Parity Situation Research Articles

Auctions in Renewable Energy and the Grid Parity Using Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Peru

This paper, of the network parity situation of photovoltaic solar energy with conventional electrical energy sources, such as hydroelectric and thermoelectric for Peru is analyzed. For this purpose, a review of how the electrical tariff is set for the residential end-user of conventional energy sources has been made. Furthermore, it is shown what it consists about, the cost leveled of energy for the case of photovoltaic solar energy and how this has been used for the calculation of the electric rate of this type of source. A review of the auctions of photovoltaic solar plants that are installed in: Moquegua, Tacna and Arequipa is carried out. The solar photovoltaic tariff has been obtained by auctions, between the year 2010 to 2016, these have decreased significantly until reaching network parity. The costs of both energy sources are compared.

Subastas en Plantas de Energía Solar Fotovoltaica y la Paridad de Red en el Perú

En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis de la situación de paridad de red entre las fuentes de energía eléctrica convencionales para el caso del Perú, que vendría hacer la energía hidroeléctrica y termoeléctrica, con las recursos de energía renovables o simplemente energías renovables en este caso se analiza las energía solar fotovoltaica instalado entre Moquegua, Tacna y Arequipa. Se ve como se calculan las tarifas que pagan el usuario final de tipo residencial, así como las tarifas actuales proporcionadas por los organismos correspondientes. Posteriormente se ve la evolución de la energía solar fotovoltaica y las cuatro subastas que se dieron en el Perú, y como estos costos han ido descendiendo de manera significativa. Finalmente se ve que al final se logra el objetivo de conseguir la paridad de red.

Configuring residential PV net-metering policies – A focus on the Mediterranean region

Several parts of the Mediterranean basin are experiencing grid parity nowadays, which is a sign that Photovoltaic (PV) technology has become competitive to conventional energy sources and may continue to develop without support. The net-metering policy takes advantage of the grid parity situation and is considered a step away from fading Feed-in Tariff schemes. Nevertheless, several policy variations make the decision about a specific net-metering scheme a complicated task. Therefore, the aim of this paper that deals with residential PV systems is two-fold. The first aim is to present a methodology that identifies the appropriate general net-metering scheme given the particularities and local conditions. The second goal is to examine the parity situation and compose net-metering policy recommendations in 6 Mediterranean countries. The current net-metering policy in Cyprus, which sets a grid charge on PV prosumers, is used as a case study under 3 scenarios. The first simulates the current policy in Cyprus, the second simulates self-consumption and different partial-netting schemes, and the third a partial-netting scheme with variable netted network charges. The results reveal that partial-netting policies with shorter timeframes of rolling credits and higher grid charges offer advantages that can be utilized for effective net-metering policies.

ADJUSTING POWER TRANSITION THEORY – SATISFACTION WITH THE STATUS QUO, INTERNATIONAL POWER CONSTELLATIONS, AND THE CASE OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC

