Perception Of Situation Research Articles

Relationship between coping with difficult situations and acceptance of reduced mobility in women with congenital physical disabilities

The aim of the study was to examine the way people with disabilities perceived the COVID-19 pandemic and whether it was related to the level of posttraumatic growth they experienced. The study was conducted online in the first year of the pandemic. 165 people with disabilities and 164 people without disabilities (comparison group) took part in the study that used questionnaires to measure the type of cognitive appraisal of the pandemic situation and the level of experienced posttraumatic growth. There were no differences between the groups in terms of the cognitive appraisal of the pandemic situation as a challenge, threat, and harm/loss or in the level of declared posttraumatic growth. The predictor for the level of posttraumatic growth was the perception of the pandemic situation as a challenge. Other types of cognitive appraisal, gender, and age did not enable the prediction of the level of posttraumatic growth. The study indicates the similarity of the cognitive appraisal of the pandemic situation and the level of posttraumatic growth in people with disabilities and in the comparison group, as well as the importance of perception of the pandemic situation as a challenge in the context of experienced posttraumatic growth. Due to the limited scope of the study, these results should be treated as preliminary and inspiring for further research.

Identifying influential ships in multi-ship encounter situation complex network based on improved WVoteRank approach

The ship encounter situation perception is of great significance to improving the safety and efficiency of the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS). The traffic complexity and complex network theories are the critical techniques for evaluating the influential ships in the multi-ship encounter. This paper proposes an influential ships identification method based on improved WVoteRank approach. It considers ships' spatial compactness and risk connectivity and divides the ships in the area into multi-ship encounter clusters. At the same time, the complex network of ship encounter situation is constructed, and the improved WVoteRank approach is introduced to identify influential ships. An evaluation is carried out through the AIS data of Ningbo-Zhoushan port in China. The experimental results reveal that the approach: 1) can effectively identify the ship encounter clusters and influential ships, which simultaneously helps VTS further grasp the spatio-temporal characteristics of complex traffic areas distribution. 2) the improved WVoteRank approach is practical and advanced for multi-ship encounter situation complex network. Therefore, it provides new insights into enhancing marine traffic monitoring capabilities, helping VTS to improve the efficiency and intelligence of marine traffic services.

Umpan balik dan Evaluasi Terhadap kinerja Organisasi: A Literature Review

Feedback is information provided to individuals about their performance and can help them understand the difference between desired performance and actual performance achieved. Individuals with high self-evaluation tend to assess job demands in a more positive manner and have a greater ability to face or overcome those demands. High self-evaluation can influence individuals' perceptions of work situations and have a positive impact on job satisfaction. This systematic review is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases used were Scopus, SAGE full-text articles, and the language of publication was English. The keywords used in the article search were "Self-Evaluation" and "Feedback". After identifying several articles, the authors analyzed and synthesized them according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria set for this study. The findings indicate that manager performance evaluations using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) pay more attention to general actions than to unique actions, unless cognitive feedback is given to highlight the importance of using all actions. This underscores the importance of considering behavior as the ultimate outcome of the feedback provided. This research also aims to create a better work environment through the acceptance of constructive feedback and the appropriate use of feedback. High-quality feedback is an important factor in the context of learning and individual performance in the workplace. Overall, these studies provide a better understanding of the importance of feedback in the context of learning, performance, and individual development in the workplace. Dialogic feedback, self-evaluation, and consistent feedback systems can help create a better work environment and improve individual performance and job satisfaction.

