Situational Frame Research Articles

No robot is an island - what properties should an autonomous system have in order to be resilient?

Autonomous systems are inherently designed to be self-sufficient only under particular circumstances, for specific activities. The environment needs to be tailored to align with these design boundaries, ensuring that technical systems operate as intended. This paper proposes that insights from resilience engineering can enhance the self-sufficiency of so-called autonomous systems, consequently bolstering their adaptive capacity in unforeseen or unpredicted scenarios. Two cases of autonomous systems are examined to illustrate how this enhancement can be achieved. The conclusion drawn is that the resilience envelope of a system can be augmented by enabling the system to adapt to multiple design cases, by defining and prioritizing the core values of the system, and by designing the system to possess a framework for situations rather than being confined to a singular situational frame. The implications for the design of human-machine systems are also discussed.

Frames and semantic roles in metaphorical mappings

Abstract Conceptual Metaphor Theory describes metaphorical mappings as correspondences between domains. Nevertheless, the interrelations of the mapped elements still need to be characterised. This study analyses metaphorical mappings from one situational frame in the cooking domain in American English and Peninsular Spanish. The aims are to elucidate to what extent each language primes particular semantic roles in the boiling frame for metaphorisation and explore the possible cultural implications of these cross-linguistic differences. The qualitative analysis reveals the contrastive relevance of semantic roles in frame mappings. In addition, the frequencies of boil and hervir metaphorical senses determine the degree of entrenchment and salience of metaphors cross-linguistically. The results suggest that the English boiling frame has a considerably broader scope as a source than the Spanish hervir frame. Additionally, the paper contrasts the relative saliency of the semantic roles mapped in those metaphors shared by both languages. Finally, cultural implications are discussed.

Impact of Covid-19 on Mental Health: An Overview.

The COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) pandemic is a major threat to public health worldwide; it has been identified as originating in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. It has spread across the globe, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia. Such a global outbreak is associated with adverse effects on mental health. Fear, stress and anxiety seem more definitely an outcome of mass quarantine. Keeping this pandemic situation in mind, existing literature on the COVID-19 crisis relevant to mental health was redeemed via a literature search from the PubMed database. Collected published articles were summarized according to their overall themes. Preliminary evidence suggests that symptoms of self-reported stress, anxiety and depression have a common psychological impact due to the pandemic, and may be associated with disrupted sleep. Regional, state and National-international borders have almost been shut down, economies crashed, and billions of people quarantined or isolated at their own homes and quarantine centers. In this situational frame of covid-19, patients, frontline health-care professionals anf geriatric population with existing psychiatric conditions may be encountering further suffering. COVID-19 will continue to affect mental health, which plays an important role in battling the epidemic. With the scare of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rise, it is time that psychiatrists should try to integrate the health-care services keeping mental health at prime.

Temporal Discounting of Money and Face Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Hoarding Level.

The current study examines the association of individual hoarding levels with temporal discounting of different commodities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on their hoarding level, participants were assigned to the Hoarding Group (HG) or the Non-Hoarding Group (NHG). Participants performed two delay discounting tasks: a traditional task with monetary options and a modified task, where money was replaced with disposable surgical masks, a needed commodity during the pandemic. Results revealed a stronger preference for immediate commodity, therefore a higher discount rate, when evaluating surgical masks compared to money in the whole sample, and an overall higher tendency in discounting both type of rewards in the NHG compared to the HG. Moreover, non-hoarders discounted money significantly more than hoarders, while no significant differences were detected in the surgical mask version of the task. Possible explanations for this result are discussed in the light of a situational frame that makes salient the notion of scarcity, like the one induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The hoarding dimension of cluttering was found to be the only dimension to significantly correlate with the discount rate on surgical masks. Altogether, these findings shed light on the role of general hoarding level and specific hoarding dimensions on intertemporal preferences with different commodities by contributing to the theoretical debate about impulsivity in hoarders' behavior. Furthermore, the present results help to understand the general population's preferences during times of crisis, thus contributing to the investigation of the effects of COVID-19 on consumers' behavior.

