Size Distribution Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Thermal evolution of solid solution of silica-embedded AgPt alloy NPs in the large miscibility gap.

Understanding the phase behavior of immiscible elements in bimetallic nanomaterials is essential for controlling their structure and properties. At the nanoscale, the miscibility of these immiscible elements often deviates from their behavior in bulk materials. Despite its significance, comprehensive and quantitative experimental insights into the dynamics of the immiscible-to-miscible transition, and vice versa, remain limited. In this study, we investigate the nucleation and growth kinetics of silica-embedded AgPt nanoparticles (NPs) across a wide range of annealing temperatures (25 °C to 900 °C) to elucidate temperature-dependent nanoalloy phase transitions and NP size distribution. Our findings reveal that the alloy phase persists up to 400 °C, with a corresponding average NP size of ∼2 nm. Beyond this temperature, phase instability begins to occur. We propose a three-stage process of nucleation and growth: (1) initial AgPt nanoalloy formation during deposition, (2) growth via thermal energy-assisted diffusion up to 400 °C, and (3) Ag atom emission from the nanoalloy above 500 °C, indicating Ag diffusion towards the surface, followed by partial sublimation of Ag atoms at 900 °C. These results provide crucial insights into the thermal limits for the dealloying of NPs, growth kinetics, and phase stability or instability under varying thermal conditions.

Manufacturing of Liposomes Using a Stainless-Steel Microfluidic Device: An Investigation into Design of Experiments.

Liposomes are highly beneficial nanocarrier systems due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and exceptional inclusiveness, which lead to improved drug bioavailability. For biological applications, accurate control over these nanoparticles' mean size and size distribution is essential. Micromixers facilitate the continuous production of liposomes, enhancing the precision of size regulation and reproducibility. In this research, the performance of a stainless steel 316L micromixer was evaluated by using COMSOL Multiphysics simulations. The liposomes were precisely optimized using design of experiments techniques in a microfluidic setup, and then dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) was successfully encapsulated in liposome nanoparticles. The physicochemical characteristics of liposomes, such as their ζ-potential, size, DSP loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release, were assessed. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis were used to examine the structures of the liposomes. The drug release kinetics study was conducted to analyze the drug delivery system, and the Higuchi equation was determined to be the most suitable equation. The microfluidic chip was shown to be capable of creating small-sized liposomes with a size as small as 130 nm, exhibiting monodispersed characteristics and low polydispersity liposome populations.

Size Distribution of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Depending on the Temperature of Electrochemical Synthesis.

One of the methods for obtaining zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is electrochemical synthesis. In this study, the anodic dissolution process of metallic zinc in alcohol solutions of LiCl was used to synthesize ZnO NPs. The products were obtained as colloidal suspensions in an electrolyte solution. Due to the small size and ionic nature of the zinc oxide molecule, colloidal nanoparticles tend to cluster into larger groupings, so the size of nanoparticles in solutions will differ from the size of nanoparticles observed in ZnO powders after solvent evaporation. The main goal of this research is to investigate the influence of the temperature of synthesis and the kind of alcohol on the size of ZnO NP micelles. Nanocrystals of zinc oxide were obtained in all tested alcohols: methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol. The particle size was determined using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. It was observed that the particles synthesized in methanol were the largest, followed by smaller particles in ethanol, while the smallest particles were obtained in 1-propanol. Additionally, the particles obtained in ethanol were the most uniform in size, showing the highest level of size homogeneity.

The segmentation of nanoparticles with a novel approach of HRU2-Net†

Nanoparticles have great potential for the application in new energy and aerospace fields. The distribution of nanoparticle sizes is a critical determinant of material properties and serves as a significant parameter in defining the characteristics of zero-dimensional nanomaterials. In this study, we proposed HRU2-Net†, an enhancement of the U2-Net† model, featuring multi-level semantic information fusion. This approach exhibits strong competitiveness and refined segmentation capabilities for nanoparticle segmentation. It achieves a Mean intersection over union (MIoU) of 87.31%, with an accuracy rate exceeding 97.31%, leading to a significant improvement in segmentation effectiveness and precision. The results show that the deep learning-based method significantly enhances the efficacy of nanomaterial research, which holds substantial significance for the advancement of nanomaterial science.

Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on PMMA-Siloxane-Silica and Modified Silica Nanoparticles Deposited on AA2024-T3.

The study aimed to develop a superhydrophobic coating on the aluminium alloy 2024-T3 surface. The desired surface roughness and low surface energy were achieved with SiO2 nanoparticles, synthesised via the Stöber method and modified with alkyl silane (AS) or perfluoroalkyl silane (FAS). To enhance particle adhesion to the alloy substrate, nanoparticles were incorporated into a hybrid sol-gel coating composed of tetraethyl orthosilicate, methyl methacrylate, and 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The coated substrates were characterised using field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy for surface topography, nanoparticle size distribution, composition, and coating thickness. The corrosion resistance of the coatings on AA2024-T3 was evaluated in a 0.1 M NaCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthesised SiO2 nanoparticles had an average size between 25 and 35 nm. The water contact angles on coated aluminium surfaces reached 135° for SiO2 + AS and 151° for SiO2 + FAS. SiO2 + FAS, indicating superhydrophobic properties, showed the most uniform surface with the most consistent size distribution of the SiO2 nanoparticles. Incorporation of nanoparticles into the hybrid sol-gel coating further improved particle adhesion. The ~2 µm-thick coating also demonstrated efficient barrier properties, significantly enhancing corrosion resistance for over two months under the test conditions.

Size Distribution of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Artemisia annua L. Hairy Root Extracts

Size Distribution of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Artemisia annua L. Hairy Root Extracts

Use of a fluorescent molecular rotor probe for nanoplastics assessment in epiphytic biofilms growing on submerged vegetation of Lake Saint Pierre (St. Lawrence River)

Studies on plastic pollution conducted in freshwaters mainly focused on monitoring plastic debris in the water column or in the sediments. Few studies have investigated the occurrence of plastic debris in benthic biofilms (periphyton). Yet, algal biofilms may potentially act as a sink for plastic debris, trapping it within their mucilaginous or filamentous matrix. Biofilms may also represent a source of plastic debris by sloughing when they become senescent. In addition, plastic debris accumulated within biofilms may enter the food web via primary consumers. Considering these observations, this study aims to quantify nanoplastics (NPs) accumulated in biofilms growing on aquatic vegetation from Lake Saint Pierre (LSP), a fluvial lake of the St. Lawrence River, and its archipelago. Biofilms were removed from submerged plants and the presence of NPs was assessed by spectrophotometry using the fluorescent molecular rotor probe 9(dicyanovinyl)-julolidine (DCVJ). The results of this study confirm the biofilms’ ability to act as a sink for NPs. Despite the fact that the determination of the absolute nanoparticle number and size distribution remains a challenge, we estimated a median concentration of 1.05 × 109 NP/mg of biofilm dry weight (DW) when using 100 nm polystyrene beads for calibration. Concentrations were significantly different between water masses, with higher concentrations in samples collected in the two lateral water masses compared to the central water mass. Our study provides, for the first time, a quantitative assessment of NPs from epiphytic biofilms in a large river under the influence of anthropogenic sources.

Влияние размеров пор силикагеля на формирование нанокатализатора γ-Fe2O3

The paper analyses the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using SiO2·9H2O silica gels of different porosity as a reaction vessel. The influence of pore sizes of used SiO2·9H2O silica gels on the processes occurring at all stages of synthesis of nanocatalysts - iron oxide nanoparticles, conducted directly in the silica gel pores, has been investigated. All stages of synthesis were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It is observed that a narrow size distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles occurs in the 10 nm size pores, while in the 30 nm pores the distribution is much wider. By nitrogen adsorption-desorption method, it was found that the pores themselves have a size distribution around the pore sizes stated by the silica gel manufacturer (Q-10 and Q-30 nm). The 10 nm pores have a narrow size distribution, while the 30 nm pores have a broad size distribution and complex internal structure. It is shown that the nanoparticle size distributions correlate with the pore size distributions. The size distribution of the obtained iron oxide nanoparticles is determined by the size distribution and curvature of the pores in which they were synthesised.

