Conflict Situations Research Articles

Foreign experience of future veterinarians’ preparation for professional communication

The article analyzes foreign experience in preparing future veterinarians for professional communication. It has been established that the preparation of future veterinarians for professional communication is considered by foreign scientists to be on the same level of importance as a wide range of professional disciplines. The process of communication of specialists in the agricultural sector consists in the formation of skills and professional communication skills, in the exchange of information, in the content of the information itself, which is the main factor in the acquisition and formation of knowledge and skills of students. The work examines the achievements of some European, American, and Australian universities that pay significant attention to the communicative training of students of veterinary medicine. It is noted that this issue requires a more detailed study in view of insufficient dissemination of positive experience, existing practices and effective models of training veterinarians for professional communication that already exist. It was determined that the most attention is paid to communication between colleagues and management of conflict situations. It was found that communication regarding the treatment plan, work conversations, communication in stressful situations, business and professional communication are included in communicative actions in the work process. It has been studied that foreign institutions of higher education pay equal attention to the development of oral and written communication, which allows future specialists to avoid difficulties when communicating with colleagues and clients. It has been established that role-playing games are considered one of the effective means of forming communication skills of specialists, in particular, communication situations with clients. Scientists will pay much less attention to communication with colleagues and other potential interlocutors. The results of the study will contribute to the discussion of ways to improve the organization and conduct of classes in professional disciplines in domestic institutions of higher education.

Mongolia's place in the modern architecture of Eurasian security

Тhe article discusses the issues of Mongolia's place in the modern architecture of Eurasian security. The author, based on the definitions given by various researchers, notes that Eurasian security is a multidimensional concept. The article focuses on the regional aspects of this issue. In particular, the importance of Mongolia in the formation of the security system in the Asia-Pacifi c region, as part of the Eurasian continent, is studied. The author notes that Mongolia's position in the region, its lack of contradictions with other countries, makes it possible to act as a mediator in resolving confl ict situations and threats to regional security. It can claim the role of a mediator State providing assistance to the Asia-Pacific countries in organizing and conducting the negotiation process to prevent threats to regional security.

Handling conflict situations in psychosis inpatient care: Nursing staff experiences of the Interactive Approach model.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: In inpatient wards, there is a risk that conflicts occur when nursing staff interact with psychotic patients. The Interactive Approach (IA) model is an action-based model, used in psychiatric settings, to manage conflict situations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The IA model can be used to improve communication between nursing staff and patients in numerous critical situations. Using a structured risk scale to evaluate a conflict can be an effective way to guide action and sort out the different aspects of communication between nursing staff and psychotic patients. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The clarity of an action-based model will help sort out which interventions are most likely to succeed in each conflict situation. The IA model highlights the importance of understanding and strengthening the patient's perspective, being flexible for each individual patient, and providing the patient with clear information about the situation. ABSTRACT: Introduction The Interactive Approach (IA) model is a structured management tool used to improve communication between caregivers and patients in psychiatric care settings. Aim/Question To examine the nursing staff's experiences of the IA model. How do they use the interventions in conflict situations with psychotic patients? Method A sample of nursing staff (n = 11) was recruited from three psychosis inpatient care units. Semi-structured questions covered staff experiences of working with the problem-solving interventions in the IA model. Transcribed data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results Three categories were defined: (1) 'To apply a flexible approach' describes how staff tried to adapt to each patient and situation; (2) 'Try to understand the person's inner world' describes the importance of active listening and exploring the patient's concerns; and (3) 'To communicate clearly' relates to experiences of clear communication and the setting up of boundaries. Discussion The risk scale and training in communication skills helped the interaction between staff and patients in conflict situations. Different interventions were used with a focus on maintaining patient alliance. Implications for Practice The findings highlight the importance of educational efforts and practical training, to prevent violence and the use of coercive measures.

