Threat Situation Research Articles

DETERMINANTS OF THE PROVISION OF MARITIME TRAVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF A SENSE OF SECURITY OF GENERATION Y REPRESENTATIVES

In order to ensure the highest level of maritime travel safety, standards and rules are applied aimed at eliminating potential risks. In view of changes in the environment – as a result of, among others, the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine – it has become necessary to verify expec-tations and preferences towards the provision of maritime transport services from the perspective of its users, representing generation Y. A key factor for evaluating cruise maritime service in the situation of current threats was identi-fied to achieve the objective of this study. At the same time, groups of factors responsible for the emergence of threats to travelers were identified, and pro-posals for measures to increase confidence in maritime transportation were evaluated from the perspective of the surveyed participants.

Transformatywna (?) zmiana zachowań wolnoczasowych studentów w czasie pandemii

Introduction: The time of the pandemic meant awareness of the biological threat, the associated sense of uncertainty, and the experience of isolation and reduced face-to-face contact. The functioning conditions of the students were different from the previous models of spending study time and leisure time. Research Aim: The aim of the study was to diagnose the change in students' leisure behavior in the context of increased leisure time and the epidemic threat situation, and to determine the degree of persistence of these changes after the threat ceased. Method: For the purpose of the study, Nash's model of leisure time was adopted as the model. The research was planned in a quantitative strategy. The study was diagnostic and verification in nature. Questionnaire technique was used to measure the variables - Likert scales. The description of data collection methods was simultaneously with the description of operationalization procedure. All variables were measured by the author's questionnaire, which is based on theoretical findings, concerning the described perspectives. The survey was conducted electronically. Results: Findings indicate that there was a significant increase in transformative slow-time behaviors during the first few months of the pandemic and a decrease after one year. There was also a significant gain in boredom-killing behavioral behaviors during the pandemic. Conclusions: The decrease in transformative behaviors during the pandemic after an initial increase may have been due to various factors: low reflexivity and transformative motivation, increasing disjunction.

Role of military medicine in massive immediate threat situations

Role of military medicine in massive immediate threat situations

Socioeconomic status and entrepreneurial networking responses to the COVID-19 crisis

Networks play a vital role for entrepreneurs in overcoming crises. The most vulnerable to crises are those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. However, we know less about the role of socioeconomic status in entrepreneurial networking. This study investigates whom entrepreneurs call in case of emergency. We develop hypotheses on how entrepreneurs’ socioeconomic status influences models of networking agency in situations of economic threat. The results of a pre-registered randomized experiment in the COVID-19 context conducted with 122 entrepreneurs from the US indicate that entrepreneurs in higher socioeconomic status positions activate contacts to serve their own goals (i.e., independent networking agency) when facing an economic threat. In contrast, and counter-intuitively, entrepreneurs of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to support others when facing an economic threat (i.e., interdependent networking agency). Exploring the evolving network structure, our explorative post-hoc analyses suggest that entrepreneurs activate closer networks (i.e., higher density and stronger ties) under threat. The study discusses the implications of these findings for the theory of entrepreneurial networking in general and network responses to crises in particular.

An ensemble deep federated learning cyber-threat hunting model for Industrial Internet of Things

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an emerging technology with prompt evolution in diverse applications, including critical infrastructure. While the increasing number of IIoT devices in today’s critical infrastructure enhances their efficiency and reliability, it also increases their vulnerability towards cyber-attacks. Ambient Intelligence (AmI), including machine learning techniques, is a way to handle such challenges with minimizing the human role. Although using machine learning-based techniques is increased in some applications these days, they are not widely used in IIoT environments due to the privacy issues of transferring all the data into a single machine to train the models. This paper proposes an ensemble-based deep federated learning cyber-threat hunting model to hunt the attack samples without data sharing. The proposed hunting model consists of two parallel federated-based components, one analyzes the IIoT status based on the normal situation of the network, and the other analyzes it with considering the threat situation. This model used an ensemble of classifiers to make the final decision. The proposed cyber-threat hunting model is evaluated using two test cases and compared with some works in the literature and outperformed them in the f1-score metric. Moreover, evaluations show that the proposed model acts stable in facing different numbers of clients, and its training time is faster than the centralized models with the same computational complexity.

The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat.

Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life-threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty-two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US-expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady-state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US-expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat.

