consumer Trust as a Mediation

Background and Aims: According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the size of China's e-commerce market was 32550 billion yuan in 2018. By 2022, the size of China's e-commerce market had reached 47570 billion yuan, with annual growth rates of 13.57%, 9.46%, 7.1%, 10.4%, and 12.9%. More and more enterprises are choosing to open e-commerce live-streaming services. This paper aims to study the relationship between consumer perceived value and marketing performance in the skin care product e-commerce live broadcast room. Relationship between consumer trust and marketing performance in the skin care products e-commerce studio. Materials and Methods: This article analyzes the relationship between consumer value perception, consumer trust, and skincare marketing performance in the context of e-commerce live streaming through literature research and empirical analysis. Results: Through empirical analysis, it can be concluded that there is a positive relationship between consumer perceived value and marketing performance in skincare e-commerce live streaming rooms; There is a positive relationship between consumer trust and marketing performance in the live streaming room of skincare e-commerce; Consumer trust in skincare e-commerce live streaming rooms can serve as a mediator between perceived value and marketing performance. Conclusion: Advancements in technology, particularly the rise of live video in online shopping, have reshaped consumer preferences. Price sensitivity takes precedence over experiential factors, especially in skincare products, where lower live broadcast prices significantly boost consumer engagement and drive purchase decisions.

How to define the city size in China? A review over a century from 1918 to 2020

Accurately defining the size of cities is essential for urban studies. As the country with the world's largest urban population, China has experienced numerous changes in its definition of city size. We carefully collected and analyzed China's city size based on authoritative population census or recorded data from 1918 to 2020. Our key findings are as follows. (1) Over the past century, the administrative proper of Chinese cities has seen a marked expansion, from its proximity to urban entities to the concept of an extended region. The definition of city size in China was optimized from the total population within the city proper based on the administrative boundary to that within the city entity based on the urbanized built-up area. (2) There are two main aspects to optimizing China's definition of city size. The first is the use of township- or village-level administrative units to match the city entities. The second is the use of residential population rather than the traditional hukou registration population to indicate size. (3) China's city size distribution based on the city entity has shifted from being predominantly small- and medium-sized cities to being dominated by large cities. Cities with larger populations a century ago, mainly located in coastal urban agglomerations and inland provincial capitals, still had a strong size advantage a century later. The experiences of optimizing the definition of city size in China offer implications for other rapidly urbanizing countries and for international city size comparisons.

Identification and verification of PCDD/Fs indicators from four typical large-scale municipal solid waste incinerations with large sample size in China

Monitoring PCDD/Fs emissions from municipal solid waste incinerations (MSWIs) is of paramount importance, yet it can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Predictive models offer an alternative approach for estimating their levels. However, robust models specific to PCDD/Fs were lacking. In this study, we collected 190 PCDD/Fs samples from 4 large-scale MSWIs in China, with the average PCDD/Fs levels and TEQ levels of 0.987 ng/m3 and 0.030 ng TEQ/m3, respectively. We developed and evaluated predictive models, including traditional statistical methods, e.g., linear regression (LR) as well as machine learning models such as back propagation-artificial neural networks (BP ANN) and random forest (RF). Correlation analysis identified 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF were better indicator congeners for PCDD/Fs estimation (R2 > 0.9, p < 0.001). The predictive results favored the RF model, exhibiting a high R2 value and low root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Additionally, the RF model showed excellent prediction ability during external validation, with low absolute relative error (ARE) of 10.9 %-12.6 % for the three indicator congeners in the normal PCDD/F TEQ levels group (<0.1 ng TEQ/m3) and slightly higher ARE values (13.8 %-17.9 %) for the high PCDD/F TEQ levels group (>0.1 ng TEQ/m3). In conclusion, our findings strongly support the RF model’s effectiveness in predicting PCDD/Fs TEQ emission from MSWIs.

Do housing regulations affect child development? Evidence and mechanisms

This study analyzes the effects of housing policies on child development. By exploiting the policy-induced discontinuity in house size in China, we find that favorable housing policies significantly reduce children’s cognitive skills, lessen their beliefs in an internal locus of control, and decrease their self-esteem but have little impact on their physical health or depression symptoms. The heterogeneous analyses show that children at a critical stage of skill formation, girls and children with longer exposure respond more strongly to housing policies. Furthermore, our mechanism decomposition shows that parenting skills play a large role in the effect of housing wealth on child development.