Ungentlemanly conduct daring and determination in information manoeuvre

ABSTRACT During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian information campaign left much to be desired. The subsequent discussion underlines the importance of information in conflict situations. The British and Netherlands Army both focus on information manoeuvre. This article therefore first discusses what information manoeuvre is and how it originated. Furthermore, this article also discusses, when information manoeuvre is used, what should specifically be engaged? This involves two leverage points, trust and perceptions. Finally, this article discusses that the application of information maoeuvre requires courage on the one hand but, on the other, that careful and ethical considerations are needed before information manoeuvre is used.

Ways of interdisciplinary approaches to advocating for nursing home residents with dementia.

To explore how nursing home staff advocate for residents with dementia. Phenomenographic qualitative research. Twenty nursing home staff from four disciplines (six nurses, four physical therapists, five social workers and five care workers) were purposively recruited from three different nursing homes. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted from February 2023 to March 2023, and the analysis followed the sequential steps of phenomenographic analysis. The analysis identified five categories of description: focusing on what happened, finding the gaps in perspectives, how to bridge for finding a common perspective, how to tailor care such that each resident receives equitable care and how to establish interdisciplinary sharing for a consistent advocative pattern. Their structural relationship was also identified as an outcome space. The cyclical advocacy structure illustrated that nursing home staff engage in an ongoing process of advocacy during conflict situations as part of interdisciplinary care, emphasizing continuity of care rather than separate occurrences of care. This study revealed that, in advocating for residents with dementia, nursing home staff adopted an approach that fosters consistent care and proactive prevention, achieved through the formation of shared knowledge applicable uniformly across similar situations. This study contributes significantly to the continuing education or training of interdisciplinary staff in nursing homes. The revelations of the study hold significance not only for the practical application but also for the theoretical advancement of concepts related to safeguarding the dignity, human rights and personhood of residents with dementia, with the ultimate goal of enhancing their quality of life within nursing homes. Reporting complied with the COREQ criteria for qualitative research. Nursing home directors have contributed to the validation of data analysis and interpretation.

Conflict Transformation in South Omo Zone Pastoralist and Agro-Pastoralist Community of Ethiopia

This study explores conflict transformation practices and actors through an analytical research approach. It reveals that various actors engaged in conflict and peace initiatives have primarily focused on activities cantered around conflict management, prevention, and resolution. This limited emphasis on conflict transformation is attributed to a lack of governmental attention to strategic planning in this regard. Sources of conflict identified include grievances, animal raiding, land disputes, fishing rights, and competition over water and pasture resources. Efforts aimed at conflict transformation encompass resilience-building, rangeland management, NGO interventions in peace dialogues, integration of pastoralism and agro-pastoralism with commercial agriculture, implementation of drought and conflict early warning systems, water resource management and development, range land rehabilitation, and provision of education to affected communities. While these activities have played a significant role in addressing conflicts and transforming relationships, they are deemed insufficient and inadequately executed for comprehensive conflict transformation. Nonetheless, they serve as vital drivers of peace. Although the current conflict transformation mechanisms in place have not resulted in significant changes in the conflict situation, the beginnings are promising and commendable. The government and other stakeholders are urged to engage in proactive conflict intervention mechanisms to effectuate conflict transformation and foster peace or mitigate its adverse impacts. Furthermore, the study advocates for the provision of informal peace education to all adult community members, with the possibility of formalizing this education as an existing conflict transformation option.

Digital citizen participation in policy conflict and concord: Evaluation of a web‐based planning tool for railroad infrastructure

AbstractInfrastructure siting has been shown to lead to high contestation across political systems. To counteract this, policymaking has introduced participatory instruments that were recently supplemented by web‐based tools. Drawing on theoretical perspectives on policy conflict, this paper investigates how different conflict intensities reflected in public discourses can shape citizens' perceptions on the potential and limitations of digital participation tools. To this end, we conducted a survey experiment with students who evaluated the potential functions of a web‐based tool considering criteria, such as transparency, efficiency, and inclusion of new expertise. Participants were randomly assigned fictitious project descriptions that used either conflict or concord words. The results show that while users see several positive influences of digital tools on increased transparency and inclusivity in participation processes, this perception is negatively influenced by a supposedly high level of conflict. Furthermore, digital public participation in railroad planning is perceived as contributing to decreasing escalation and strengthening the democratic quality of policy processes. However, digital participation can only develop its strengths if there are accompanying measures and discourses to secure trust. In addition, the tool's potential seems to be higher in less escalated conflict situations and fully escalated situations than in asymmetrically escalated conflicts.