ANALISIS PENGARUH SITUASI KERJA, KEPUASAN KERJA DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA

The background of this research is to collect information and information about employees' perceptions of the workplace situation, job satisfaction and ongoing motivation and their relationship to employee performance. The purpose of this research is presented is to determine the effect of analysis: work situation, job satisfaction, motivation and environmental performance of employees of Pt. Semen Baturaja (Persero). This research was conducted at Pt. Semen Baturaja (Persero). Collecting information using a questionnaire, and taking the sample of this study as many as 65 employees with likelihood testing. Information analysis method used is multiple regression test, F test, and coefficient of determination (R²). The results show that: 1). Partially the t-test variable Work Situation (X1) has an effect on employee performance at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from p-value less than 0.05.2). Partially, the variable job satisfaction t test (X2) has an effect on employee performance at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from the p value which is less than 0.05.3). Partially, the work motivation variable t test (X3) has no effect on employee performance at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from the p value greater than 0.05. Based on the results of the study showed that the motivation at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero) does not need to be held because employees have self-motivation, and to increase employee motivation, incentive money is needed for those who excel. 4). Simultaneously (Test F) Variables Work Situation, Job Satisfaction, and Work Motivation have a significant influence on the performance of employees at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from the p value less than 0.05.

Феномен родительского стресса: обзор зарубежных концепций

The growing interest in the issue of parenting stress in Russia makes this problem relevant, whereas in foreign psychology this phenomenon has been developed for several decades. The analysis of foreign theoretical constructs of parenting stress allows us to assess the general understanding of this phenomenon, to see the similarities and differences of theories presented by foreign authors, as well as to apply a comprehensive approach to the study of this phenomenon in our country. The objective of the study is to analyze the main foreign theories and approaches to the phenomenon of parenting stress. The results: the research has revealed the two views on the nature, causes and consequences of the phenomenon under study, that harmoniously complement each other. The conclusions: parenting stress is the result of daily demands placed on the parent, of the expected resources, of the subjective perception of situations and children’s behavior, all of which are associated with the process of the child’s upbringing. Broken child-parent relations, behavioral patterns and the inability of the parent to accept the child’s personal characteristics are the consequences of parenting stress. The mental state of both the parent and the child deteriorates. The study has revealed that the interest of foreign researchers is shifting from the factors of parenting stress to its influence.

Managing Intractable Natural Resource Conflicts: Exploring Possibilities and Conditions for Reframing in a Mine Establishment Conflict in Northern Sweden

Natural resource management (NRM) increasingly relies on communicative measures to enable reframing in intractable conflicts. Reframing occurs when disputants change their perceptions of a conflict situation, and/or their preferences for dealing with it. However, the types of reframing possible, and the conditions under which they can occur, remain unclear. Through an inductive and longitudinal analysis of a mine establishment conflict in northern Sweden this paper explores to what extent, how, and under what conditions reframing can occur in intractable NRM conflicts. The findings reveal the difficulty in achieving consensus-oriented reframing. Despite multiple dispute resolution efforts, the disputants’ perceptions and preferences became increasingly polarized. Nonetheless, the results suggest that it is possible to enable reframing to the extent that all disputants can understand and accept each other’s different perceptions and positions, i.e., meta-consensus. Meta-consensus hinges on neutral, inclusive, equal, and deliberative intergroup communication. However, the results show that intergroup communication and reframing are significantly informed by institutional and other contextual factors. For example, when implemented within the formal governance system in the investigated case, intergroup communication lagged in quality and did not contribute to meta-consensus. Moreover, the results show that reframing is strongly influenced by the nature of the disputed issues, actors’ group commitments, and the governance system’s distribution of power to the actors. Based on these findings, it is argued that more efforts should focus on how governance systems can be configurated so that high-quality intergroup communication and meta-consensus can be enabled and inform decision making in intractable NRM conflicts.

김정일 및 김정은 집권 시기별 북한 대외 정세 인식 변화 분석:노동신문 월간국제정세개관의 토픽모델링 분석을 중심으로

김정일 및 김정은 집권 시기별 북한 대외 정세 인식 변화 분석:노동신문 월간국제정세개관의 토픽모델링 분석을 중심으로

Analisis Pengaruh Situasi Kerja, Kepuasan Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pada PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero)

