Sizable Role Research Articles

Pengaruh Biaya Lingkungan Dan Kinerja Lingkungan Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan

The basic materials sector company is one of the sectors that is expected to have bright prospects in the future and is one of the sectors that has a sizable role in contributing raw materials. If we look at the stock prices of several basic materials companies, they have experienced erratic increases and decreases. The high and low stock prices are influenced by how the company's financial performance is. The data used in this research is secondary data, namely in the form of annual reports of companies in the basic materials sector for 2017-2021. This research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The statistical method used is simple regression analysis, panel data regression method, F test, t test, and analysis of the coefficient of determination. The results showed that environmental costs had a partial positive and significant effect on the financial performance of basic materials sector companies listed on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index. Environmental performance had a partial positive and significant effect on financial performance in basic materials sector companies listed on the Sharia Stock Index. Indonesia. Then environmental costs and environmental performance have a positive and significant simultaneous effect on financial performance in basic materials sector companies listed on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index.

The biological basis for using optical signals to track evergreen needleleaf photosynthesis

Abstract Evergreen needleleaf forests (ENFs) play a sizable role in the global carbon cycle, but the biological and physical controls on ENF carbon cycle feedback loops are poorly understood and difficult to measure. To address this challenge, a growing appreciation for the stress physiology of photosynthesis has inspired emerging techniques designed to detect ENF photosynthetic activity with optical signals. This Overview summarizes how fundamental plant biological and biophysical processes control the fate of photons from leaf to globe, ultimately enabling remote estimates of ENF photosynthesis. We demonstrate this using data across four ENF sites spanning a broad range of environmental conditions and link leaf- and stand-scale observations of photosynthesis (i.e., needle biochemistry and flux towers) with tower- and satellite-based remote sensing. The multidisciplinary nature of this work can serve as a model for the coordination and integration of observations made at multiple scales.

Natural variation of nutrient homeostasis among laboratory and field strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Natural variation among individuals and populations exists in all species, playing key roles in response to environmental stress and adaptation. Micro- and macronutrients have a wide range of functions in photosynthetic organisms, and mineral nutrition thus plays a sizable role in biomass production. To maintain nutrient concentrations inside the cell within physiological limits and prevent the detrimental effects of deficiency or excess, complex homeostatic networks have evolved in photosynthetic cells. The microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) is a unicellular eukaryotic model for studying such mechanisms. In this work, 24 Chlamydomonas strains, comprising field isolates and laboratory strains, were examined for intraspecific differences in nutrient homeostasis. Growth and mineral content were quantified in mixotrophy, as full nutrition control, and compared with autotrophy and nine deficiency conditions for macronutrients (-Ca, -Mg, -N, -P, and -S) and micronutrients (-Cu, -Fe, -Mn, and -Zn). Growth differences among strains were relatively limited. However, similar growth was accompanied by highly divergent mineral accumulation among strains. The expression of nutrient status marker genes and photosynthesis were scored in pairs of contrasting field strains, revealing distinct transcriptional regulation and nutrient requirements. Leveraging this natural variation should enable a better understanding of nutrient homeostasis in Chlamydomonas.

Screening of Mercury pollution sources to European inland waters using high resolution earth surface data

Mercury pollution is a cause of high concern for European freshwaters. In this study, we use modelled atmospheric deposition and novel high-resolution water cover and impervious urban areas data to quantify the input of Mercury to European rivers and lakes. This information, combined with estimates of releases from industrial installations and urban wastewater and from soils, yields an overall European budget of water Mercury. Compared to previous estimates, the calculation highlights that direct deposition to permanent and temporary inland water surfaces is a dominant source of pollution. We also show that an important source is the washout of impervious urban surfaces, while releases from soil and industrial and urban wastewater play a lesser, albeit sizable role. The contribution of wastewater to Mercury releases is expected to decrease over time because of more stringent regulations on Mercury use. The analysis confirms that reducing atmospheric deposition (hence air releases) of Mercury remains the single key action to control pollution. However, we show that control of urban runoff discharges to water bodies may be the most effective water management measure in order to reduce Mercury input to coastal and in-land water bodies.