Olfactory Signs as Objects of Verbalization

Human sensory experience has a fundamental role in conceptualizing the realities of the sur-rounding world and representing them in linguistic constructions. When it comes to olfactory information available to people, a significant part of the linguistic material consists of describing smells with the view of their classification and their ontological and evaluative characteristics. Also, linguistic objectification of situations of cognizing olfactory signs has pronounced patterns, and, as a mental construct reflected in the mind, the olfactory situation in-cludes a number of obligatory and optional components. By means of frame analysis of German olfactory language, the article demonstrates the interaction of static and dynamic knowledge about olfactory perception. The result of this research is a conceptual framework that describes the principles of organizing information about smells. The author sees the clas-sification frame as a storage format for static data: it has a categorical structure and stores knowledge about various types of smells. Its slots are filled with specific information based on identifying real or background objects that are sources of smells, as well as on quantitative or normative evaluations given by the subject. Analyzing linguistic explications of the olfactory situation, which are representations of the situational frame, shows the presence of re-peated categorical components (categorical nodes) in the linguistic material. They are associ-ated with ontological categories of human existence. Among them are the subject and the object of cognition, the subject’s action, the space-time frame of the situation, the instrument of cognition, and the result. It is obvious that the presence of obligatory components in the utterance (subject, object, cognitive action) is due to the need of the author to describe the ontological specifics of the process of cognition of an olfactory sign. The objectification of optional components in the utterance depends on the goals of communication. The comparison of formats for storing knowledge about the olfactory sign makes it possible to explain the relationship between the classification and situational frames as an interaction between something general and something particular. The resulting findings contribute to current discussions of issues related to structuring knowledge and general categorization of reality by individuals.

Hierarchical Bayesian models of social inference for probing persecutory delusional ideation.

While persecutory delusions (PDs) have been linked to fallacies of reasoning and social inference, computational characterizations of delusional tendencies are rare. Here, we examined 151 individuals from the general population on opposite ends of the PD spectrum (Paranoia Checklist [PCL]). Participants made trial-wise predictions in a probabilistic lottery, guided by advice from a more informed human and a nonsocial cue. Additionally, 2 frames differentially emphasized causes of invalid advice: (a) the adviser's possible intentions (dispositional frame) or (b) the rules of the game (situational frame). We applied computational modeling to examine possible reasons for group differences in behavior. Comparing different models, we found that a hierarchical Bayesian model (hierarchical Gaussian filter) explained participants' responses better than other learning models. Model parameters determining participants' belief updates about the adviser's fidelity and the contribution of prior beliefs about fidelity to trial-wise decisions, respectively, showed significant Group × Frame interactions: High PCL scorers held more rigid beliefs about the adviser's fidelity across both experimental frames and relied less on advice in situational frames than low scorers. These results suggest that PD tendencies are associated with rigid beliefs and prevent adaptive use of social information in "safe" contexts. This supports previous proposals of a link between PD and aberrant social inference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

T64. LINKING SUBCLINICAL PERSECUTORY IDEATION TO INFLEXIBLE SOCIAL INFERENCE UNDER UNCERTAINTY

BackgroundPersecutory delusions (PD) are a prominent symptom in first episode psychosis and psychosis patients. PD have been linked to abnormalities in probabilistic reasoning and social inference (e.g., attribution styles). Predictive Coding theories of delusion formation suggest that rigid delusional beliefs could be formalized as precise (i.e. held with certainty) high-level prior beliefs, which were formed to explain away overly precise low-level prediction errors (PEs). Rigid reliance on high-level prior beliefs would in turn lead to diminished updating of high-level PEs, i.e. decreased learning and updating of high-level beliefs.MethodsWe tested the prediction that subclinical PD ideation is related to altered social inference and beliefs about others’ intentions. To that end, N=1’145 participants from the general population were pre-screened with the Paranoia Checklist (PCL) and assigned to groups of high (“high PD”) or low PD tendencies (“low PD”). Participants with intermediate scores were excluded, participants assigned to either group filled in the PCL again after four weeks, only individuals whose score remained inside the cut-offs for either group were subsequently invited to the study. We invited 162 participants and included 151 participants in the analyses based on exclusion criteria defined in an analysis plan, which was time-stamped before the conclusion of data acquisition. Participants performed a probabilistic advice-taking task with dynamic changes in the advice-outcome mapping (volatility) under one of two experimental frames. These frames differentially emphasised possible reasons behind unhelpful advice: (i) the adviser’s possible intentions (dispositional frame) or (ii) the rules of the game (situational frame). Our design was thus 2-by-2 factorial (high vs. low delusional ideation, dispositional vs. situational frame). Participants were matched regarding age, gender, and education in years. In addition to analyses of variance on participants’ behaviour, we applied computational modeling to test the predictions regarding prior beliefs and belief updating mentioned above.ResultsWe found significant group-by-frame interactions, indicating that in the situational frame high PD participants took advice less into account than low scorers (df = (1,150), F = 5.77, p = 0.018, partial η2= 0.04). This was also reflected in the model parameters of the model explaining participants’ learning under uncertainty best in comparison to other learning models (e.g. tonic evolution rate omega2: df = (1,150), F = 4.75, p = 0.03).DiscussionOur findings suggest that social inference in individuals with subclinical PD tendencies is shaped by rigid negative prior beliefs about the intentions of others. High PD participants were less sensitive to the attributional framing and updated their beliefs less vs. low PD participants thereby preventing them to make adaptive use of social information in “safe” contexts.