The background of this research is to collect information and information about employees' perceptions of the workplace situation, job satisfaction and ongoing motivation and their relationship to employee performance. The purpose of this research is presented is to determine the effect of analysis: work situation, job satisfaction, motivation and environmental performance of employees of Pt. Semen Baturaja (Persero). This research was conducted at Pt. Semen Baturaja (Persero). Collecting information using a questionnaire, and taking the sample of this study as many as 65 employees with likelihood testing. Information analysis method used is multiple regression test, F test, and coefficient of determination (R²). The results show that: 1). Partially the t-test variable Work Situation (X1) has an effect on employee performance at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from p-value less than 0.05.2). Partially, the variable job satisfaction t test (X2) has an effect on employee performance at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from the p value which is less than 0.05.3). Partially, the work motivation variable t test (X3) has no effect on employee performance at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from the p value greater than 0.05. Based on the results of the study showed that the motivation at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero) does not need to be held because employees have self-motivation, and to increase employee motivation, incentive money is needed for those who excel. 4). Simultaneously (Test F) Variables Work Situation, Job Satisfaction, and Work Motivation have a significant influence on the performance of employees at PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero). It is known from the p value less than 0.05.

Family Attachment, Sexuality, and Sexual Recidivism in a Sample of Italian Sexual Offenders: Preliminary Results.

The research aims to investigate family communication regarding sexuality and the possible link between insecure attachment, violence in relationships, and the tendency toward sexual sensation-seeking in a sample of Italian sexual offenders. We evaluated 29 male sexual offenders in two correctional facilities of Southern Lazio (Italy) (mean age = 40.76; SD = 11.16). The participants completed general questions about their family and sexual education and fulfilled the following questionnaires: Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI), Sexual Sensation-seeking Scale (SSSS), and the High-Risk Situation Checklist, adapted in Italian, as well as the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), validated in Italian. Most of the participants had never talked about sex within their family and perceived a severe or abusive education during childhood. In addition, positive correlations emerged between SSSS and the two scales of the CSBI, as well as between insecure attachment style, CSBI, and sexual sensation-seeking. The participants also reported some critical issues regarding the personal perception of high-risk situations linked to sexual relapse. The data suggest factors to investigate, such as family education and relationships and the personal perception of sexual recidivism. The results might be effective in treatment and prevention programs among sex offenders.

Perception of the Current Situation of Urban Solid Waste in the Municipality of Quelimane, Mozambique

This paper analyzed the solid waste management process in the municipality of Quelimane, Mozambique. The methodology of this study is based on reviewing the scientific literature through fieldwork and observations on how urban solid waste management reaches its final destination. For that purpose, the population selected for this article was interviewed for a better perspective. As a result, it was possible to obtain answers that impacted the public management of the municipality since the level of attention to control depends on the location of the houses and also lacks a great deal of training for the workers who collect solid waste in the Quelimane region, along with awareness, environmental education programs for the population.

Using the increasing vaccination model and the moderating roles of chronic medical conditions and education to understand COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Singapore.

COVID-19 vaccination programmes have helped reduce deaths and morbidity from the pandemic and allowed for the resumption of normal life. However, vaccine hesitancy remains an issue even with recurrent surges in COVID-19 cases due to new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Purpose: To elucidate psychosocial factors that contribute to our understanding of vaccine hesitancy. 676 Participants in Singapore took part in an online survey on vaccine hesitancy and uptake between May and June 2021. Data on demographics, perception of the COVID-19 pandemic, and vaccine willingness and hesitancy factors were collected. The responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study found that confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines and risk perception of the COVID-19 situation are significantly associated with vaccination intention, while vaccination intention is also significantly associated with reported vaccination status. Additionally, certain chronic medical conditions moderate the relationship between vaccine confidence/risk perception and vaccine intention. This study contributes to our understanding of factors behind vaccination uptake which can help anticipate challenges to future vaccination campaigns for the next pandemic.