Establishing a practical test for the end of non-international armed conflict

Abstract When do non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) end? Determining the existence of a NIAC requires a detailed, fact-intensive inquiry. Since the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia's seminal decision in the Tadić case, international courts and tribunals have evaluated the existence of NIACs under the Tadić test's two-pronged inquiry into intensity and organization. Although that decision also pronounced that international humanitarian law (IHL) continues to apply until a “peaceful settlement is achieved,” neither international tribunals nor scholars have articulated a comparably widely accepted and well-developed test for determining the end of NIACs. At the same time – and especially since 9/11 – States have increasingly relied on IHL to meet the threat posed by non-State actors, broadening the scope of conflict-related liabilities in armed conflict without conferring the privileges or immunities otherwise inherent in IHL. This one-sided approach twists the purpose of IHL and places members of organized armed groups into legal black holes without temporal limitations, as States resist the termination of “armed conflict” irrespective of the continuing intensity of violence or the level of organization of non-State actors. Ultimately, the current approach gives States broad discretion without appropriate safeguards, which undermines the proper application of human rights and humanitarian principles within conflict and prevents the establishment of a sustainable peace. This paper argues that the most appropriate test for ascertaining the end of a NIAC is one that combines objective consideration of the diminution of organized and intense hostilities below the Tadić threshold with the likelihood that hostilities will not again rise above that threshold. It thus draws from but does not fully endorse the preferred approach of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which focuses on the lasting termination of hostilities,1 while abjuring a general temporal limitation. Although commendable for its effort to avoid the legal uncertainty that attends the revolving conflict classification problem, the ICRC's approach unfortunately tends to encode existing uncertainty surrounding the termination of NIACs and to indistinctly prolong the application of IHL to erstwhile conflict situations. In contrast, the authors suggest that a test for the end of NIAC based on a specific period (five months following the diminution of organized and intense hostilities below the Tadić threshold), subject to an evaluation of the risk that those hostilities may resume, better balances certainty of legal application with the promotion of a return to peace. The authors will employ the facts of diverse case studies, including the FARC in Colombia, the LTTE in Sri Lanka, numerous armed groups in Mali, and the United States with Al-Qaeda, to build a legal standard that courts can use to determine IHL's continuing applicability to an erstwhile armed conflict.

АНАЛИЗ КАЧЕСТВА ВЕДЕНИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ДОКУМЕНТАЦИИ ПРИ ОЦЕНКЕ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ КЛИНИКИ

One of the criteria for assessing the quality of medical care is the complete maintenance of medical records. Defects in the preparation of medical documents lead to serious errors, such as incorrect diagnosis, unreasonable choice of diagnostic methods and treatment. To clarify the causes of their occurrence and adverse consequences, the study and analysis of medical records in dental organizations is of no small importance. Properly completed medical documentation serves as the basis for conducting forensic investigations within the framework of a criminal case in case of defects in the provision of medical dental care. The outpatient card of a dental patient is the object of quality control of medical care in dental organizations in the event of conflict situations. Purpose of the study: To analyze the quality control and safety of medical activities and the examination of the quality of medical dental care carried out in the dental clinic of the Military Medical Academy named after. CM. Kirov. Material and methods. During the study, analytical and statistical methods were used. The collection of primary information was carried out on the basis of data from primary medical documentation - 1067 outpatient records of dental patients. Results and condemnation. A statistically significant influence of a doctor’s work experience on the completeness of providing information about patients’ complaints was revealed. Doctors with less experience provide more complete descriptions of patient complaints. Among all complaints, aesthetic ones were most often described; complaints of a morphological and functional nature were noted quite rarely. In the cards of form No. 043/u, in 46.67% there was no information about the bite, the hygiene index was not determined, treatment plans and visit diaries were not filled out correctly. Conclusions. Internal quality assessment helps to detect defects in filling out dental patient outpatient records. The importance of adequate medical record keeping is beyond doubt; the form of the medical record must meet the needs of dentists and contain information that complies with the legal and regulatory framework.

