Situational Trust Research Articles

Individual trust model for aplication e-wallet in Yogyakarta street food outlet workers

Street food outlets have a complex problem that shape the economic landscape of many countries. Many factors such as technology, organization and human factors are involved in this business process. Technology and human cooperation has opened the new realm industry in the real-world settings, in such applications, human and technology interaction plays a critical role in the overall system performance. Digital technology with internet based is one of technology adoptions in 4.0 era. Trust is the main factor that makes successful technology adoption. This research aimed to explore individual trust factors affecting the use and adoption of technology 4.0 in street food outlets. The studies involved in the development of framework of individual trust that separated three concepts of propensity trust, trust for technology and trust for information technology. The model was developed using SEM PLS that was undertaken using 200 participants who have worked in street food outlets. the model indicated that variabel Trusting Stance, Situational Trust and Trust for Information Technology were strongly influenced by the indikators. The all estimation parameters showed Q2 value bigger than 0 that all latin endogenous variabel has the relevant prediction to model. The findings from this research can inform variables that had influence to individual trust for technology 4.0 of street food outlets.

Mediating and Moderating Roles of Trust in Government in Effective Risk Rumor Management: A Test Case of Radiation-Contaminated Seafood in South Korea.

This study has two aims: to identify effective strategies for managing false rumors about risks and to investigate the roles that basic and situational trust in government play in that process. Online experiment data were collected nationwide from 915 adults in South Korea. They were exposed to a false rumor about radiation-contaminated seafood and were randomly assigned to one of three rumor response conditions (refutation, denial, attack the attacker). One-way ANOVA indicated that the refutation response yielded the highest level of situational trust in government response (TGR). Results of moderated mediation models using the PROCESS Macro indicated the following. (1) The refutation response had a positive effect on TGR, and the attack response had a negative effect. (2) There were significant interaction effects between the attack response and preexisting basic trust in government (BTG) in that the attack response had a negative effect on TGR only when BTG was low. (3) TGR significantly mediated the relationship between each of the three rumor responses and two dependent variables (intentions for rumor dissemination and for unwarranted actions), but in dramatically different ways across the responses. This study provides evidence for the superior effectiveness of the refutation rumor response and identifies specific roles of trust in government in the risk rumor management process.

Preference Criteria for Online Shopping among University Students

We are now living in the era of technology and the use of e-commerce is increasing every day, which has become increasingly more important as most activities can be done by using e-commerce, thus aiding the business industry. The younger generation especially students nowadays spend hours on the internet. The aim of this research was to identify the preference criteria among Malaysian university students. It also identified the relationship between the independent variables (situational factors, trust and consumer trait) which were the preference criteria and the dependent variable (online shopping) among Malaysian university students. In this research, the preference criteria that drove them to shop online was analysed using the survey method distributed to 200 university students. The results of this research showed a strong correlation between online shopping and situational factors, a weak correlation between online shopping and trust, and a strong correlation between online shopping and consumer trait.

Trust in Effective International Business Cooperation: Mediating Effect of Work Engagement

Objective : This study aims to analyse the relationships between relational competence and its trust-building processes with individuals’ traits considered as psychological antecedents of inter-organizational relationships (IORs), outcomes. We hypothesize that organizational trust-building competence, situational trust, trust propensity, and autonomous motivation of cooperating teams and their managers influence IORs outcomes through work engagement of cooperating people. Research Design & Methods : We addressed 210 managers and 982 employees responsible for inter-organizational cooperation from medium and big companies. As explanatory model we adopted the job resources-demands (JR-D) model. Correlation, regression, mediation analyses with bootstrapping, and structural equations modelling (SEM) were used. Findings: Our analyses confirmed positive role of both organizational competences and psychological states of individuals, as valuable mediators in translating the potential of personal traits of teams and managers into IORs outcomes. Implications & Recommendations: As both psychological variables of people responsible for the course of IORs and relational competences of organizations play a vital role in reaching outcomes in IORs attention should be paid simultaneously to both aspects. Our findings highlight the necessity for interdisciplinary research in the field of IORs. Contribution & Value Added: We expose the multilevel and multifactor character of relationships between the antecedents of firms success in IORs, with the use of relationships theory in organization science, and theories proposed by psychology of work and organization.