Establishment of nonlinear network security situational awareness model based on random forest under the background of big data

Abstract In order to explore the establishment of a nonlinear network security situational awareness model based on random forest in the context of big data, a multi-level network security knowledge system evaluation model based on random forest is proposed. This article proposes a multi-level CSSA analysis system and then uses random memory algorithm to create a CSSA evaluation model. Also, it proposes a CSSA multi-level analysis framework and then uses random forest algorithm to build a CSSA evaluation model. A random vector distribution of the same values is used for all forest trees. In this article, the interval [0,1] is used to quantitatively describe the weight of the security level. The training sample ratio of test samples is 110:40, in order to predict the security of the network, the prediction of knowledge is closer to the true value, and the complexity of multi-level security is predicted. Use unusual forests. The tree returns the most recommended part, which is a more realistic assessment of network security. The experimental results show that considering the network security situation, the prediction performance of this method is closer to the actual value, and the performance is better than the other two methods. Therefore, perception of multi-level security situations can be effectively predicted using random access memory. It is proved that random forest is faster and more efficient in network security.

Esthetic Perception of Different Clinical Situations of Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis According to Populations with Dental and Non-Dental Backgrounds: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Treatment of unilateral or bilateral maxillary lateral incisor agenesis is challenging, time-consuming, expensive, and requires careful treatment planning, predictability, and esthetics. This review aimed to identify differences in esthetic perception among orthodontists, general dentists, differentiated dentists, and laypersons, which may interfere with treatment options. EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar were searched using keyword pairing and a Boolean expression, “(congenitally missing OR agenesis OR hypodontia) AND (maxillary lateral incisors) AND (esthetic perception OR smile) AND (laypersons OR dental professional OR general dentist OR orthodontists).” Reviews and case studies were excluded. A total of 13 studies were selected for qualitative analysis (adapted ROBINS-I) and 11 were selected for meta-analysis (p < 0.05) after being sub-grouped into “Opening vs. Closure” and “No remodeling vs. Dental remodeling vs. Dental and gingival remodeling” groups. A meta-analysis evaluated the magnitude of the difference between groups based on differences in means and effect sizes (α = 0.05; 95% CI; Z-value 1.96), revealing that the esthetic perception of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis treatment remains controversial even among professionals. Gingival remodeling was not valued compared to isolated dental remodeling. Studies lack rigorously comparable methodologies. Discussion with the patient is pertinent in doubtful situations, as the best treatment option remains unclear, and overtreatment should be avoided.

Validation study of the Roberts Apperception Test for Children (RATC) in an adolescents' forensic sample

The Roberts Apperception Test for Children (RATC) is a projective method developed by McArthur and Roberts (1982) to assess children and adolescents' behavioural, social and emotional functioning, concerns, conflicts and emotional management strategies through their perceptions of common interpersonal situations of everyday life. The aim of the present study is to contribute to the validation of the RATC in a forensic sample (N = 75) [constituted by a group of juvenile delinquents detained in educational centres (n = 40, 12–17 years old, 1–10 years of schooling) and a group of maltreated adolescents integrated in residential care (n = 35, 11–16 years old, 5–10 years of schooling)], studying its psychometric properties, such as reliability and criterion validity (convergent and discriminant validity), considering the results obtained in other instruments as external validation criteria: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Third Edition (WISC-III) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). It also aims to search for some indicators based on means and standard deviations to interpret the scores obtained in RATC for these forensic contexts, through the comparisons within forensic groups and the comparisons of the forensic groups with a community sample. The RATC showed minimally acceptable reliability and adequate validity indices, considering that this instrument is a projective method. This limitation is compensated by the clinical value of the data obtained from the projection of individuals' thoughts, concerns, conflicts and problem-solving styles, which are useful to assess their emotional and behavioural characteristics and psychological functioning. The results also show statistically significant differences between the two forensic groups on RATC scales, as well as between them and the community sample, as expected, underlining their different characteristics.