Частные стратегии формирования метадискурса художественного нарратива

The paper deals with special strategies of forming fictional narrative metadiscourse. The strategy of “the effect of a camera” is characteristic of some novels of the middle XX century. According to this strategy, the action quickly shifts from one situational frame to the other. Every new chapter in such narratives begins in a new place, at a different time and with a new character. Sometimes different actions take place within one chapter. The strategy “the imitation of a play” like “the effect of a camera” is connected with the visualization and with the filming of fiction. The author’s metadiscourse is represented by leaving the reader face-to-face with the characters. The reader sees and hears the dialogue between the characters with minute details, such as pauses, stutters and hesitations.

Inflexible social inference in individuals with subclinical persecutory delusional tendencies

It has been suspected that abnormalities in social inference (e.g., learning others' intentions) play a key role in the formation of persecutory delusions (PD). In this study, we examined the association between subclinical PD and social inference, testing the prediction that proneness to PD is related to altered social inference and beliefs about others' intentions. We included 151 participants scoring on opposite ends of Freeman's Paranoia Checklist (PCL). The participants performed a probabilistic advice-taking task with a dynamically changing social context (volatility) under one of two experimental frames. These frames differentially emphasised possible reasons behind unhelpful advice: (i) the adviser's possible intentions (dispositional frame) or (ii) the rules of the game (situational frame). Our design was thus 2 × 2 factorial (high vs. low delusional tendencies, dispositional vs. situational frame). We found significant group-by-frame interactions, indicating that in the situational frame high PCL scorers took advice less into account than low scorers. Additionally, high PCL scorers believed more frequently that incorrect advice was delivered intentionally and that such misleading behaviour was directed towards them personally. Overall, our results suggest that social inference in individuals with subclinical PD tendencies is shaped by negative prior beliefs about the intentions of others and is thus less sensitive to the attributional framing of adviser-related information. These findings may help future attempts of identifying individuals at risk for developing psychosis and understanding persecutory delusions in psychosis.

“Odd structures” in English as a lingua franca discourse

This paper proposes a bidirectional analytic approach to what will be defined and referred to as ‘odd structures’. We consider a structure ‘odd’, if it either (a) violates the structural dimension, i.e. saliently and conventionally expected sequences, or (b) puts forward contradictory information and breaks the topical or situational frame of a conversation, or (c) fulfills both these criteria at the same time. We have two main reasons to analyze odd structures (OS). First, we argue that we need a combination of top-down and bottom-up analysis of discourse segments to systematically dismantle discourse-internal dynamics and principles underlying intercultural interaction. Second, relying on the original Gricean speaker-centered approach, we seek a more thorough understanding of speaker’s behavior that results in the production of an odd structure. Our goal is to identify pattern-like consistencies in these structures, and with a special focus on how they are dealt with by speakers, so to see which OS-types do actually cause a breakdown in conversation and which ones do not.

F90. SOCIAL INFERENCE AND BELIEFS DIFFER IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SUBCLINICAL PERSECUTORY DELUSIONAL TENDENCIES