A Nonlinear Programming Approach to Solving Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Hesitant Noncooperative Fuzzy Matrix Games

Initially, fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets were used to address real-world problems with imprecise data. Eventually, the notion of the hesitant fuzzy set was formulated to handle decision makers’ reluctance to accept asymmetric information. However, in certain scenarios, asymmetric information is gathered in terms of a possible range of acceptance and nonacceptance by players rather than specific values. Furthermore, decision makers exhibit some hesitancy regarding this information. In such a situation, all the aforementioned expansions of fuzzy sets are unable to accurately represent the scenario. The purpose of this article is to present asymmetric information situations in which the range of choices takes into account the hesitancy of players in accepting or not accepting information. To illustrate these problems, we develop matrix games that consider the payoffs of interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy elements (IIHFEs). Dealing with these types of fuzzy programming problems requires a significant amount of effort. To solve these matrix games, we formulate two interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy programming problems. Preserving the hesitant nature of the payoffs to determine the optimal strategies, these two problems are transformed into two nonlinear programming problems. This transformation involves using mathematical operations for IIHFEs. Here, we construct a novel aggregation operator of IIHFEs, viz., min-max operators of IIHFEs. This operator is suitable for applying the developed methodology. The cogency and applicability of the proposed methodology are verified through a numerical example based on the situation of conflict between hackers and defenders to prevent damage to cybersecurity. To validate the superiority of the proposed model along with the computed results, we provide comparisons with the existing models.

Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy three-way conflict analysis based on cumulative prospect theory

This paper makes a significant contribution to the field of conflict analysis by introducing a novel Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Three-Way Conflict Analysis (IVIFTWCA) method, which is anchored in cumulative prospect theory. The method’s key innovation lies in its use of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers to represent an agent’s stance, addressing the psychological dimensions and risk tendencies of decision-makers that have been largely overlooked in previous studies. The IVIFTWCA method categorizes conflict situations into affirmative, impartial, and adverse coalitions, leveraging the evaluation of the closeness function and predefined thresholds. It incorporates a reference point, value functions and cumulative weight functions to assess risk preferences, leading to the formulation of precise decision rules and thresholds. The method’s efficacy and applicability are demonstrated through detailed examples and comparative analysis, and its exceptional performance is confirmed through a series of experiments, offering a robust framework for real-world decision-making in conflict situations.

Protection of Medical Personnel in Armed Conflict: A Review of the Provisions of International Criminal Law

The protection of medical personnel in armed conflict is an important issue in international criminal law. This article provides an overview of the provisions governing such protection. This review covers various aspects, from the definition of medical personnel to the protection afforded in conflict situations. This research uses document analysis methods to collect data from various sources such as international conventions, agreements and other legal documents. It is hoped that the findings of this research will provide a better understanding of the protection of medical personnel in the context of international criminal law

Human Rights and Military Health: A Review of Violations of International Criminal Law in Armed Conflict

Human Rights (HAM) are rights inherent in every individual, including in the context of military health in the midst of armed conflict. This article reviews violations of International Criminal Law (HPI) that occur in conflict situations, such as murder, torture and forced labor. Protection of human rights in the midst of armed conflict is important, especially regarding access to adequate health services and freedom from treatment that violates human rights. Serious efforts are needed to ensure that military health does not violate human rights principles, so that the world community can maintain their dignity and human rights, even in the midst of conflict-ridden situations

Кризис-менеджмент в российско-турецких отношениях (на примере сирийского кризиса 2010–2021 гг.)