NNLO QCD corrections in full colour for jet production observables at the LHC

Calculations for processes involving a high multiplicity of coloured particles often employ a leading colour approximation, where only the leading terms in the expansion of the number of colours Nc and the number of flavours nf are retained. This approximation of the full colour result is motivated by the 1/ {N}_c^2 suppression of the first subleading terms and by the increasing complexity of including subleading colour contributions to the calculation. In this work, we present the calculations using the antenna subtraction method in the NNLOjet framework for the NNLO QCD corrections at full colour for several jet observables at the LHC. The single jet inclusive cross section is calculated doubly differential in transverse momentum and absolute rapidity and compared with the CMS measurement at 13 TeV. A calculation for dijet production doubly differential in dijet mass and rapidity difference is also performed and compared with the ATLAS 7 TeV data. Lastly, a triply differential dijet cross section in average transverse momentum, rapidity separation and dijet system boost is calculated and compared with the CMS 8 TeV data. The impact of the subleading colour contributions to the leading colour approximation is assessed in detail for all three types of observables and as a function of the jet cone size. The subleading colour contributions play a potentially sizable role in the description of the triply differential distributions, which probe kinematical configurations that are not easily accessed by any of the other observables.

Demand-Supply imbalance during the Covid-19 pandemic: The role of fiscal policy

To mitigate the health and economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide engaged in massive fiscal support programs. We show that generous fiscal support contributed to an increase in the demand for consumption goods during the pandemic, but industrial production did not adjust quickly enough to meet the sharp increase in demand. This imbalance between supply and demand across countries led to high inflation. Our findings suggest a sizable role for fiscal policy in affecting price stability.

Analytic characterization of monotone Hopf-harmonics

We study solutions of the inner-variational equation associated with the Dirichlet energy in the plane, given homeomorphic Sobolev boundary data. We prove that such a solution is monotone if and only if its Jacobian determinant does not change sign. These solutions, called monotone Hopf-harmonics, are a natural alternative to harmonic homeomorphisms. Examining the topological behavior of a solution (not a priori monotone) on the trajectories of Hopf quadratic differentials plays a sizable role in our arguments.

Unemployment Risk

AbstractFluctuations in the risk of a large increase in unemployment are examined. The analysis compares medium‐term risks—that is, risks at a 3‐year horizon—to those over a 1‐year horizon. The primary approach involves quantile regressions. Robustness exercises examine risks using a logistic regression to model the probability of a large increase in the unemployment rate. U.S. experience reveals an elevated risk of large increases in unemployment over the medium term when credit growth is high and when the unemployment rate is low. Near‐term risks to unemployment are closely tied to changes in corporate bond spreads or the slope of the yield curve, consistent with research on recession prediction, but these factors do not play a sizable role in medium‐term risks. These results highlight the value of considering different near‐ and medium‐term risk factors.

Coronavirus: The Not‐So‐Trivial Loss of Well‐Being

AbstractThe COVID‐19 outbreak has been one of the world's most severe challenges since World War II, which not only reflected in the observable economic depression, but also in emotional damage that is scarcely underscored. This paper estimates the effect of the epidemic on happiness of Chinese residents by capturing the emotions conveyed through massive social media, combined with city‐level epidemic data. We confirm the significant negative impact of the outbreak on life satisfaction, with an extra 1% of cumulative death cases associated with a 0.54% decrease in expressed happiness. Meanwhile, we find that well‐being drops the most in regions with high‐level risk of COVID‐19, and happiness in regions with higher or lower income levels are more vulnerable to the effects of the epidemic, in comparison to the intermediate‐level income regions. Female sentiment exhibits more sensitivity to the epidemic situation than does male sentiment. Furthermore, the timing of major public events also plays a sizable role in determining self‐reported happiness, and our results suggest that pandemic alerts announced by the World Health Organization significantly increased the loss of well‐being, while announcements of city‐unlocking had the opposite impact. The interaction between the outbreak and real‐time expressed happiness provides an important opportunity for reflection on the future governance policies of epidemic containment.

Behavioral interventions alter urologists' opioid prescribing practices.

Behavioral interventions alter urologists' opioid prescribing practices.

Enhancing nutrition specific interventions through public health policies and public-private partnerships in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a desk review

Background: Public private partnerships (PPPs) in public health have been widely promoted as an effective tool for accelerating progress toward achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG2 “to eliminate hunger”. Partnership with the private sector was found to be very instrumental in improving the nutritional status of poor and food-insecure people and promoting healthy lifestyles. In countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), PPPs for nutrition actions have been mainly driven by the United Nations (UN) and international development agencies to support low and middle-income countries in achieving better health outcomes. Despite the increased prominence of engaging the private sector in public health actions in the EMR, evidence on the role of the private sector in the design/implementation of these actions is still not documented. The objective of this study is to assess the role and contribution of the private sector in the design/implementation of nutrition-specific interventions addressing the double burden of malnutrition in countries from the EMR and identify the key factors for successful PPP implementation. Methods: The study design was descriptive using secondary data obtained from digital internet sources, including World Health Organization (WHO) databases, grey literature, and websites of the UN and international development agencies. Results: The desk review revealed that the private sector has played a sizable role in the implementation of food fortification initiatives and in the implementation of nutritional policies promoting healthy diets. The experience of the EMR shows the significant impact of government commitment, and the availability of national policies and systems for monitoring and enforcement on the sustainability and effectiveness of PPP-specific nutrition interventions. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the key actions recommended for governments to enhance the application of PPPs as a tool to accelerate the EMR’s progress toward achieving nutrition targets under SDG2 by 2030.