Comparative Experiment on TTP Classification with Class Imbalance Using Oversampling from CTI Dataset

Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) refers to the real-time collection of threat information and analysis of these acquired data to identify the situation and attack mechanism of a security threat. In a CTI analysis, it is important to have a standardized attack model. Recently, the MITRE adversarial tactics, techniques, and common knowledge (ATT&CK) framework has been widely used as the de facto standard security threat modeling technique. However, analyzing a large amount of data using the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) of ATT&CK with a limited number of security personnel is time-consuming. To solve this cost-sensitive issue, research on automated classification of TTP from CTI data using artificial intelligence techniques is currently underway but remains challenging. This is because CTI data are domain-specific, and therefore, it is difficult to obtain labeling data to be used as training data for AI models. Hence, the distribution of training data related to TTP labeling is imbalanced. Thus, the current accuracy of ML-based TTP classification is still around 6080%. This study aims to improve the TTP classification accuracy from unstructured CTI data using machine learning while mainly focusing on solving the problems of small training datasets and TTP class imbalance. Therefore, we proposed a TTP classification method by applying easy data argumentation (EDA) and compared its performance with those of previous studies. By applying the proposed methodology, a 60–80% improvement was observed compared to the reference baseline model, TRAM. This indicates that the preprocessing methodology of applying the EDA technique is effective at improving the performance of TTP classification from unstructured CTI data in the CTI domain.

Subject Priorities of Academic Research in Russia and the World: Analysis of Publication Activity Based on SciVal Data

In the situation of global threats and international social and economic pressure on the part of certain countries the development of science becomes very important for Russia and turns into a factor significant both for attaining national goals and effective adaptation to global challenges. In these circumstances the task of making subjects of academic research more acute with due account for national interests and global academic agenda acquires paramount importance. Such methods as qualitative and quantitative analysis, comparison, grouping, ranging and data aggregation were used in the research. The authors on the basis of SciVal data carried out a comparative analysis of subject priorities in academic research in Russian and the world that took into account publication activity indicators, top subject fields and topic clusters, which gave an opportunity to identify specificity of content trends of Russian science in view of global tendencies and find out promising lines of academic research. Sciencemetric tools were widely used for deep and detailed assessment of the most promising trends in academic research.

Populism and racism on social networks: An analysis of the Vox discourse on Twitter during the Ceuta ‘migrant crisis’

On 17 and 18 May 2021 almost 8000 migrants arrived in Ceuta, crossing over from the Moroccan side of the border. The humanitarian emergency was evident, but the Spanish extreme right defined the situation as something quite different. This article analyses Vox’s activity on Twitter during the two weeks following the arrival of the migrants, with the aim of identifying the logics of racism in its discourse. The methodology used is content analysis, focusing on topics frequency and discursive strategies used. A total of 762 publications from the official Vox account are analysed. The results indicate that the party constructs the aforementioned crisis as a warlike situation of threat, by way of populist discursive strategies. The logics of racist discourse are specifically xenophobic and cultural. Vox demands anti-immigrant institutional racism that does not respect human rights. This article concludes with some reflections on the worrying normalization of racist discourse today.

Good Practices of Witelon Collegium State University - creative activity for difficult times

At Collegium Witelon, the State University, a project entitled "Creative activity - possibilities of using free time also during a pandemic" was created. The idea of the project was to show young people the possibility of spending their free time also in a situation of isolation. The project focused on using the potential of creative activity. Creative activity is a chance for young people to realize themselves - regardless of gender, race, nationality, religion, belief, age. It is an opportunity to use your own skills and develop interests and passions, as well as, through specific actions, to make social changes that minimize the issue of mental threats. Various artistic, musical and theatrical forms constitute the most frequently undertaken creative activity, they are the possibility of expression accompanied by emotions through colors, sounds, words, gestures and movement. In this way, young people can satisfy their own needs while learning about the properties of the objects of the real environment. Creative activity is the best way for an individual to meet the need for knowing and experiencing the world. It should be treated as a priority used in the upbringing process, a fundamental value and a tool supporting development, especially in situations of isolation or social threats. All activities that show creative activity, especially in childhood, are valuable links influencing the effectiveness of the educational process. They develop cognitive curiosity, imagination and creativity, but also entertain and enjoy. They can be the basis of therapy or sociotherapy. Creative activity can be an alternative to confinement, isolation. It gives the opportunity for an interesting and creative way of spending free time - individually, together, also in a small group. It can give you a sense of your own fulfillment while achieving your own success. It can be an alternative to the pandemic - COVID -19. Therefore, it is worth focusing on the possibilities of creative activity and becoming interested in the method of activating children and youth, which is the project. Let good and proven practices inspire and undertake similar activities.