Motherhood during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland – qualitative studies

To analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women experiencing motherhood in the areas of perception, adaptation and assessment of the pandemic situation. Material and method: A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in a group of 25 women aged 22-41 who gave birth during the pandemic. Most of the respondents live in the city with more than 500,000 inhabitants, and have a higher education. In most cases, the research material was collected by means of face to face interviews, and in the case of 9 women, using remote techniques. Results: The results do not demonstrate a decreased interest in motherhood during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the respondents had planned their pregnancy and complied with the sanitary regime. Online prenatal education turned out to be a good solution for the study group at the time of restrictions. The number of antenatal visits was not increased as compared to previous pregnancies. Five respondents were considering a homebirth. The respondents complained of reduced well-being, which resulted in the recurrence of depressive moods. Most concerns were related to the reliability of tele-counselling and the availability of the doctor and partner during childbirth. Conclusions: The analysis of the respondents’ answers leads to the conclusion that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant influence on the mental state of women giving birth at that time. The most difficult aspect for the respondents was the prohibition of giving birth in the presence of family, no mental support and feeling lonely both during the pregnancy and after childbirth at the time of quarantine. The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on the perception of motherhood by women or on their reproduction plans.

Changes in socioeconomic resources and mental health after the second COVID-19 wave (2020–2021): a longitudinal study in Switzerland

BackgroundDuring the 2020/2021 winter, the labour market was under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in socioeconomic resources during this period could have influenced individual mental health. This association may have been mitigated or exacerbated by subjective risk perceptions, such as perceived risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or perception of the national economic situation. Therefore, we aimed to determine if changes in financial resources and employment situation during and after the second COVID-19 wave were prospectively associated with depression, anxiety and stress, and whether perceptions of the national economic situation and of the risk of getting infected modified this association.MethodsOne thousand seven hundred fifty nine participants from a nation-wide population-based eCohort in Switzerland were followed between November 2020 and September 2021. Financial resources and employment status were assessed twice (Nov2020–Mar2021, May–Jul 2021). Mental health was assessed after the second measurement of financial resources and employment status, using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). We modelled DASS-21 scores with linear regression, adjusting for demographics, health status, social relationships and changes in workload, and tested interactions with subjective risk perceptions.ResultsWe observed scores above thresholds for normal levels for 16% (95%CI = 15–18) of participants for depression, 8% (95%CI = 7–10) for anxiety, and 10% (95%CI = 9–12) for stress. Compared to continuously comfortable or sufficient financial resources, continuously precarious or insufficient resources were associated with worse scores for all outcomes. Increased financial resources were associated with higher anxiety. In the working-age group, shifting from full to part-time employment was associated with higher stress and anxiety. Perceiving the Swiss economic situation as worrisome was associated with higher anxiety in participants who lost financial resources or had continuously precarious or insufficient resources.ConclusionThis study confirms the association of economic stressors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the exacerbating role of subjective risk perception on this association.

Spanish CEOs' perceptions in complex situations: an analysis from a gender perspective

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of discrepancies in certain management-related business factors in complex situations from a gender perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe study examined whether there are any differences in the characteristics of Spanish companies run by men and women and how male and female chief executive officers (CEOs) perceive critical situations such as the COVD-19 pandemic. To answer the research questions, the survey carried out by the Ibero-American Observatory of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (FAEDPYME) in 2021 was used. The final sample consisted of a total of 1,532 small and medium-sized enterprises.FindingsThe main results show that female CEOs are more likely to have a university education than male CEOs, but they run smaller companies in Spain. On the other hand, they are more risk averse and evaluate the impact of complex and risky situations more negatively.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings open up new research questions. This is a cross-sector study, but are there differences in behaviour between sectors? The view of the crisis is negative, but which types of companies have been strengthened?, finally, do other countries have similar results?Originality/valueThe originality and value of this document lies in the fact that it makes an interesting contribution to the open debate on the management of complex situations from a gender perspective.

