Sixth Sets Research Articles

Uticaj tradicionalnih medija na mlade u Beogradu u eri digitalnih tehnologija

The main hypothesis of this study aimed to investigate the decreasing interaction of young individuals with traditional media in the era of digital technologies. The research involved 300 students from various higher education institutions in Serbia, who responded to six sets of questions. The first four sets employed the Likert scale method, while in the fifth and sixth sets, students provided open-ended responses to specific questions. Based on the obtained results, it was evident that traditional media have a limited influence on the younger generation and are not their primary source of information. Thus, the findings confirm assertions that the principal drivers for the current changes in daily habits are the emergence of the internet, social media, and the general advancement of digital technologies.

Hyperventilation-Aided Recovery for Extra Repetitions on Bench Press and Leg Press.

Sakamoto, A, Naito, H, and Chow, CM. Hyperventilation-aided recovery for extra repetitions on bench press and leg press. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1274-1284, 2020-Hyperventilation (HV)-induced alkalosis, an ergogenic strategy, improved repeated pedaling sprint performance through enhanced H removal. However, it did not confer beneficial effects on other forms of exercises. This study investigated the benefits of HV-aided recovery on lifting repetitions and joint velocity during resistance training involving multiple joints and both concentric and eccentric contractions. Eleven power-trained men (mean ± SD age: 22.5 ± 4.3 years, training experience: 8.3 ± 3.6 years) performed 6 sets each of bench press and leg press at 80% 1 repetition maximum. Each set was continued until failure, with a 5-minute recovery between sets. In protocol A, HV was implemented for 30 seconds before the first, third, and fifth sets of each exercise (HV-aided recovery), whereas spontaneous breathing continued throughout the recovery before the second, fourth, and sixth sets (control recovery). In protocol B, the order of the HV and control recoveries was reversed. For both protocols, reductions in repetitions (range: -4.7% to -22.5%) and velocity (range: -23.1% to -37.7%) were consistently observed after control recovery (p < 0.05), whereas HV-aided recovery resulted in increased repetitions (range: +21.3% to +55.7%) and velocity (range: +6.3% to +15.3%) (p < 0.05) or no reductions in these measures from the previous set. The total repetitions performed across 6 sets (protocols A and B combined) were greater after the HV-aided than control recovery (p ≤ 0.001) in bench press (44 ± 10 vs. 36 ± 10 reps, increased by 27.1 ± 24.1%) and leg press (64 ± 9 vs. 50 ± 15 reps, increased by 35.2 ± 29.5%). Hyperventilation-aided recovery may boost the effectiveness of resistance training through increased training volume and lifting velocity.

Postactivation Potentiation Counteracts Low- Frequency Fatigue of Quadriceps Muscle during Explosive Strength Training Session

Repeated activation of muscle induces processes resulting in decreased performance (fatigue) as well as enhanced performance (postactivation potentiation, (PAP)). This implies that at any time during contraction, fatiguing effects are being countered by potentiation effects, and vise versa. Therefore, which of the processes will be prevalent during and after explosive strength training is not clear.The purpose of this investigation was to study the acute neuromuscular responses to one explosive strength training session. Eleven healthy untrained men (aged 22—35 years) performed explosive strength training session of six sets (fi ve repetitions each) of the unilateral isometric contractions at an angle of 90 degrees in the knee. The contractility of the muscle was monitored via the electrically evoked contractions at 1, 20, and 50 Hz (P 1, P 20, and P 50, re-spectively) before (Ini), after the fi rst and sixth sets as well as during the 5 and 30 min recovery period (A 5 and A 30, respectively). Contraction time (CT) and relaxation time (RT) of a single twitch (P1) of quadriceps was registered. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force as well force developed during 100 ms (MVC 0-100ms ) was also determined. The ratio of P 20 / P 50 kinetics after exercise was used for the evaluation of low-frequency fatigue (LFF). There was statistically signifi cant repetition effect observed on MVC (p = 0.045) and MVC 0-100ms (p = 0.012). After the fi rst set there was a signifi cant increase in muscle force induced by very low (1 Hz) and low (20 Hz) stimulation frequencies and did not change during all explosive strength training session (p &lt; 0.05). The ratio of P 20 / P 50 recorded after the fi rst set increased signifi cantly (p &lt; 0.05), however 30-min after the explosive strength training session it was signifi cantly decrease in P 20 / P50 ratio compared to its Ini level (p &lt; 0.05). The present study showed that potentia-tion increases P 20 / P 50 ratio during the explosive strength training session, however the subsequent (after 30 min of recovery) decline in P 20 / P 50 ratio is an outcome of diminishing infl uence of potentiation on the background of persistent LFF. Therefore, when muscles are potentiated, it may seem as if no LFF is present.Keywords: explosive strength training, low-frequency fatigue, maximum voluntary contraction, post-activation potentiation.