BackgroundIt has long been suspected that abnormalities in social inference (e.g., about the intentions of others) play a key role for persecutory delusions. In this study, we examined the association between subclinical persecutory delusions (PD) and social inference, testing the prediction that proneness to PD is related to altered social inference and beliefs.MethodsWe included 148 participants who scored on opposite ends of Freeman’s Paranoia Checklist (PCL). High scorers and low scorers were thus assigned to two respective participant groups, which were matched according to age, education in years, and gender. Participants performed a probabilistic advice-taking task with a dynamically changing social context (volatility) under one of two experimental frames. Our design was thus 2x2 factorial (high vs. low delusional tendencies, dispositional vs. situational frame). In the task, participants had to integrate two types of cues simultaneously in order to make informed predictions, namely a social cue (advice provided by an adviser) and a non-social cue (probabilities given via pie-chart). In addition, the experimental frames differentially emphasized possible reasons behind unhelpful advice and either highlighted (i) the adviser’s possible intentions (dispositional frame) or (ii) the rules of the game (situational frame). Task structure was identical across frames. When integrating the framing information, participants were expected to take advice into account more in the situational frame than in the dispositional frame, since the latter induces some mistrust due to highlighting the adviser’s intentions.ResultsThe behavioral data showed significant group-by-frame interactions (F=5.7381, p<0.05), indicating that in the situational frame high PCL scorers took advice less into account than low scorers. This reduced adaptation to the frame was particularly visible after the experience of volatility. Additionally, high PCL scorers believed significantly more frequently that incorrect advice was delivered intentionally (F=16.369, p<0.001) and that such malevolent behavior was directed towards them personally (p<0.05). High scorers also reported attributing unhelpful advice more to the adviser (F=8.047, p<0.01) instead of the rules of the game, compared to low scorers. The high scorers in the PCL reported higher negative, positive, and depressive symptoms on the CAPE compared to low scorers (p<0.001) but did not differ regarding cognitive performance in the Brief Neurocognitive Assessment (BNA).DiscussionOverall, our results suggest that social inference in individuals with subclinical PD tendencies is less sensitive to differences in social context and shaped by negative beliefs about the intentions of others. These findings may help future attempts of identifying at risk mental state individuals and understanding maladaptive behavior in schizophrenia.

Prerequisites for improving the method of guided bone regeneration

The purpose of this article was to discuss the need for the introduction of the concepts of 'vicryl situational frame' and 'the plastic substrate', in which the first one updates the shape-generating aspect of reconstruction, the second one - its volume-generating aspect. The latter is described as a new surgical technique. The great importance of a new level of methodological and methodical support the method of GBR, which determines the high clinical and prognostic indicators of effectiveness was concluded.

Factors affecting student engagement in HEIs - it is all about good teaching

ABSTRACTThe passive role of students in their learning and education and the absence of student engagement in higher education institutions (HEIs) are quite common in many higher education institutions in developing countries. The main objective of the research presented in this paper is to explore the influential factors on student engagement in HEIs in the situational frame where student engagement and active learning and teaching do not have a long tradition. To answer our research questions, we conducted a survey with 279 undergraduate students from four universities in Libya. Our findings show that the availability and active usage of the university’s ICTs resources, the university’s reputation and teachers’ activating influence on students most efficiently predict student engagement in HEIs. The role of teachers and their competencies to use active learning techniques are perceived to be very influential in promoting student engagement.

Perlocuciones: ¿reconstrucción o eliminación?

The concept of perlocution has been problematic right since its first articulation by Austin. Two possible ways of clarifying the issue are examined. The “reconstructive” way attempts to avoid the ambiguities in the austinian characterization by establishing taxonomies based in precise criteria. The “eliminative” view, finally adopted, seeks the replacement of perlocutions by a concept better fitted for the study of “the total speech act in the total speech situation”, the concept of the situational frame of an utterance.

Affect in Ethical Decision Making: Mood Matters

Ethical decision-making research has centered on Rest’s (1986) framework that represents a rational, nonaffective model for ethical decision making. However, research in human cognition suggesting a “dual-processing” framework, composed of both rational and affective components, has been relatively ignored in the ethical decision-making literature. Examining dual-processing literature, it seems affect might be an important factor in decision making when a person’s mood is congruent with the task or situational context frame. Given that ethical decisions are serious and complex tasks, it is proposed here that inducing a negative affective state might produce mood congruence, reinforce the salience of emotion for ethical decision makers, and lead to differences in decision processing. Evidence is presented documenting differences in the decisions made by ethical decision makers in a negative affective state as compared to those in either a positive or neutral affective state.

Psychosocial Functions of Shared Media use Among German Adolescents

During adolescence, teenagers intensify their media use as a peer group activity. It is a commonly shared assumption that social contexts influence selection and perception of media content; however, the specific characteristics of adolescents' shared media use have yet to be systematically analyzed. Based on qualitative data, I show that shared media use reflects adolescents' growing autonomy and disassociation from family structures. Shared media use serves as a situational frame for enacting adult social roles. Peer groups define socially desirable media content and utilize plot elements to negotiate the appropriateness of specific behaviors. These distinct characteristics of shared media use show that selection and perception of media content can only be fully understood as part of everyday social practices.