Adolescent Drug Use in Connecticut Private High Schools: Zero Tolerance, Contextual Peer Influence, and Deterrence Effectiveness

After the 1994 Gun-Free School Act, schools expanded the use of zero-tolerance policies with all Connecticut private high schools implementing punitive drug and alcohol policies. Based on the criminological theory of deterrence, zero-tolerance policies deliver severe and certain punishments designed to deter rational actors from engaging in problem behaviors. Existing research suggests that adolescents perceive rewards more strongly around peers and lack impulse control, raising the possibility that peer pressure may override rational deterrence in an adolescents’ decision-making process. An “immune group” of adolescents predisposed to ignore punitive deterrents may play a sizable role in inducing peer drug use. If peer influence supersedes deterrence in a significant number of cases, adolescents who are affected both by deterrents and peer pressure may be at a higher risk of following the example of the “immune group.” This study raises the question of whether Connecticut private high school students’ drug use is correlated with perceptions of punishment mandated by school policy and contextual peer influences. A questionnaire that measured students’ drug use on a scale of 1 to 4, perceived severity and likelihood of punishment from 0 to 10, and interaction with drug using peers from 0 to 10, was completed by 50 respondents. The study found no correlations between student drug use and perception of punishment likelihood and severity but found contextual peer influences to be positively associated with expected student drug use in the future. While the results of this study are limited to Connecticut private high school students, the observed tendency in students to disregard risks and pursue peer-involved drug use may be generalized in adolescents. Even in places where school discipline is not a wide issue, the impact of contextual factors like peer influence must be reconceptualized in thinking about school drug policies.

Factors Predicting Willingness to Share COVID-19 Misinformation.

We conducted a preregistered exploratory survey to assess whether patterns of individual differences in political orientation, social dominance orientation (SDO), traditionalism, conspiracy ideation, or attitudes about science predict willingness to share different kinds of misinformation regarding the COVID-19 pandemic online. Analyses revealed two orthogonal models of individual differences predicting the willingness to share misinformation over social media platforms. Both models suggest a sizable role of different aspects of political belief, particularly SDO, in predicting tendencies to share different kinds of misinformation, predominantly conspiracy theories. Although exploratory, results from this study can contribute to the formulation of a socio-cognitive profile of individuals who act as vectors for the spread of scientific misinformation online, and can be useful for computationally modeling misinformation diffusion.

The role of local immigration partnerships in Syrian refugee resettlement in Waterloo Region, Ontario

As of January 29, 2017 Canada had received 40,081 Syrian refugees. The scale and scope of this resettlement is historic, with the only comparable event being the arrival of 60,000 Indo‐Chinese refugees in the late 1970s. Since that time, much has changed in local resettlement policy. This research focuses on one component of these changes—the role of Local Immigration Partnerships (LIPs) in Syrian refugee resettlement—through a case study of an official refugee reception centre in the Waterloo Region of Ontario and a series of interviews with key informants from multiple sectors involved in resettlement. Results indicate Waterloo's LIP playing a sizable role, but not acting as the sole response body to refugee resettlement. Nevertheless, participants saw the LIP as a crucial part of Waterloo's resettlement efforts. Despite being a product of a tri‐level intergovernmental agreement, the LIP played a central role in shaping a local strategy by using local solutions. LIPs represent an example of place‐based policy that worked well during the Syrian Refugee Resettlement Initiative, but LIPs’ success may set a challenging precedent for future mass refugee resettlement events.