Introduction. In recent years, issues related to the Syrian crisis, including the shooting down of a Turkish fighter jet by Syria on June 22, 2012, the forced landing of a Syrian passenger plane in Ankara on October 10, 2012, and the shooting down of a Russian Su-24 jet by Turkey on November 24, 2015, have become a serious challenge for Russia and Turkey. Moscow and Ankara took completely opposite positions and moved to direct confrontation, but gradually these two actors managed to avoid an escalation of tensions by synchronizing their positions. Methods and materials. The main research question is: how did Russia and Turkey deal with competition and tension in their relations, which pushed them to cooperate? In response to this hypothesis, it is assumed that along with all the constant and variable factors, including geopolitics, economic cooperation, and opposition to Western unilateralism, this cooperation between the two leaders, Putin and Erdogan, has led to a kind of crisis management and a reduction in tensions between the two countries. This has created a delicate balance of competition and cooperation between the two countries. As a theoretical approach, this study examines international crisis management and its applied interpretation in political research on conflict management (conflict situations) and the role of personality and the “rational actor” model in decision-making theory. The research method in this article is a case study; several crisis cases were analyzed, and the main influencing factors in controlling the relationship between the two countries were identified. Results. The main conclusion of the study is that in crisis management, the role of the individual in the image of an intelligent leader in the implementation of policies with full control over subordinate organizations played a significant role. Authors’ contribution. Mehdi Sanaei is responsible for the concept of the article, the development of its theoretical part, the identification and discussion of controversial issues about crisis and conflict management, and the assessment of information sources. Kamran Hooshyar studied the literature and expert opinions, tested the hypothesis about the large role of the heads of state of Russia and Turkey as political leaders in cooperation, and analyzed the economic and political aspects of cooperation between the two states.

The Perspective of Brazilian Women Orthopaedic Surgeons on Gender Discrimination: Initial Insights to Understand Gender Bias in the Brazilian Healthcare System.

Despite the societal progress made in recent years, gender discrimination is still common in healthcare, especially in some surgical specialties such as orthopaedics. In Brazil, where the participation of women in the medical profession has been increasing, little is known about women's perceptions on the issue of gender discrimination. This study aims to examine women orthopaedic surgeons' experiences in dealing with conflict in the workplace and contextualize the impact that gender discrimination has had or currently has on their careers and well-being. As a secondary objective, the work seeks to understand whether there are differences in the perception of the issue among practicing women orthopaedic surgeons and those in training. For a cross-sectional qualitative study, a survey was distributed exclusively to 300 practicing orthopaedic surgeons and orthopaedists in training (residents and fellows). A total of 99 women participated in the survey, of whom 66 were practicing orthopaedic surgeons and 33 were orthopaedists in training. The study showed that women orthopaedic surgeons in training in Brazil have a lower number of publications and a moderate level of involvement in academic society activity. In addition, orthopaedic surgeons in training experience a statistically significantly higher number of conflicts in the workplace. The comments from the questionnaires highlighted the physical and psychological consequences arising from these situations of professional conflict, most frequently occurring with orthopaedic surgeons who are men. Our findings indicate that respondents expressed a feeling of inequality towards women in the workplace, ultimately reducing the level of job satisfaction among female orthopaedic surgeons, which may contribute to disinterest and abandonment of the specialty. The results of this work support recent evidence that there is an implicit and often overlooked bias against the participation of women and ethnic minorities in the orthopaedic community in Brazil.

АНАЛИЗ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ВРАЧЕЙ АКУШЕРОВ-ГИНЕКОЛОГОВ О КАЧЕСТВЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ В УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ РОДОВСПОМОЖЕНИЯ

The purpose of the study: to analyze the ideas of obstetricians and gynecologists about the quality of medical care in maternity institutions. Materials and methods. In accordance with the objectives of this study, a sociological survey was conducted of 286 obstetrician-gynecologists who carry out their work in the Samara region. The average age of the interviewed specialists was 33.7±9.1 years. Among the respondents, people who have worked in the healthcare system for more than 25 years prevailed – 32.1 %. The total length of service from 15 to 25 years was 22.8 % of the respondents, from 10 to 15 years – 20.4 %. Among certified obstetricians and gynecologists, specialists with the first category prevailed (44.1 %). One fifth (22.8 %) of doctors had the highest category, 27.6 % had the second and 5.5 % of the respondents had no qualifications. Results. There was a great interest in improving the quality of medical care provided, as well as in issues of additional professional education in terms of familiarization with regulatory documents and acquiring skills in communicating with patients, ethical analysis of the clinical situation and their own activities. Assessing the overall positive state of affairs in the team, doctors note quite a lot of factors that lead to the development and preservation of a conflict situation. The opinions of doctors characterizing the activities of obstetric and gynecological institutions can be an addition to improving the quality of medical care in the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Resolution of Family Conflicts in Fiction: A Comparative Study of TV Series from China and the United States