Effect of CuO nanoparticle size distribution on Cu-based patterns fabricated via femtosecond laser-pulse-induced thermochemical reduction

Copper-direct writing using laser reductive sintering of CuO nanoparticles has received significant interest for printing technology. We investigated the effect of the particle size distribution in CuO nanoparticle inks on patterns fabricated using femtosecond laser-pulse-induced thermochemical reduction. First, Gaussian- and bimodal-type inks were prepared using commercially available and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Both types of inks on glass substrates with a thickness of approximately 10 µm were estimated to be absorbed 80% of the irradiated near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses, as indicated by both absorption coefficients. The bimodal-type ink increased the density of the patterns, as expected using the packing theory. However, the patterns comprised non-reduced CuO and Cu2O, as well as residual polyvinylpyrrolidone. In contrast, the patterns fabricated using the Gaussian-type ink were well-reduced to Cu and exhibited a low density and high surface area. In addition, the patterns were advantageous for electrochemical applications, which exhibited intense peaks corresponding to the reduction of CuO and Cu2O surface oxides back to metallic copper in comparison of the patterns fabricated using the bimodal-type ink, regardless of laser irradiation conditions.

Determination of Size, Size Distribution, and Concentration of Nanoparticles Using ICP‐MS in the Context of SERS Substrates

ABSTRACTSurface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a widely used vibrational spectroscopic technique employing metallic nanostructures to enhance an inherent Raman signal. This study aimed to develop a method for the characterization of SERS substrates in a single analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) equipped with the single particle module (spICP‐MS). For this development, the well‐known Lee‐Meisel protocol was selected as starting point to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNps) and silver nanoparticles (AgNps). A spICP‐MS method was successfully developed and gave the mean size, size distribution, and concentration of nanoparticles in only one single analysis. Reference techniques were used to confirm these results namely dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. Thanks to the ICP‐MS characterization, it was observed that AgNps synthesized by chemical reduction presented more variability than the AuNps. The dissolved elements concentration in the suspension was investigated. It appeared that reaction yields were close to 100% for the six syntheses. This analysis may be repeated over time to evaluate the suspension stability and monitor any potential degradation of Nps. To conclude, ICP‐MS is a powerful technique to characterize SERS substrates and could be an interesting alternative to other characterization techniques.

Investigating Extracellular Vesicles in Viscous Formulations: Interplay of Nanoparticle Tracking and Nanorheology via Interferometric Light Microscopy

While extracellular vesicles (EVs) demonstrate growing potential as innovative cell‐derived nanobiotherapies in diverse medical contexts, their physical properties (size, integrity, transport, etc.) in drug product formulation remain a critical concern poorly addressed so far. Herein, a methodology that relies on nanoparticle tracking analysis by interferometric light microscopy (ILM) for analyzing the concentration and size distribution of nanoparticles as well as their interactions with their local environment through a nanorheological approach is introduced. The analysis of interference patterns enables nanoparticles tracking not only in aqueous solutions but also in complex media with high‐viscosity or non‐Newtonian behavior, particularly pertinent for characterizing EV formulations. A proof of concept for in situ tracking of EVs suspended in Poloxamer‐407 as drug delivery system is presented. The ILM‐based analysis enables to 1) measure the viscosity at the nanoscale for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids via calibration beads; 2) analyze data to determine the size distribution of EVs in non‐Newtonian complex fluid such as poloxamer formulation, and 3) analyze the interactions of EVs with poloxamer‐407. The proposed approach represents a valuable tool to understand the nanorheological behavior of EVs in viscoelastic media in situ as well as a quality control test for EV formulations intended to clinical use.