Experimental investigation of dry, wet and cryogenic boring of AA 7075 alloy

ABSTRACTIn this research work, an attempt has been carried out to examine (investigate) and study the dry, wet and cryogenic boring of AA 7075 alloy, which is predominantly used in transport applications in defense (aeronautical parts), oceanic and automaker industries. To ensure direct supply of the coolant, and real-time measurement of cutting temperature a modified boring bar is used (modification is carried out using EDM to accommodate placement of a thermocouple to obtain real-time measurement of temperature readings during the boring cycle). It is observed that during cryogenic boring of AA 7075 alloy there is a considerable reduction in the cutting force (Fc), cutting temperature (Tc) and surface roughness (Ra) by 56.16%, 84.70%, 58.98% compared to dry boring and 48.43%, 80.70%, 34.70% compared to wet boring, respectively. Decrease in Fc and Tc leads to a reduction in high stresses at localized points during machining and in turn curtail wear in workpiece and tool. Lubrication provided by cryogenic fluids also plays a sizable role in reduction of Fc and Tc. Reduction in lower Fc and Tc has a glaring effect on the surface characteristics of the hole produced during the boring process. Tool wear is reduced in cryogenic boring by 36.96% and 17.57% compared to dry and wet boring, respectively. Taguchi and ANOVA was carried out which helped in determining feed as an important parameter with respect to Fc and Ra during boring of AA 7075 under dry, wet and cryogenic conditions whereas speed as an important parameter in determining Tc in dry and wet conditions and feed for Tc in cryogenic boring condition. TOPSIS analysis highlighted speed of 770 rpm and feed of 0.055 mm/min as the most closest to ideal solution for all three different cutting conditions. Surface morphology study after boring of AA 7075 highlighted better surface characteristics in cryogenic bored surface compared to dry and wet boring. Roughness measured in AFM for tool used in boring highlighted a decrease in 86.79% and 66.01% in cryogenic boring in juxtaposition with dry and wet boring, respectively. A surge in compressive residual stress is observed in cryogenic bored surface by 10.41% and 3.5% in juxtaposition with dry and wet boring, respectively, highlighting an abatement in tensile residual stress and better workpiece integrity as compared to dry and wet boring conditions.

The Role and Welfare of Cart Donkeys Used in Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan.

Simple SummaryIn low and middle-income countries, equids (donkeys, horses, and mules) play a critical role in supporting people’s livelihoods. In Karachi, donkey carts are used to transport building materials, commercial produce and garbage. However, to date the role of donkeys in waste management has received little attention. This study therefore aimed to articulate the role and welfare of donkeys used in waste management. Interviews were conducted with donkey owners, households that use donkey carts to collect their waste and key informants. We found that the collection of waste was the primary source of income for 89% of donkey owners interviewed; of those working in waste management, 62% were under 18 years of age. Households reported removal of waste by donkey cart as their preferred waste management option, and reported that there would be a huge garbage build-up if donkey carts became unavailable. A number of animal welfare concerns were documented; 52.9% of donkeys had a body condition score of two. Muzzle mutilation was extremely high (78.4%) and 66.7% of donkeys had superficial knee lesions. We recommend that appropriate public resources are allocated to improve the welfare of both donkeys and people working in waste management in Pakistan.Equine ownership is a common income-generating strategy in Pakistan. In Karachi, donkey carts are used to transport building materials, commercial produce and garbage. This study aimed to articulate the role and welfare of donkeys used in waste management. We conducted interviews with donkey owners (n = 200), households which use donkey carts for waste collection (n = 50) and key informants (n = 14). To assess the welfare of donkeys, the Standardised Equine-Based Welfare Assessment Tool (SEBWAT) was used (n = 204). Collection of waste was the primary source of income for 89% of owners interviewed. Of those directly involved in waste collection, 62% were found to be under 18 years of age. During interviews with donkey cart customers the majority reported that there would be a huge garbage build-up if donkey carts were not available. Welfare assessments demonstrated that 52.9% of donkeys had a body condition score of two. Muzzle mutilation was extremely high (78.4%) and 66.7% of donkeys had superficial knee lesions. This is the first study that has explored the role of donkey carts in waste management in Pakistan. The data demonstrate the sizable role that donkey-owning communities play in waste management and the important livelihood option this offers, as well as considerable animal welfare concerns.

Is Grassfed Meat and Dairy Better for Human and Environmental Health?