Situational Trust: How Disadvantaged Mothers Reconceive Legal Cynicism

Research has shown that legal cynicism is pervasive among residents of poor, black neighborhoods. However, controlling for crime rates, these residents call police at higher rates than whites and residents of middle-class neighborhoods, and ethnographic research suggests that mothers in particular sometimes exact social control over partners and children through police notification. Given these findings, how might researchers better understand how legal cynicism and occasional reliance on police fit together? Drawing on interviews with poor African-American mothers in Washington, DC, this article develops an alternative conception of cultural orientations about law: situational trust. This concept emphasizes micro-level dynamism in cultural conceptions of the police, expanding the literature on police trust by emphasizing situational contingency. Mothers deploy at least four alternative strategies that produce moments of trust: officer exceptionalism, domain specificity, therapeutic consequences, and institutional navigation. These strategies shed light on the contextual meanings of safety and legitimacy.

Banking behavior in security and multi-channel environment

The purpose of this paper is to study the differences of factors affecting banking behavior in multi-channel environment. This paper adopted multi-group structural equation modeling to compare the differences of causalities between internet and mobile banking. The result of causality in this paper generally supports the theory of technology acceptance model and the paths across the two groups are different. Certain relations in multi-channel are the same, for example the behavioral intention of internet banking and mobile banking usage are determined by perceived usefulness, trust and perceived ease of use sequentially. Alternatively, several differences exist in the external variables of beliefs. Internet banking regards self-efficiency and perceived ease of use more important. Mobile banking considers situational normality and trust more important.

Trust in automation: integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust.

We systematically review recent empirical research on factors that influence trust in automation to present a three-layered trust model that synthesizes existing knowledge. Much of the existing research on factors that guide human-automation interaction is centered around trust, a variable that often determines the willingness of human operators to rely on automation. Studies have utilized a variety of different automated systems in diverse experimental paradigms to identify factors that impact operators' trust. We performed a systematic review of empirical research on trust in automation from January 2002 to June 2013. Papers were deemed eligible only if they reported the results of a human-subjects experiment in which humans interacted with an automated system in order to achieve a goal. Additionally, a relationship between trust (or a trust-related behavior) and another variable had to be measured. All together, 101 total papers, containing 127 eligible studies, were included in the review. Our analysis revealed three layers of variability in human-automation trust (dispositional trust, situational trust, and learned trust), which we organize into a model. We propose design recommendations for creating trustworthy automation and identify environmental conditions that can affect the strength of the relationship between trust and reliance. Future research directions are also discussed for each layer of trust. Our three-layered trust model provides a new lens for conceptualizing the variability of trust in automation. Its structure can be applied to help guide future research and develop training interventions and design procedures that encourage appropriate trust.

Motherhood in the City: Parenting, Police, and Legal Ambivalence

One line of research has shown that legal cynicism, or a sense of estrangement from the law, is pervasive among residents of poor, black neighborhoods. However, another line of research shows that, controlling for crime rates, residents of poor, black neighborhoods call police at higher rates than whites and residents of middle-class neighborhoods. Ethnographic research suggests that mothers in particular sometimes exact social control over partners and children through police notification. Given these divides in the empirical literature, how might researchers better understand how legal cynicism and occasional reliance on police fit together? Drawing on interviews with poor African-American mothers in Washington, DC, this Article argues that the way to draw these divergent findings together is to through the lens of situational trust. This concept expands the literature on police trust by emphasizing its situational contingency. Mothers use at least four strategies to justify momentarily relying on the police: officer exceptionalism, domain specificity, therapeutic consequences, and institutional navigation. These strategies shed light on the contextual meanings of safety and legitimacy.

How to Trust

This paper concerns decision-making processes that rely on trust. In particular, it analyzes how different aspects of trust (e.g., trust, trustworthiness, trustworthy evidence) influence trust decisions, and acting on them eventually. It proposes a trust decision model that structures the analysis of contextualized trust problems. Rather than seeking a general definition of trust, this paper advocates the necessity to have a structured way to analyze and characterize situational trust problems systematically.