Промышленная политика и трансформация потребительского рынка арктических регионов России

The article considers the state of industrial policy in the subjects of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation both in terms of the status and dynamics of the regional consumer market and the mechanisms of state regulation and support. In the current situation of economic sanctions and external threats, the main problems of the consumer market are the following: rising prices, transformation of transport and logistics schemes, declining quality of goods and services, reduction of their assortment. Opportunities for solving them could include: location of production sites closer to the end consumer, inter-production and interregional cooperation and specialization, state regulation and compensation of fuel, energy and transport tariffs, infrastructure development. The article considers a number of generalized cases of consumer preferences formation depending on the goods belonging of local producers to this or that sector of the “Price x Quality” matrix. A number of systemic problems associated with the need for local producers to respond to the transformational changes to which the regional consumer market is exposed today has been identified. In order to create a set of support measures and effective tools, it is necessary to develop a system of long–term guidelines and strategizing in the field of regional industrial policy: on the one hand, it is integrated into the state vertical of industrial management, on the other hand, it takes into account territorial features, industrial potential and consumer expectations of the population in the regions. Based on the analysis, the authors propose to create a single document in each region of the Russian Federation with the working title “Fundamentals of regional industrial policy and consumer market development”.

COMPANY OWNERS WITH SPECIAL ECONOMIC – DEFENSIVE MEANING IN THE SYSTEM OF STATES’S DEFENCE PREPARATIONS – FORMAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

The article is dedicated to one of the most complex activities of the Republic of Poland in the field of security – state’s defence preparations. They are presented as all material, financial and organizational projects carried out by the public administration and, above all, by company owners. They were given the role that was directly necessary to ensure the survival and functioning of the state in a situation of security threats and in times of war, including support for their own and allied armed forces. It was assumed that merely the company owners and the economy are in a position of a key element of social security, regardless of conditions of defence readiness represented by the country. It is the economic sphere, supported by the administration, that has the most important role just in preparations of defence, and in limiting the country's sensitivity to the hostile environment. The process of operational planning was treated in a special way as an integral part of defence planning, i.e. a process of fundamental importance for the effective implementation of defence tasks. It was defined as the establishing of activities related to the preparation and operation of public administration bodies and company owners in conditions of external threats to state security and during the war, which are represented in the form of sets of operational tasks. Then, the issues related to the implementation of defence tasks by companies of special economic – defensive meaning were presented together with questions resulting from the Economy Mobilization Program and being the most important for the state's defence readiness. The tasks that companies have to fulfil under their defence obligations and the tools that enable them to do so have been reviewed. It was assumed that the Polish state made sure that this area was provided with appropriate legal and organizational solutions, and an attempt was made to evaluate and analyse some of them.

Electricity Network Security Monitoring Based on Bee Colony Algorithm

In order to effectively detect and discover network threats in the initial stage, this study proposes an electricity network security intrusion detection method based on feature selection. A heuristic feature selection algorithm based on the bee colony algorithm is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of existing feature evaluation methods. The algorithm uses average mutual information to measure the importance of features and more truly reflects the relationship between the selected features, the selected features, and the classification labels. Aiming at the problem that the algorithm is easy to fall into local optimization, a heuristic random search algorithm is proposed, which iteratively optimizes to generate smaller feature subsets, and improves the speed and accuracy of intrusion detection. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional algorithm, the proposed method can effectively evaluate the risk of attack path on the selected experimental data set, and the gap between the generation strategy and the optimal strategy is reduced by 71.3%, which enhances the practicability of the attack graph analysis method in a large-scale network environment. Conclusion. This method has good scalability and can be applied to large-scale network environments. It can effectively obtain attack paths that are more in line with the real threat situation in an acceptable time, so as to effectively find the network threats.

A Safety Approach for Improving Security - Effective Coordination Strategies at the Airport Security Screening Checkpoint.