The health of livestock, humans, and environments is tied to plant diversity—and associated phytochemical richness—across landscapes. Health is enhanced when livestock forage on phytochemically rich landscapes, is reduced when livestock forage on simple mixture or monoculture pastures or consume high-grain rations in feedlots, and is greatly reduced for people who eat highly processed diets. Circumstantial evidence supports the hypothesis that phytochemical richness of herbivore diets enhances biochemical richness of meat and dairy, which is linked with human and environmental health. Among many roles they play in health, phytochemicals in herbivore diets protect meat and dairy from protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation that cause low-grade systemic inflammation implicated in heart disease and cancer in humans. Yet, epidemiological and ecological studies critical of red meat consumption do not discriminate among meats from livestock fed high-grain rations as opposed to livestock foraging on landscapes of increasing phytochemical richness. The global shift away from phytochemically and biochemically rich wholesome foods to highly processed diets enabled 2.1 billion people to become overweight or obese and increased the incidence of type II diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Unimpeded, these trends will add to a projected substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from producing food and clearing land by 2050. While agriculture contributes one quarter of GHGE, livestock can play a sizable role in climate mitigation. Of 80 ways to alleviate climate change, regenerative agriculture—managed grazing, silvopasture, tree intercropping, conservation agriculture, and farmland restoration—jointly rank number one as ways to sequester GHG. Mitigating the impacts of people in the Anthropocene can be enabled through diet to improve human and environmental health, but that will require profound changes in society. People will have to learn we are members of nature's communities. What we do to them, we do to ourselves. Only by nurturing them can we nurture ourselves.

From Wall Street to Main Street: A Multidimensional Map of the Impact of Magistrate Judges on Federal Courts

District courts are treated as synonymous with district judges despite the fact that nearly half of their judges are magistrate judges. Magistrate judges are selected by a district’s judges and serve for a renewable term. Doctrinal and empirical studies of federal trial courts largely ignore magistrate judges, assuming that, like law clerks, they do not play a salient role in the work of district courts. We test that assumption by using a wide-angle lens as well as two telephoto ones. We examine a public dataset of all courts and all cases to gain a panoramic view of federal trial courts that shows the active involvement of magistrate judges across the country. We then use two unique datasets to zoom in on the specific nature of the work and the intra-court dynamics. The resulting multidimensional map of magistrate judge work reveals not only that districts courts grant meaningful responsibility and discretion to magistrate judges but that districts vary wildly in their practices across districts and within them. Thus, while scholarship must account for the presence of term judges who operate with meaningful authority in a range of matters, the impact is not uniform across districts. Theories of federal courts must grapple with the sizable role played by judges who are outside the Article III processes and protections.

The long-run impact of zoning: Institutional hysteresis and durable capital in Seattle, 1920–2015

This paper examines the coevolution of land use and zoning in Seattle from 1920 to 2015. Multiple waves of zoning and land use conversion data at the parcel level allow for a decomposition of the long-run effects of zoning and an exploration of the mechanisms through which zoning influenced future land use. In particular, I disentangle short-run impacts on land use from long-term institutional hysteresis, showing that the latter played a sizable role in shaping future land use. Additionally, data on variances allows me to examine early compliance levels, an underexplored topic with implications for long-run impacts. While much has been written about persistence in urban form due to purely economic forces, relatively little research has explored how institutional forces can entrench or alter this trajectory, and I find that such institutional constraints can have substantial influence.

Economic Insecurity And Psychological Distress Among Indigenous Canadians

Indigenous Canadians, consisting of First Nations, Inuit and Métis, continue to live a lower quality of life than the rest of Canadians, as evidenced by persistent health disparities. They tend to suffer greater rates of psychological distress than non-Indigenous Canadians. Such disparities in prevalence of psychological distress, which are often associated with depression and suicide, is a dire issue in many countries with Indigenous populations, including Australia and the U.S. The objective of this research is to inform policy by examining factors expected to be related to the psychological health of Canada's Indigenous population focusing on the significance of economic insecurity. The association between economic insecurity and psychological wellbeing among Canada's Indigenous population is examined to determine the magnitude of the impact of economic insecurity relative to other factors. The measures of economic insecurity include employment status, degree of food insecurity and condition of housing. An IV ordered probit model is estimated using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey where psychological wellbeing is assessed with the ten-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10).The K-10 distress scores, ranging from zero to 40 in the dataset, are re-grouped into 5 ordinal categories. The empirical results provide support for the hypothesis that economic insecurity plays a significant and relatively sizable role in explaining the determinants of psychological wellbeing of Canada's Indigenous peoples. They further imply that Indigenous Canadians with greater levels of economic insecurity are more likely to suffer from lower levels of psychological wellbeing with food insecurity having the largest impact followed by housing quality and employment status. Other variables, such as age, gender, marital status, children and location of residence, also significantly impact the psychological wellbeing of Indigenous Canadians. The results suggest that policy for psychological wellbeing needs to address basic physiological needs first before working toward higher level needs associated with self-esteem and self-actualization. The main policy recommendation is for government to prioritize their goals with a focus on allocating a sufficient amount of resources to make a difference.