A New Soft Law Approach to Nanotechnology Oversight: A Voluntary Product Certification Scheme

I. INTRODUCTION II. THE FUTILE (NEAR TERM) QUEST FOR COMMAND--AND--CONTROL REGULATION A. Demand for Regulation B. Obstacles to Regulation III. THE LIMITS OF CURRENT SOFT LAW APPROACHES IV. A VOLUNTARY SAFETY TESTING CERTIFICATION SCHEME A. Background on Certification Programs B. The Role of Trust in Certification Programs 1. Dispositional and Situational Trust 2. Reputational Trust 3. Institutional or System Trust 4. Associational Trust 5. Trust and Certification Marks: Examples and Implications V. DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A NANOTECHNOLOGY CERTIFICATION PROGRAM A. Requirements of a Nano Safety Testing Certification Program 1. Disclosure and Reporting 2. Premarket Toxicity Testing 3. Risk Management Practices 4. Post-market Surveillance B. Implementation of the Certification Program C. Limitations and Challenges of the Certification Program VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Regulatory oversight of is necessary yet problematic. The necessity of regulation is driven by two related concerns. First, some nanotechnologies, if left unregulated, are likely to pose very real, if currently unknowable, risks of significant health or environmental damage. (1) Second, public confidence in new technologies and in the regulatory agencies that govern them may be permanently damaged if injurious nanomaterials are released without adequate, or at least the perception of adequate, oversight. (2) Despite these considerations, regulation remains problematic. Most regulatory hurdles are currently insurmountable because we still not know exactly what nanotechnology means or encompasses, much less what concrete risks it may pose. Nanotechnology is a poorly defined, insufficiently understood set of diverse products, processes, and technologies that is not easily captured by any existing regulatory definition, model or system. This situation creates a problem for traditional regulatory tools. Government command-and-control regulations require, among many other things, clear definitions of what is to be regulated, understandable compliance requirements, and strong policy-based rationales to justify the regulation. (3) The impropriety, if not questionable legality, of employing traditional regulatory approaches, coupled with growing calls to do something, (4) has created an opportunity for new models of governance and oversight to emerge. (5) Of late, we have seen numerous short term proposals for (6) solutions and the implementation of some soft law mechanisms. None are based on the traditional command-and-control approach, under which government agencies enact detailed regulatory requirements enforced by the threat of penalty. Instead, all reflect a variety of voluntary, cooperative or partnership approaches. (7) However, although these approaches have many advantages, none of the currently operational regimes has fully achieved two obvious and oft-cited goals of regulation: (1) broad industry participation, with sufficient data submission to aid regulators in risk assessments; and (2) reassurance of public stakeholders as to government's role in regulating emerging technologies. (8) Therefore, this Article proposes another soft law option that may better achieve these goals. We propose a voluntary certification scheme under which companies that produce products may obtain a government-supervised certification for specific products if the firms subject those products to specified safety testing, data disclosure and risk management measures. Given differing national regulatory approaches, our proposal is designed primarily for the United States. However, there is nothing in the proposal that could not be adapted for use in other jurisdictions or prevent the creation of an equivalent international scheme. …

Large Emergency-Response Exercises: Qualitative Characteristics - A Survey

Exercises, drills, or simulations are widely used, by governments, agencies and commercial organizations, to simulate serious incidents and train staff how to respond to them. International cooperation has led to increasingly large-scale exercises, often involving hundreds or even thousands of participants in many locations. The difference between ‘large’ and ‘small’ exercises is more than one of size: (a) Large exercises are more ‘experiential’ and more likely to undermine any model of reality that single organizations may create; (b) they create a ‘play space’ in which organizations and individuals act out their own needs and identifications, and a ritual with strong social implications; (c) group-analytic psychotherapy suggests that the emotions aroused in a large group may be stronger and more difficult to control. Feelings are an unacknowledged major factor in the success or failure of exercises; (d) successful large exercises help improve the nature of trust between individuals and the organizations they represent, changing it from a situational trust to a personal trust; (e) it is more difficult to learn from large exercises or to apply the lessons identified; (f) however, large exercises can help develop organizations and individuals. Exercises (and simulation in general) need to be approached from a broader multidisciplinary direction if their full potential is to be realized.