Thermoelectric power factor optimization in hydrothermally synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles by Cu doping

This paper investigates the effect of copper (Cu) doping on the thermoelectric properties of Tin Oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles. The Cu doped samples were prepared with the help of hydrothermal method using different concentration of Cu atoms. Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Hall effect and Seebeck measurements are performed to analyze the structural, morphological, electrical and thermoelectric of grown nanomaterials. Based upon the XRD and Raman measurements, it was concluded that the crystal quality of SnO2 samples degraded with increasing the doping concentration of Cu atoms. SEM images reveal that with the increase of Cu concentration, the porosity of the samples decreases, and the distribution of nanoparticle sizes becomes more uniform. The electrical conductivity of the Cu-doped SnO2 nanoparticles increases with increasing the Cu concentration because Cu atoms are supposed to act as donor defects in SnO2 crystal. However, the Seebeck coefficient decreases, indicating a reduced ability to generate a thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature gradient. The power factor, initially increases with Cu doping, however, beyond an optimal value, the power factor starts to decrease, indicating a saturation or detrimental effect caused by excessive Cu doping.

Preparation of salt-free Pleurotus eryngii protein with enhanced colloidal stability and emulsifying properties by ceramic membrane filtration

Fungi proteins represent a potential alternative to animal proteins, which are regarded as a prospective source of edible proteins due to more sustainable and efficient cultivation of fungi. Nevertheless, the extraction of fungi proteins typically involves alkali extraction combined with acid precipitation (AEAP), yielding considerable amounts of salt that causes aggregation and inferior functional properties of proteins. In this study, we put forward a novel extraction method by direct filtration of Na+ and OH− from the alkaline extraction solutions using ceramic membranes. This method enabled the continuous, efficient and cost-effective production of Pleurotus eryngii protein (PEP). The PEP prepared by this technology featured a uniform distribution of nanoparticles (∼129.5 nm) with higher water dispersity, colloidal stability and surface active properties as compared to that prepared by the AEAP method. Moreover, the microstructures of PEP can be tailored with various nanoparticle sizes and size distribution profiles, allowing for the adjustment of long-term stabilities and surface activities. Our study renovated the production technology of fungi proteins to enhance their functionalities as well as the application prospects in the future food industry.

Multicore@shell nanoparticle synthesis from a single multicomponent target by gas aggregation source

Synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials is known as a critical challenge in advanced nanoscience. Multicore@shell nanostructures are generated here via a gas phase synthesis approach. To achieve this objective, we used conventional DC magnetron sputtering in conjunction with a gas aggregation chamber. We employed a customized Au-Ti target to produce metal-metal oxide multicore@shell nanoparticles (NPs) with tunable properties. The deposited NPs were characterized with regard to their chemical composition, morphology, structural status, NP size distribution and optical properties. The obtained data clearly confirms that the crystalline Au cores are encapsulated in a TiOx matrix in each individual NP. Furthermore, the chemical composition and size distribution of the NPs can be affected by the operating pressure. Our approach provides a versatile route with many different possibilities to synthesize multicore@shell NPs from a variety of composite targets for well-desired applications including environmental, optical/plasmonic, and energy.

Size-Dependent Electrostatic Adsorption of Polymer-Grafted Gold Nanoparticles on Polyelectrolyte Brushes.