Changes in Lower Extremity Kinematics and Temporal Parameters of Adolescent Baseball Pitchers During an Extended Pitching Bout

Background: Few studies have investigated detailed 3-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during baseball pitching in adolescent athletes during extended play. Changes in these parameters may affect performance outcomes. Purpose: To investigate whether adolescent baseball pitchers experience changes in lower extremity kinematics and event timing during a simulated game-length pitching bout. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Twelve male adolescent pitchers (aged 14-16 years) threw 6 sets of 15 fastball pitches from an artificial pitching mound to a target at regulation distance. Joint angles and angular velocities at the hip, knee, and ankle of both legs were collected throughout the phases of the pitching cycle as well as stride length, pelvis orientation, pitch duration, timing of foot contact and ball release, ball speed, and pitching accuracy. Paired t tests (P < .05) were used to compare the dependent variables between the last 5 pitches of the second (baseline) and sixth (final) sets. Results: During the stride phase, decreased maximum angular excursions for hip extension (baseline: 14.7° ± 9.8°; final: 11.6° ± 10.3°; P < .05) and ankle plantar flexion (baseline: 30.2° ± 14.5°; final: 24.2° ± 15.3°; P < .05) as well as maximum angular velocity for knee extension (baseline: 144.9 ± 63.3 deg·s−1; final: 121.7 ± 62.0 deg·s−1; P < .05) were observed between sets in the trailing leg. At foot contact, pitchers had decreased hip flexion (baseline: 69.5° ± 10.1°; final: 66.5° ± 11.8°; P < .05) and increased hip abduction (baseline: 20.7° ± 8.9°; final: 25.4° ± 6.0°; P < .05) in the leading leg in the final set. Compared with the baseline set, ball speed significantly decreased in the final set (29.5 ± 2.5 m·s−1 vs 28.3 ± 2.5 m·s−1, respectively; P < .05). Conclusion: Kinematic changes and decreased ball speeds observed in the final set suggest that adolescent pitchers are unable to maintain lower extremity kinematics and performance as a result of extended play. Clinical Relevance: The results from this study may warrant further investigation into how altered lower extremity kinematics may affect trunk and upper extremity function, performance, and risk of injuries during pitching in adolescent athletes, particularly during actual game play.

Acute Cardiovascular Response during Resistance Exercise with Whole-body Vibration in Sedentary Subjects: A Randomized Cross-over Trial

This study aimed to compare the acute cardiovascular responses during and after resistance exercise with and without whole-body vibration. Nineteen sedentary adults randomly performed one session of isometric squats without vibration and the same exercise with vibration. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured. SBP, DBP and HR were also measured for 20 min after the sessions. The exercise with vibration demonstrated significant values ​​(P < 0.05) for SBP (second to sixth sets), DBP (third to sixth sets) and SVR (second to sixth sets) compared with the exercise without vibration. After the sessions, the values ​​of SBP for both exercises were significantly lower than the respective resting values; with no difference between the sessions. In conclusion, exercise with vibration caused increases in SBP, DBP and SVR compared with exercise with no vibration in sedentary adults.

Empowering The Underprivileged: The Social Justice Mission For Clinical Legal Education In India

&lt;p&gt;The 1960s and 1970s were an important time in the history of legal education in India, when the legal aid movement and various legal aid committees’ reports started to draw attention to the importance of experiential learning, or learning on the job, in legal education. The main aim of involving law students in the national legal aid movement was to make them feel more responsible for the considerable part of the Indian population who, because of their socio-economic status, couldn’t access justice. The history of how India’s clinical programs were introduced has a lot in common with the history of clinical programs in other parts of the world. There was a desire to create a pool of lawyers, who would serve as soldiers in the fight for social justice for underprivileged groups in the country.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While some prestigious universities started their clinical programs in the 1970s, most of the regulators of legal education took a long time to include clinical papers in the curriculum. In 1997 the Bar Council of India introduced four practical papers in the curriculum. The spirit of public service, and the widespread poverty in a country, has always been central to the push for clinical programs everywhere. But in India, the legal aid committees’ and other statutory bodies’ reports calling for clinical programs to support social justice, were always ignored. The National Knowledge Commission’s working group on legal education specifically mentioned the need to introduce students to issues relating to poverty, social change and social exclusion, through clinical legal education.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;After the introductory section, the second section discusses the introduction of clinical programs with their roots in the search for social justice in the United States and India. The third section discusses the continuous deliberation by various bodies, commissions and committees about the need to introduce clinical programs with a social justice perspective in India. The fourth section discusses the social justice-based clinical programs in China and South Africa. This section tries to highlight some of the clinical models focused on serving underprivileged groups, that have been introduced and implemented in these two countries and which ~ after local modifications ~ could serve as a template for programs in Indian law schools. The fifth section tries to search for clinical models best suited to India with reference to clinical programs in China and South Africa. Several examples of clinical activities in a few Indian law schools have been highlighted in this chapter to explain these models’ effectiveness and suitability for Indian circumstances. The sixth section sets out some suggestions for law schools and stakeholders of legal education in India as to how to further the country’s social justice mission of clinical legal education.&lt;/p&gt;