This study aimed to analyze effective teamwork at security checkpoints by investigating how security crews communicate in different (routine and threat) situations. Working at an airport security screening checkpoint is challenging. Although tasks and processes are highly regulated and standardized due to legal requirements, security screeners must be trained to deal with unforeseen threat situations involving high levels of uncertainty. Therefore, security crews need to engage in flexible and adaptive coordination according to the situation and circumstances. We conducted a field study with 20 airport security screening crews comprising 100 security screeners. Teamwork in terms of interaction between crew members was measured, differentiating between proactive "push" communication and information on request representing "pull" communication. Furthermore, non-task related communication was assessed. While crews showed non-task related communication more in routine situations, both task-related "push" and "pull" communication occurred more in threat situations. In terms of team performance, we could show significant positive effects of proactive "push" communication and non-task related interaction in threat situations. Our results underscore the specific setting of airport security screening and the challenges that arise for teamwork. This study investigates professional screeners and passengers in the field. In contrast to other high-risk areas, security crews are confronted with a third party that complicates coordination strategies considered effective in previous studies. Our findings recommend situation-specific communication strategies for practical training for airport security screening crews.

Constitutionality and The Special Legal Order

The Covid 19 disease and its treatment in the national legal systems raised important questions of constitutionality. In this contribution to the anniversary of the independence of Ukraine, we will remember the importance of constitutionality even in situations of danger and extraordinary threats, natural or human attacks on the society, nature and economy. We are facing this situation now in times of the pandemic, the Covid19 virus that attack almost the entire globe. According to the Venice Commission, that made a comparative report about the situation of democracy, rule of law, the protection of human rights in times of the pandemic in Europe [CDL-PI (2005)005rev], the only legitimate aim and legitimate ground for adoption of emergency measures is to help the State overcome an exceptional situation. It is the nature, severity and duration of this exceptional situation which determines the type, extent and duration of the measures that the State may lawfully resort to. Emergency measures should respect certain general principles which aim to minimize the damage to fundamental rights, democracy and rule of law. The measures are thus subject to the triple, general conditions of necessity, proportionality and temporariness. We will fi rst share some basic information about the structure of the special legal orders and their history in Hungary including the Ninth Amendment to the Fundamental Law that will enter into force in January 2023 that aims to change the present structure of the special legal order. In the second part of the presentation, we will show the special legal orders in the Fundamental Law and highlight the relevance of constitutional guarantees.

NATIONAL AND PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF STUDENT YOUTH BY MEANS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN THE DIMENSIONS OF THE PRESENT

The article presents an analysis of the conditions and updated approaches to the implementation of the conceptual provisions of national-patriotic education of youth in the higher education system. It is noted that the issue of development and support of patriotism is inextricably linked with the sense of national identity. At the same time, the modern era with its contradictions and alternatives forms a new, ambiguous, multifaceted patriotism. In the conditions of information culture development, public-humanistic patriotism should stand out, which, combining elements of ethnicity and state, recognizes humanity as the dominant factor. The issue of developing and maintaining patriotism is inextricably linked to a sense of national identity that is facing significant challenges in the face of globalization. At the same time, in today’s difficult and painful situations of challenges and threats, radical changes in politics, economy, and social sphere, the priority of social progress, along with ensuring its sovereignty and territorial integrity, finding ways to integrate into the European and Euro-Atlantic community, is to define a new strategy. Education as a multicomponent and multi-vector system largely shapes the future development of the Ukrainian state. Patriotism as an integrative basis for the revival of the spiritual values of society is a stabilizing factor of national and civic harmony in the independent Ukrainian state. It is established that the challenges of war, the formation of the world, the development of consciousness and national identity of students, and the challenges of globalization require the constant attention of teachers (tutors) in the context of national-patriotic education and the use of adequatepedagogical conditions. It is noted that the relevance of education on patriotism among students is due to the high level of their intellectual potential and significant social activity. The pedagogical conditions of patriotism formation are highlighted, which consist of: the formation of internal motivation of higher education seekers to self-education of national-patriotic values and personality qualities by means of a virtual educational environment; introduction of media education in the educational process of universities as part of continuing education of modern man aimed at forming a network culture of the individual or culture of network communication; expanding tutoring support for students in the field of virtual communication.
 Keywords: national and patriotic education; national identity; pedagogical conditions; education; students; youth.

Angiotensinogen Suppression: A New Tool to Treat Cardiovascular and Renal Disease.