Designing a functional surface that selectively adsorbs nanoparticles based on their size and shape is essential for developing an advanced adsorption-based, postsynthesis nanoparticle separation device. We demonstrate selective adsorption of larger nanoparticles from solution onto a polyelectrolyte brush by tuning the salt concentration. Specifically, a positively charged polyelectrolyte brush is created by converting pyridine groups of poly(2-vinylpyridine) to n-methylpyridinium groups using methyl iodide. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted, negatively charged gold nanoparticles (diameters of 12 and 20 nm) were monitored as a function of salt concentration. In a salt-free solution, the polyelectrolyte brush adsorbs gold nanoparticles of both sizes. As the salinity increases, the areal number density of adsorbed nanoparticles monotonically decreases and becomes negligible at high salinity. Interestingly, there is an intermediate range of salt concentrations (i.e., 15-20 mM of NaCl) where the decrease in nanoparticle adsorption is more pronounced for smaller particles, leading to size-selective adsorption of the larger nanoparticles. As a further demonstration of selectivity, the polyelectrolyte brush is immersed in a binary mixture of 12 and 20 nm nanoparticles and found to selectively capture larger particles with ∼90% selectivity. In addition, the size distribution of as-synthesized gold nanoparticles, with an average diameter of 12 nm, was reduced by selectively removing larger particles by exposing the solution to polyelectrolyte brush surfaces. This study demonstrates the potential of a polyelectrolyte brush separation device to remove larger nanoparticles by controlling electrostatic interactions between polymer brushes and particles.

Effect of CTAB and NaBH4 Solutions on Ti and Cu Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed Laser Ablation

The effect of different media, including cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4), on the size, shape, optical absorption, and stability of titanium (Ti) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by laser ablation in liquid, was investigated. Ti and Cu NPs were fabricated by irradiating Ti and Cu targets using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, an energy of 500 mJ, repetition rate of 1 Hz, and a number of pulses of 1000. Results showed the direct effect of the type of surfactant on the size and size distribution of Ti and Cu NPs under the same laser ablation parameters. Morphological properties were described by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, which revealed the formation of semispherical particles. The EDS results confirmed the spike-induced synthesis of Ti and Cu in CTAB and NaBH4 solutions. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the nanostructures of Ti and Cu with spherical particles. The UV-vis absorption spectra showed that the absorption peak of Ti was almost constant at 289 nm, while the peak of Cu disappeared for both solutions. Zeta potential analysis showed that NPs prepared in CTAB solution were more stable than those in NaBH4 solution.

Characterization of nanoparticles used as precipitant agents for in situ upgrading of heavy crude oils via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS)

The characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) in hydrocarbon matrices using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) is underdeveloped. There are less than ten publications using spICP-MS in hydrocarbon matrices, and none have applied the technique to determine NP concentration and size distribution in asphaltenes after in-situ upgrading of heavy oils via solvent deasphalting. To our knowledge, no studies have used spICP-MS to track the nature of NP additives in the asphaltene fraction in hydrocarbons without adulteration of the sample. Particle number concentrations (PNC) derived from spICP-MS in hydrocarbon matrices are reported for the first time. Fe2O3 PNC increased by an order of magnitude, and NiO PNC increased 28 % compared to samples without additives, indicating that NPs were reasonably well-dispersed in the asphaltenes. Ionic concentrations were higher for Ni than Fe, which showed negligible changes in all samples. Here, we report the lowest size detection limits recorded for Fe2O3 NPs (32 nm ± 1 nm) using spICP-MS in hydrocarbon matrices. Further, NiO and Fe2O3 NP sizes matched the initial sizes added to the oil before precipitation, providing evidence that the nature of the NPs does not change after deasphaltation and subsequent mixing with asphaltenes. This study expands our understanding of the interactions between metal NPs and asphaltenes when used as co-precipitants during in situ upgrading of heavy crude oil.

Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers with Platinum Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sputtering onto Liquid Substrates.

Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In recent decades, sputter deposition onto liquid substrates has emerged as a potential alternative for nanoparticle synthesis, offering a synthesis process free of contaminant oxygen, capping agents, and chemical precursors. Here, we present a method for the synthesis of supported nanoparticles based on magnetron sputtering onto liquid poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) combined with a heat-treatment step for attachment of nanoparticles to a carbon support. Transmission electron microscopy imaging reveals Pt nanoparticle growth during the heat-treatment process, facilitated by the carbon support and the reducing properties of PEG. Following the heat treatment, a bimodal size distribution of Pt nanoparticles is observed, with sizes of 2.5 ± 0.8 and 6.7 ± 1.8 nm, compared to 1.8 ± 0.4 nm after sputtering. Synthesized Pt nanoparticles display excellent specific and mass activities for the oxygen reduction reaction, with 1.75 mA/cm2 Pt and 0.27 A/mgPt respectively, measured at 0.9 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode. The specific activities reported herein outperform literature values of commercial Pt/C catalysts with similar loading and are on par with values of bulk Pt and mass-selected nanoparticles of comparable size. Also, the mass activities agree well with the literature values. The results provide new insights into the growth processes of SoL-synthesized carbon-supported Pt catalyst nanoparticles, and most crucially, the high performance of the synthesized catalyst layers, along with the possibility of nanoparticle growth through a straightforward heat-treatment step at relatively low temperatures, offer a scalable new approach for producing fuel cell catalysts with more efficient material utilization and new material combinations.

Cloud point extraction and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles isolated from infant milk formulas

The increasing presence of nanoparticles in food products, especially in those consumed by sensitive populations like infants, raises justified health concerns. The presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in three different commercial infant milk formulas were analyzed. In addition, one maternal food supplement was included in this study. Notably, existing regulations lack specificity regarding the size distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) and the maximum permissible concentrations in commercial infant products. Except in one sample, the total zinc content exceeded the reported amount in the nutritional label, which varied from 34 to 119 µg/g. This work validated the cloud point extraction (CPE) technique for the effective isolation of ZnO-NPs from the selected products. CPE was then used to evaluate the ZnO-NPs concentrations in commercially available infant formulas and maternal supplements. Using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), the ZnO-NPs and total Zn concentrations were determined. The ZnO-NPs concentration ranged from 16 to 39 µg/g, representing a considerable portion of the total zinc content. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated the presence of nanoparticles with an average diameter of 6.3 nm. The NPs size could determine their cell internalization, and thus, the potential cytotoxic effects are discussed. These findings underscore the need for rigorous isolation and quantification of nanoparticles from infant milk formulas, and as an inevitable first step for in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies to address the potential health impact of nanoparticles in food products.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Starch Nanocomposites Loaded with Ampicillin to Enhance Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli.

Chitosan/starch nanocomposites loaded with ampicillin were prepared using the spray-drying method by mixing various ratios of chitosan and starch. The morphology of chitosan/starch nanoparticles was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the zeta potential value and size distribution were determined by a Nanoparticle Analyzer. The results show that the chitosan/starch nanocomposites have a spherical shape, smooth surface, and stable structure. Nanoparticle size distribution ranged from 100 to 600 nm, and the average particle size ranged from 300 to 400 nm, depending on the ratio between chitosan and starch. The higher the ratio of starch in the copolymer, the smaller the particle size. Zeta potential values of the nanocomposite were very high, ranging from +54.4 mV to +80.3 mV, and decreased from 63.2 down to +37.3 when loading with ampicillin. The chitosan/starch nanocomposites were also characterized by FT-IR to determine the content of polymers and ampicillin in the nanocomposites. The release kinetics of ampicillin from the nanocomposites were determined in vitro using an HPLC profile for 24 h. The loading efficiency (LE) of ampicillin into chitosan/starch nanoparticles ranged from 75.3 to 77.3%. Ampicillin-loaded chitosan/starch nanocomposites were investigated for their antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in vitro. The results demonstrate that the antibacterial effectiveness of nanochitosan/starch loading with ampicillin against E.coli was 95.41%, higher than the 91.40% effectiveness of ampicillin at the same concentration of 5.0 µg/mL after 24 h of treatment. These results suggest that chitosan/starch nanocomposites are potential nanomaterials for antibiotic drug delivery in the pharmaceutical field.