Pharmaceutical product withdrawal: Attributions of blame and its impact on trust

Background Six major pharmaceutical products were withdrawn from the market from 2000 to 2006. Little evidence exists in understanding consumer reactions to such events and the influence the withdrawal has on its competitors. Objective To explore consumers' attribution of blame after pharmaceutical product market withdrawal (PPMW) and its effect on trust. Methods Subjects were assigned randomly to 4 groups and provided a unique hypothetical PPMW scenario and asked to imagine themselves in the situation described. Each scenario represented a different “distance” from the PPMW (eg, whether subjects were asked to assume they were taking the withdrawn drug or a therapeutic substitute). Blame of and trust in several key professionals/groups were measured. Results Closer “distance” to the PPMW resulted in higher blame attributions for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), pharmaceutical company (Pharma), and the physician. Although the pattern of trust scores did not differ based on “distance,” insurance companies and Pharma suffered from low trust, whereas pharmacists and physicians received higher trust ratings. Blaming appeared to be no different between consumers on a withdrawn product and those consumers on a product in the same therapeutic class (“substitute” product). Conclusion Substitute products (drugs in the same therapeutic class) appear to be affected in the event of a PPMW, although drugs used to treat the same disease do not appear to be so affected. The difficult-to-explain findings with respect to trust may be accounted for by the fact that trust is more downstream than blame (based on the scenario presentations) and that trust is a complex construct with multiple antecedents. Although the bonds of interpersonal trust remain stronger than those of institutional trust, the likelihood of situational trust versus overall trust may complicate this picture of understanding trust. It may be possible that trust is impervious to this one negative instance versus many positive interactions.

기질신뢰, 일반신뢰, 상황신뢰, 명성을 고려한 퍼지 신뢰모델

신뢰는 다른 상대가 특정한 행동을 할 것이라고 믿는 정도를 나타내는 주관적인 확률값으로 정의할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 신뢰값을 결정하는 데서 고려되는 기질신뢰, 일반신뢰, 상황신뢰를 모두 고려하고, 또한 상대에 대한 명성정보를 이용하는 종합적인 퍼지 신뢰모델을 제안한다. 제안한 모델은 거래에 대한 평가결과들에 대해서 만족하는 정도를 퍼지집합으로 나타내고 평가 항목에 대한 중요도를 <TEX>${\lambda}$</TEX>-퍼지측도의 성질을 만족하도록 설정하고, 평가항목별 만족정도를 Sugeno 퍼지적분을 이용하여 결합하는 방법을 사용한다. Trust can be defined as the level of subjective probability with which an agent will perform a particular action. This paper proposes a comprehensive fuzzy trust model which incorporates dispositional trust, general trust, and situational trust and reputation information. In the model, the preference degrees for the interaction outcomes with respect to the evaluation criteria are expressed in a fuzzy set, and Sugeno's fuzzy integral is employed to aggregate the satisfaction degrees with respect to the importance of evaluation criteria which can be assigned in a way to preserve the properties of the <TEX>${\lambda}-fuzzy$</TEX> measure.

Situational trust and co-operative partnerships between physicians and their patients: a theoretical explanation transferable from business practice

A model to explain interpersonal trust development, and its consequences for co-operative behaviour in doctor/patient partnerships derived from the context of business relationships is applied to patient/physician relationships. Threshold barriers exist against all human behaviours or actions and trust is the process by which barriers to co-operation and compliance are overcome. Dispositional trust (a psychological trait to be trusting) is dominant in the early stages of a relationship and contributes to the weight of subsequent trust development. Co-operative behaviour or compliance ultimately requires a secure situational trust emerging from consultations, which is carried forward as learnt trust and modified in each subsequent consultation. The model comprises three types of situational trust (calculus-based, knowledge-based, and identification trust) and five co-operation criteria from which to determine an individual's tendency for co- operative behaviour. These model components can be identified and mapped from a range of qualitative data, with the aim of enhancing co-operative behaviour and efficiently achieving optimal patient compliance.

THE EFFECTS OF INTERPERSONAL TRUST AND GROUP STATUS ON PROSOCIAL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS

Preliminary evidence suggests that interpersonal trust is associated with both aggression and prosocial behavior, but little research has been conducted to investigate these relationships in nonclinical samples. It has been suggested by Scott (1980) that general trust is not as useful in predicting behavior in organizational settings as is situational trust. However, if moderated by in-group - out-group status, general trust may be useful in predicting general response tendencies such as aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Building on the norm of reciprocity as described by Kaufmann (1970) and Rushton (1980), it was hypothesized that: a) subjects identified as high trusters would show low levels of aggression and high levels of prosocial behaviors towards both in- and outgroup members; b) low trusters would show high levels of aggression and low levels of prosocial behavior towards both in- and out-groups members; and c) moderate trusters would show lower levels of aggression towards the in-group than towards the outgroup and higher levels of prosocial behavior towards the in-group than towards the out-group. These hypotheses were not confirmed. Participants reported higher levels of prosocial behavior towards the in-group than towards the out-group, regardless of the level of trust. Group differences also emerged on the aggression measures regardless of trust level. Trend analyses revealed that as trust h∼creases, overall prosocial behavior increases.