Multiple types of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers exist, allowing interference with the system at the level of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, or the angiotensin II receptor. Yet, in particular, for the treatment of hypertension, the number of patients with uncontrolled hypertension continues to rise, either due to patient noncompliance or because of the significant renin rises that may, at least partially, overcome the effect of RAS blockade (RAS escape). New approaches to target the RAS are either direct antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit angiotensinogen RNA translation, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) that function via the RNA interference pathway. Since all angiotensins stem from angiotensinogen, lowering angiotensinogen has the potential to circumvent the RAS escape phenomenon. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA require injections only every few weeks to months, which might reduce noncompliance. Of course, angiotensinogen suppression also poses a threat in situations where the RAS is acutely needed, for instance in women becoming pregnant during treatment, or in cases of emergency, when severe hypotension occurs. This review discusses all preclinical data on angiotensinogen suppression, as well as the limited clinical data that are currently available. It concludes that it is an exciting new tool to target the RAS with high specificity and a low side effect profile. Its long-term action might revolutionize pharmacotherapy, as it could overcome compliance problems. Preclinical and clinical programs are now carefully investigating its efficacy and safety profile, allowing an optimal introduction as a novel drug to treat cardiovascular and renal diseases in due time.

The social psychology of intergroup tolerance and intolerance

ABSTRACT Living with cultural, religious, and ideological diversity inevitably creates situations where people are confronted with beliefs, values, or practices that they disapprove of. In such situations, people may consider reasons to nevertheless tolerate what they disapprove of (i.e., forbearance tolerance), or reject these (i.e., intolerance). In the current review, we consider empirical research on the processes of intergroup tolerance and consider different manifestations of (in)tolerance. Then we discuss recent work on the dual process model of tolerance, which considers intuitive versus deliberative objections to cultural, religious, and ideological differences, and how these can be overridden to produce tolerance. We then review literature on the boundaries of tolerance including the role of moralization and moral values, before considering individual difference factors and situations of threat that can hamper intergroup tolerance. We conclude by considering five areas ripe for future exploration on the social psychology of intergroup tolerance and intolerance.

Ethical values and principles to guide the fair allocation of resources in response to a pandemic: a rapid systematic review

BackgroundThe coronavirus 2019 pandemic placed unprecedented pressures on healthcare services and magnified ethical dilemmas related to how resources should be allocated. These resources include, among others, personal protective equipment, personnel, life-saving equipment, and vaccines. Decision-makers have therefore sought ethical decision-making tools so that resources are distributed both swiftly and equitably. To support the development of such a decision-making tool, a systematic review of the literature on relevant ethical values and principles was undertaken. The aim of this review was to identify ethical values and principles in the literature which relate to the equitable allocation of resources in response to an acute public health threat, such as a pandemic.MethodsA rapid systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, LitCOVID and relevant reference lists. The time period of the search was January 2000 to 6th April 2020, and the search was restricted to human studies. January 2000 was selected as a start date as the aim was to capture ethical values and principles within acute public health threat situations. No restrictions were made with regard to language. Ethical values and principles were extracted and examined thematically.ResultsA total of 1,618 articles were identified. After screening and application of eligibility criteria, 169 papers were included in the thematic synthesis. The most commonly mentioned ethical values and principles were: Equity, reciprocity, transparency, justice, duty to care, liberty, utility, stewardship, trust and proportionality. In some cases, ethical principles were conflicting, for example, Protection of the Public from Harm and Liberty.ConclusionsAllocation of resources in response to acute public health threats is challenging and must be simultaneously guided by many ethical principles and values. Ethical decision-making strategies and the prioritisation of different principles and values needs to be discussed with the public in order to prepare for future public health threats. An evidence-based tool to guide decision-makers in making difficult decisions is required. The equitable allocation of resources in response to an acute public health threat is challenging, and many ethical principles may be applied simultaneously. An evidence-based tool to support difficult decisions would be helpful to guide decision-makers.

Индивидуально-психологические особенности сотрудников правоохранительных органов, влияющие на психологическую готовность к действиям в экстремальных условиях

The article discusses individual psychological characteristics that determine the psychological readiness for action in extreme conditions. The authors define the concepts of «psychological readiness» and «extreme situations», as well as the features of extreme situations. The purpose of the study is to identify the individual psychological characteristics of law enforcement officers that affect the psychological readiness for action in extreme conditions, as well as their dependence on the duration of service. The practical significance of the study lies in the identification of psychological characteristics that affect the psychological readiness for activities in the event of a threat to life and health and, thus, the expansion of knowledge in the field of psychology of safety and human behavior in extreme and emergency situations. The study sample consisted of law enforcement officers who, in their professional activities, face situations of threat to life and health.
 The work reveals individual psychological characteristics of law enforcement officers operating in extreme conditions. According to the results of the study, it has been revealed that the duration of service is interconnected with the following individual psychological characteristics: friendliness, communicativeness, caution, activity level, demonstrativeness, aggressiveness.