The main objective of this research paper is to conduct a comparative cross-cultural analysis of family conflicts in two distinct cultural contexts, as represented in television fiction from China and the United States. The author focuses on conflicts arising within families and portrayed in television series in both countries. To achieve this, a systematic and objective content analysis method is employed, examining family conflict situations presented in the narratives of these television productions. The results indicate that, for the most part, conflicts are resolved positively, reflecting the typical trend in television fiction to seek a happy ending, especially in commercial series. However, cultural variabilities are also observed in the paths each region has taken to reach these conclusions.

The motivation conflict and indecision behavior

This paper discusses three different kinds of motivation conflicts influence the customers’ indecision behavior. Based on previous literature review, the author proposed a stochastic model to predict indecision behavior respectively by approach–approach, avoidance–avoidance and approach–avoidance conflict situations. The duration time of decision making is used as measuring indecision behavior which is considered as Weibull distribution. Simulation data and empirical data are both conduct to compare the fitness between the proposed model and real decision process. The application is demonstrated in the conclusion.

The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence Level and Conflict Management Strategies for Female Practicing Nurses with Dual Roles in the Inpatient Room of RSUD Sumedang

The nursing environment is unique and has the potential for conflicts to arise. Effective conflict management is crucial for redirecting disputes in a constructive direction. Emotional intelligence , as an internal personality characteristic, significantly influences conflict management. This research aims to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and conflict management strategies. A quantitative methodology was employed, utilizing Spearman Rho correlation analysis to analyze the data. The sample in this study consisted of 107 female practicing nurses with multiple roles in the inpatient ward of RSUD Sumedang, selected using the proportional random sampling technique. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted, indicating a significant relationship between the level of emotional intelligence and the conflict management strategies of competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating, with significance levels and correlation coefficients, namely <.001 (-0.510), <.001 (0.614), 0.038 (0.201), <.001 (-0.757), and <.001 (0.688), respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the level of emotional intelligence is positively correlated with conflict management strategies such as collaborating, compromising, and accommodating. Meanwhile, conflict management strategies involving avoiding and competing show a negative correlation. This demonstrates that selecting a constructive conflict management strategy requires a high level of emotional intelligence . Conversely, nurses possessing elevated emotional intelligence may lean towards avoiding or refraining from aggressive competition in conflict situations to preserve positive relationships among colleagues. Hence, there is a need for comprehensive development of emotional intelligence and conflict management training.

Armed Conflict-induced Displacement and Human Trafficking in the Sahel: Organised crime, vulnerabilities, and the accountability of non-state armed groups

Although organised criminal networks and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have historically exploited conflict situations to commit various crimes, the extent of human trafficking by these entities in the Sahel has barely been interrogated in academic literature. In principle, while states have an obligation to criminalise trafficking in persons, problems arise where the state has lost parts of its territory to NSAGs or is facing ongoing conflicts with such groups. Boko Haram, for instance, controlled a large swath of territory in Northeast Nigeria from 2009 to 2015, with evidence of human trafficking. Therefore, this paper examines two specific aspects of human trafficking in the Sahel conflicts: trafficking by organised criminals and trafficking by NSAGs, especially terrorist organisations. It argues that while domestic laws may be useful in combating trafficking linked to organised criminal networks, the traditional state-centric approach to human rights protection makes human trafficking governance more complicated where NSAGs are involved, especially where they exercise territorial control. The paper unpacks these complexities and highlights the deficits in existing international law treaties. It argues that customary international law could provide a solution to the anti-trafficking governance challenge in the Sahel and makes a case for the adoption of an anti-trafficking Deed of Commitment within the Geneva Call mechanism.