Structural-Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupling Technology for Active Phased Array Antenna

Active phased array antenna (APAA) is a representative of complex electronic equipment, and it plays significant roles in scenarios such as battlefield situation perception, aviation guidance, and communication. It has become the core equipment in land, navigation, and aeronautical applications. With the continuous improvement of technical changes and military requirements, the working frequency band, pointing accuracy, gain, and low sidelobe level of APAA increase, and the multi-disciplinary design contradiction between antenna electrical performance and structure and temperature becomes increasingly prominent. As a result, the electrical performance of APAA in service is prone to be affected by the external complex environments. The structural-electromagnetic-thermal (SET) coupling problem has become a key problem restricting the development of APAA. This paper has summarized the structural features and environmental loads of advanced APAA on different platforms and provided design basis and principle for antenna designer. And then the SET coupling theory of APAA has been introduced, which can be applied in both the design and manufacturing stage, as well as the performance control technology in service environment of APAA. This theory helps to analyze the impact of environmental factors, such as antenna structure deformation, radome high-temperature ablation, and feed errors, on the antenna's performance. For 128 × 768 spaceborne array antenna, in the range of 25∼85°C, the gain of antenna decreases with the increase of operating temperature and decreases by 0.015 dB with each increase of 1°C. The key design parameters in the fields of antenna manufacturing accuracy, efficient heat dissipation, and lightweight design are also analysed; for 32 × 32 rectangular planar phased array antenna, the gain of antenna decreases by 2.715 dB when the random error of installation position in x, y, and z direction reaches 1/10 of the wavelength. In addition, condition monitoring, displacement field reconstruction, and electrical performance compensation of APAA have also been touched to help engineers maintain and guarantee the antenna performance throughout its life cycle. Finally, the future research direction of SET technology of APAA has been discussed, and SET technology is extended to more fields such as antenna parameter uncertainty, high-frequency circuit electronics manufacturing, and electronic equipment performance guarantee.

Obstetric Violence from a Midwife Perspective

This study examines and determines the prevalence of obstetric violence (OV) as perceived by midwives, as well as their knowledge of it and the professional factors that could be associated with the perception of OV. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 325 midwives in 2021 in Spain. Almost all (92.6%, 301) the midwives knew the term OV, but 74.8% (214) did not believe OV to be the same as malpractice. Moreover, 56.9% (185) stated they had rarely observed OV, and 26.5% (86) regularly observed OV. Most midwives consider physical aggression to be OV, in comparison, not providing information to women was only considered unacceptable treatment. The clinical practice considered the most grave within the context of OV was an instrumental birth or cesarean section without clinical justification. In addition, 97.5% (317) believed that raising awareness on the subject is one of the fundamental points to reducing this problem. Certain factors, such as less work experience, female gender, attendance at home births, and previous training in OV, were associated with an increased perception of situations as OV (p < 0.005). A high percentage of midwives perceived specific clinical practices (e.g., indicate cesarean section without clinical justification or perform the Kristeller maneuver) as OV, and certain characteristics of the professional profile, such as the professional experience or the sex of the midwife, were associated with an increased perception of OV. Most midwives knew the term OV but did not consider that it could pertain to some behaviors included in the international definitions of OV, such as the lack of information provided to a woman or the non-identification of the midwife, among others.

Trends in dental insurance claims in the United States in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A 3-year perspective (2019-2022).

We showed in a previous analysis the patterns of disruption for private dental insurance claims in the United States caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020. The present report examines trends during 2020 and 2021, that is, contrasting perspectives during 2019 with the acute phase of the pandemic in 2020, and 2021. Private dental insurance paid claims from a data warehouse were obtained, encompassing a 5% random sample of records between January 2019 and December 2021 for child and adult insureds who filed a claim in 2019, 2020, and 2021. We classified claims into one of four categories based on the likelihood of being associated with urgent/emergency care. The precipitous reduction in dental care claims in March-June 2020 recovered to almost pre-pandemic levels by the fall of 2020. However, a downward decline in private dental insurance claims started in the late fall of 2020 and continued through 2021. Differential impacts in dental care categories-in terms of urgency of care-were evident 2021, closely resembling previous trends in 2020. Dental care claims from the first year of the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were contrasted with perspectives in 2021. A downward trend in demand/availability changes in dental care insurance claims set in for 2021, perhaps linked to perceptions of the overall economic situation. Such downward trend has continued overall, even after considering seasonal changes and the acceleration of the pandemic during the Delta, Omicron, and other variants.