Commercial Retirement FOFs in China: Investment and Persistence Performance Analysis

The number and size of China’s commercial retirement Fund of Funds (FOFs) have exploded since 2018, reflecting a dearth of Chinese retirement products and widespread retirement anxiety among individual investors. Therefore, the performance of retirement FOFs continues to garner widespread interest from academia and society. This study evaluates the performance and sustainability of the investment strategies employed by China’s retirement FOFs using standard relative and absolute measures. The Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen’s alpha are used as performance measurement standards, and the sustainability of performance is evaluated using the performance dichotomy, cross-sectional regression, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient methods. Target-risk FOFs for retirement are categorized into four groups: conservative, stable, balanced, and aggressive, with each group assuming progressively greater levels of risk. In evaluating fund performance, it was determined that the aggressive and stable groups of funds generated greater excess returns (as indicated by the inflation-adjusted Sharpe ratio). Additionally, the stable group of funds generated greater investment returns than the other groups (as all statistically significant alpha values for Jensen were positive). When evaluating the sustainability of fund performance, it was determined that the stable and balanced group funds exhibited the least sustainable performance. During the economic recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2021, there were multiple fund performance ranking reversals (with significantly negative cross-sectional regression coefficients and Spearman coefficients). In the second half of 2022, the fund’s performance exhibited signs of sustainability (as indicated by significant performance dichotomy test values and positively significant Spearman coefficients). Still, this trend did not persist into 2023. Summarizing the different performance indicator results reveals that the stable group is the most worthwhile fund group to purchase among the four groups. Also, given that the historical performance of a signal fund is not sustainable, the investors should diversify their investments in this group and try to obtain the average return of the stable strategy to achieve the goal of supplementing retirement.

Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in China’s Coastal Areas and the Drivers of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size—The Case of 82 Cities

The energy consumption by industrial enterprises above designated size in China’s coastal region is the main source of CO2 emissions. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution patterns and driving factors of CO2 emissions due to the energy consumption by industrial enterprises above designated size. Enterprises in 82 cities in China’s coastal regions were studied from 2005 to 2020 based on their CO2 emissions and socio-economic data. The Exploring Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) methodology and Logarithmic mean Divisia Index decomposition (LMDI model) were used. The results show that, during the study period, energy-related CO2 emissions from industrial enterprises above designated size in China’s coastal areas generally show a fluctuating upward trend. However, a few cities showed a trend from steady growth to a peak and then a slow decline, which may realize the “double carbon” target in advance. The spatial correlation of CO2 emission intensity showed a decreasing and then increasing trend, and there were spatial aggregation characteristics in some cities. Among the driving factors, the pull effect is higher than the inhibition effect; the output scale contributes the most to the pull effect, and labor productivity contributes the most to the inhibition effect. The results of this study have a certain reference value for the realization of the “double carbon” target in China’s coastal regions.

Estimation of the net error rate of population size in China’s household registration

ABSTRACT A combined three-source estimator is used to estimate the net error rate of population size in household registration. It avoids the bias in the two-source estimator due to the fact that the registration of an individual on one list affects his or her registration on another list. It makes better use of frequencies than the ordinary three-source estimator. It yields an estimated net error rate that is closest to 1% of error. The combined three-source estimator combines missing-cell estimators of ordinary three-source estimators working on the contingency table of presence or absence in the census population list, the post-enumeration survey population list, and the household population list. Matching of these three registration lists is filled into the seven non-missing cells of the contingency table. The missing-cell estimator involved in the combined three-source estimator is based on the missing-cell estimators of the ordinary three-source estimators. It requires that the three population lists fully register the post-strata population. In the case of sample registration, it is based on the sampling weights and population sizes of the sampled small census areas. It provides a lower mean square error than the ordinary three-source estimator, which itself provides a lower mean square error than the two-source estimator. The estimated 0.96% net under-registration rate of population size for the country as a whole in household registration is close to the 1.00% rate found in the rectification of household registration carried out by China’s Ministry of Public Security between May 15, 2010, and September 30, 2010. Despite the bias coming from the residual heterogeneity of individuals in each post-stratum, as the sample can only accommodate a limited total number of post-strata, the combined three-source estimator should yield a smaller mean square error than the ordinary three-source estimator of the net error rate of population size in household registration.