CONSTRUCTING AUTHOR AND AUTHORITY: GENERIC DISCOURSE IN CICERO’S DE LEGIBUS

Atticus: Lucus quidem ille et haec Arpinatium quercus agnoscitur, saepe a me lectus in Mario. Sin manet illa quercus, haec est profecto; etenim est sane uetus.Qvintus: Manet uero, Attice noster, et semper manebit. Sata est enim ingenio; nullius autem agricolae cultu stirps tam diuturna quam poetae uersu seminari potest.Atticus: Indeed I recognize that grove and this Arpinate oak, which I’ve often read about in the Marius. If that oak still stands, it must be this one; for old it certainly is.Quintus: Of course it stands, my dear Atticus, and it will always stand, for it has been planted in the imagination. Indeed no farmer’s cultivation can produce a plant as long-lasting as that which is sown by the verse of a poet. De legibus 1.1The image of the Marian oak begins De legibus with almost postmodern abruptness. This is in part due to the absence of an authorial preface, such as the long statement of purpose partially preserved in De re publica 1.1–14, which leaves De legibus without a chronological or situational frame of reference. The result is that the treatise begins in a particularly Platonic fashion, as the contemplation of an object in the natural landscape proceeds into a discussion of its symbolic meaning, setting up the dichotomy between perception and reality, ficta and vera, the past and its memory.

Contextual resources in meaning negotiations of a student pair in a web-based history project

This study examines how one student pair working face-to-face at a computer and engaged in a web-based discussion environment negotiated meanings for their activity and what contextual resources they used in this negotiation process. The aim was also to study how the students themselves interpreted the learning activity. The subjects were two secondary school students (aged 15) participating in a web-based history project. Data was collected by various means in order to validate the findings. Linell's [(1998). Approaching dialogue. Talk, interaction and contexts in dialogical perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.] notion of contextual resources was used as an analytical tool in studying how students constructed knowledge and negotiated meanings in their activity. Because contextual resources comprise not only the concrete resources (e.g. books) but also more abstract and mediated resources (e.g. socio-cultural contexts), the students’ discursive activity was analysed to identify common features or patterns of interaction from the data. Results showed that students’ meaning negotiations was framed and mediated by students’ comprehension of (school) knowledge, which directed the way resources were used in the situation and which resources were considered legitimate to use in the school context. In addition, students’ habitual use of communication technology, which came outside the formal school activities, made up a situational frame and was manifested in the hectic communicative approach adopted in the situation. Altogether, the study demonstrated the situated and mediated nature of learning activity.

Framing Emotional Response

Framing studies typically are concerned with how people's opinions are affected by opposing ways of presenting, or framing, an issue or event. This paper investigates whether different frames also lead to different patterns of emotional response. Cognitive appraisal models of emotion suggest that frames can alter emotional reactions. An experiment compared students’ emotional responses to versions of a newspaper article that emphasized underlying social conditions as the cause of the 1992 Los Angeles riots (situational frame) or emphasized irresponsibility and criminality on the part of the rioters (dispositional frame). Few systematic framing effects were found when examining whether respondents reported experiencing a particular emotion. However, consistent with recent work showing that predispositions mediate the effect of frames on opinion, frames altered the relationship between predispositions and emotion. Patterns suggestive of framing effects also emerged in an examination of the content of people's emotional reactions. The findings are consistent with the claim that framing affects emotional responses, reinforce the claim that framing effects depend on individual predispositions, and underscore the importance of accounting for the content of people's emotional responses in the study of emotion.

Management Science and Management: Implementing Management Science Via Situational Normativism

Implementation of management science via situational normativism, a descriptive-normative approach to decision making, is discussed. The situational normativism process involves a search by manager and management scientist for a synthesized situational frame of understanding (involving analytic and heuristic knowledge, as discussed in the paper) within which solutions to the decision situation problem can be found. Implementation constraints (e.g., cognitive style constraints and political constraints) are explicitly considered. A situational normativism organization development concept is suggested. Mutual understanding between scientist and manager evolves from and is fed to the situational normativism search process. Unity of science and management, implementation, and organization (system) development—in the sense of attaining evolved-in-the-process goals—are viewed as natural corollaries of working towards a synthesized situational frame of understanding via situational normativism. Some examples illustrating aspects of the organization development concept arising from practice are presented.