Erratum: Sequence elements outside the hammerhead ribozyme catalytic core enable intracellular activity

Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 708–712 (2003). Figure 4e in this paper contained mistakes. The labels for the fourth, fifth and sixth sets of data should be sTRSV + PL1, sTRSV + PL2 and sTRSV + PL1&2, respectively. We apologize for the inconvenience this may have caused.

Reliability of an Exercise Protocol Designed to Evaluate Resistance Exercise Performance

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the reliability a protocol used to assess short-term resistance exercise performance. Six men participated in this investigation after giving their consent. Subjects (N = 6) performed 6 sets of leg extensions at 80% of 10 repetition maximum (RM). Ten repetitions were performed during the first 3 sets; during the last 3 sets subjects exercised to fatigue. Ninety seconds of seated passive recovery separated each set. Subsequently, 2 experimental trials were conducted in which the exercise protocol was identical to the familiarization trial. There was a significant decline in performance from set 4 (13.5 +/- 0.9 reps) to set 5 (11.9 +/- 0.8 reps) and set 4 to set 6 (10.8 +/- 1.0 reps), suggesting that the protocol did induce fatigue. The intraclass correlations were 0.992, 0.992, and 0.993 for the fourth, fifth, and sixth sets, respectively. The average coefficients of variation for the fourth, fifth, and sixth sets were 6.7, 2.7, and 7.1%, respectively. These data suggest that the resistance training protocol used in this investigation is reliable and may be useful in evaluating interventions designed to improve fatigue resistance.

The effects of chromate deoxidizer treatment parameter variation on surface morphology and adhesive bonding of 2219-T87 aluminum

The shell of the Space Shuttle's External Tank is 2219-T87 aluminum to which an epoxy primer is applied to allow bonding of the Thermal Protection System (TPS). A chromate deoxidizer is used to prepare the aluminum surface for primer bonding. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology of 2219-T87 aluminum associated with different bond strengths produced by varying the deoxidizer treatment parameters.Eight sets of two 2219-T87 aluminum panels were treated with chromate deoxidizer. One set was used as a control. The second set was subjected to an additional deoxidizer treatment, while the third set received two additional deoxidizer treatments. The fourth, fifth, and sixth sets were held for 5, 10, and 15 minute post deoxidiation and prior to final rinse with demineralized water. The two remaining sets were deliberately contaminated with 25:1 and 100:1 water:deoxidizer solutions, which were allowed to dry on their surfaces.

Plasma volume changes and cardiovascular responses associated with weight lifting

Ten experienced weight lifters were studied to determine the influence of strenuous, free-weight, squat lift exercise on changes in plasma volume, mean arterial pressure, and the rate pressure product. After a 40-min postural adjustment prior to upright exercise, each subject completed eight sets of eight repetitions of the squat exercise at 55% of the one-repetition maximum. Electrocardiogram heart rate was monitored throughout the test, and blood pressure was determined at the completion of each exercise set. Arterialized capillary blood was drawn during sitting and standing pre-exercise and at the end of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth sets for the measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration, and after the last set for blood lactate. Five additional subjects participated in a postural control comparison. The results of the ANOVA showed a significant loss in plasma volume over the trials which was 2 1/2 times greater than for the control subjects (17.9 vs 7.7% loss) over the same period of time. Exercise rate pressure product increased by 2.85 times resting while only 1.1 times resting for the control subjects. An elevation in mean arterial pressure was found to be correlated to changes in plasma volume, r = -0.98. This study found that plasma volume is reduced while the rate pressure product is increased during the squat lift exercise.