Indirect carbon emissions from household consumption of middle-income groups: Evidence from Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

Consumption is evidenced to play an increasing significant role accompanied by economic transition in China. Carbon emissions caused by consumption are becoming an important growth point of carbon emissions. The size of China's middle-income groups is growing and is expected to reach 60 % of the population in 2035. However, the amount of indirect carbon emissions from household consumption (ICEHCs) of middle-income groups and the effects of their drivers have not been quantitatively assessed. In response, this paper adopts input-output tables to calculate urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs from 2012 to 2018, and uses structural decomposition analysis to determine the effects of drivers and sectors. Results are as follows: Urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) are increasing and its differences are significant, and present a spatial pattern of high in the eastern region while low in the western region. S22 (Production and Supply of Electric Power, Steam and Hot Water) becomes the main sector of carbon emissions, which accounts for about 70.00 % of the total middle-income groups' ICEHCs in 2018. Consumption pattern is the predominant driver for promoting urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs, whereas production structure is the predominant restraining driver.

Quality Analysis of Kweichow Moutai's Financial Situation

Since the invention of liquor in Song Dynasty, with the synchronous development of society, a large-scale industrial cluster has gradually formed. According to statistics, in 2022, the sales revenue of liquor enterprises above designated size in China reached 662.645 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.64%. Kweichow Moutai is one of the most famous liquor brands in China, enjoying a high reputation and wide recognition. As the main leader in the field of liquor manufacturing in China, it achieved an operating income of 127.554 billion yuan in 2022, up by 16.53% year-on-year, accounting for about one-fifth of the national liquor revenue. It belongs to a typical monopoly enterprise in the mootai-flavor liquor product industry. This study analyzes and evaluates the efficiency level of enterprise financial activities from three aspects: the quality of capital structure, the quality of assets and the quality of cash flow in Kweichow Moutai, and discusses the management level, operational efficiency and enterprise competitiveness of the company according to the annual report of the enterprise.

Can Local Government Debt Decrease the Pollution Emission of Enterprises?—Evidence from China’s Industrial Enterprises

The rapid growth of local government debt size in China has aroused the attention of academia and policy circles due to its impact on environmental pollution. This paper aims to explore the impact of local government debt size on corporate pollution emissions and its mechanism. This paper uses the China Local Government Debt Database, Industrial Enterprise Database, and Industrial Enterprise Pollution Database from 2006 to 2013, and adopts the two-way fixed effect model and difference-in-differences method to conduct an empirical analysis of industrial enterprises in 31 provinces of China. The results show that the local government debt size has a significant positive impact on corporate pollution emissions, and each unit increase in the local government debt size leads to an increase of 0.002 units in corporate pollution emissions. Further mechanism tests show that this effect is realized through the expansion of regional fixed asset investment and the reduction of enterprise R&amp;D investment. In addition, there is significant heterogeneity among enterprises of different ownership, location, and industry. This paper provides practical references for local governments and micromarket actors to improve environmental protection and debt governance in the new era.

Examining the optimal option for gender equality education in the digital era

According to the White Paper on the Development of China's Digital Economy 2021 published by the China Academy of Information and Communication Technology (CAICT), the size of China's digital economy will reach 39.2 trillion yuan in 2020, accounting for 38.6% of GDP and expanding by 9.7% annually. As the digital economy takes off at an accelerated pace, the social effects of the digital era and the transmission of core socialist values affect the lives of the general public, among which the promotion of gender parity in digital life through education and dissemination deserves specific focus.China's internet economy has grown amazingly during the past several years. However, the formation of gender identity in digital space and female subjectivity has flaws, such as women's lack of the right to speak, their vulnerability to marginalization and stigma, and their vulnerability to digital leakage and digital identity abuse. In addition, the emergence of algorithmic bias and implicit gender discrimination within the digital system has become a new problem for digital-era education for the equality of the sexes. Future gender-friendly digital equality spaces can be created by improving gender equality education, increasing the proportion of women developing digital technology, improving female digital literacy, raising publishers' awareness of gender equality, and strengthening regulators' understanding of the concept.

The Problem of Re-Employment of Under-Aged Elderly People in China and its Solutions

The aging of the population is a significant trend in the development of our society and the underlying background of our labor market for a longer time. Since 2022, China will add more than 12 million older adults every year and will enter a stage of accelerated aging since then. After entering an aging society, the size of China's elderly population will continue to expand, the pace of population aging will gradually accelerate, and the population structure will become unbalanced. Although the aging of the population is irreversible, it can also be an opportunity for us because the elderly population is a vast social resource, especially in the context of the increasing educational level of the elderly population. There is a segment of older people who mostly have the advantage of knowledge, experience, and skills, are still in good health, have great expectations of a happy life, and have a more significant potential to play a role. This segment of the younger age group can still be an essential part of society's workforce.