1. Introduction1At a time in which enormous shifts in global power are taking place and the question is already beginning to change from whether to when China will overtake the United States as the most powerful country (at least as far as economic power is concer ned), power transition theory (PTT) once again rises into pr ominence. Indeed scholars in the US, in China a nd in other countries use PTT as a template to analyze future US-China relations (Wolf 2014; Cheng Gao 2011; Tammen and Kugler 2006).PTT is most commonly associated with great power war, but as a matter of fact peaceful power transitions are also consistent with the theory (Rauch 2014). While PTT recognizes that situations of power parity and power transition have a high conflict potential as they open up windows of opportunities, it also stipulates that this conflict potential will only be realized if the rising power2 is dissatisfied with the status quo of the international order (Lemke and Kugler 1996: 12).3 Thus concerning the rise of China, the questions when the People's Republic will reach parity with the United States and whether China is satisfied wit h t he international order (or not) are of paramount importance. I argue in this article that standard PTT is in need of adjustments regarding both topics. If standard PTT is flawed, however, then so ar e its predictions and policy prescriptions. Indeed the alterations I propose do not only lead to a more sophisticated and internally coherent power transition theory but also to a quit e differ ent interpretation of China's rise in world politics and the prospects of an imminent power transition conflict.In order to do so I engage the case of Weimarian Germany in this article. Ger many is an appropriate case, as is used by an influential PTT study to exemplify how the theory works (Tammen et al. 2000: 51-54). In the first part of this article I briefly introduce standard power transition theory and then propose my adjustments of PTT that concern a) the need to regard satisfaction as continual (instead of a dichotomous) variable and b) a refocus of PTT's power analysis from the bilateral duel between dominant and prime rising power t o a mor e multilateral setting that includes other important players as well. In the second part I illustrate my arguments utilizing the empir ica l ca se of W ei ma r ia n Germany. First I ar gue, in cont ra st t o t he standard account, that the Weimar Republic is incompatible with standard PTT. In two phases during the 1920s in which Germany had reached parity with the dominant power Great Britain, it was indeed not satisfied with the status quo of the international order. Weimarian Germany thus contradicts and potentially falsifies standard PTT. The adjusted PTT, however, fares much better, as I show in the second part of the empirical analysis: Not only does Germany appear less dissatisfied when one applies a satisfaction scale instead of a binary satisfaction rating but also the alleged situation of parity disappears into thin air as soon as other great powers are entered into the equation. In the conclusion I argue that the theoretical adjustments proposed here are not only of consequence for the interpretation of the Weimar case or PTT in general but also alter the way we should look at the rise of China from a PTT informed perspective.2. Introducing and Adjusting Power Transition TheoryPower transition theory, as originally established by A.F.K Organski and Organski and Jacek Kugler, in ess ence claims that international politics resembles a hierarchy rather than an anarchy of realistic creed (Organski 1968; Organski and Kugler 1980). Atop the international power pyramid thrones a dominant power (often the winner of the last great power war) who once created and now safeguards the international order (Siverson and Miller 1996: 59).4 Beneath the dominant power are different categories of smaller powers (great power, middle powers, lesser powers). …

Rising China, pivotal middle power South Korea, and alliance transition theory

The alliance transition theory is developed by incorporating the pivotal middle power’s role into Organski’s power transition theoretical framework. The theory posits that the situation of parity of alliance power between the dominant power’s alliance camp and the rising dissatisfied challenger’s camp is likely to lead to major war; and, further, that the pivotal middle power is able not only to help reinforce the dominant state’s power preponderance over its potential challenger but also to play a mediating role of persuading the rising potential challenger to be more satisfied with the status quo. Applying the alliance transition arguments to the East Asian region, the theory suggests that a pivotal middle power such as South Korea can be a crucial addition to the United States’ capabilities to maintain its preponderance of power over the potential challenger, the People’s Republic of China. Together with other like-minded middle powers, the Republic of Korea, as a key regional ally of the United States, can also play the constructive role of persuading China to be a responsible member of the status quo system, by engaging substantially with China.

Gestão da cadeia de suprimento e vantagem competitiva relacional nas indústrias têxtil e de calçados

Esse artigo investigou a contribuição da gestão da cadeia de suprimento para a vantagem competitiva relacional nos setores têxtil e de calçados, por meio de um estudo de casos múltiplos. Foram analisadas as características do relacionamento com os fornecedores e as relações das empresas com componentes do ambiente institucional, bem como a influência destas na vantagem competitiva, além das diferentes fontes de vantagem competitiva percebidas pelas empresas. As características dos relacionamentos com os fornecedores do setor de calçados apresentam maior alinhamento aos pressupostos da gestão da cadeia de suprimento e contribuem de forma mais relevante para a vantagem competitiva. As relações com componentes do ambiente institucional, em ambos os setores, levam a uma situação de paridade competitiva em relação aos concorrentes. Com relação às fontes de vantagem competitiva, a inovação de produto predomina nos dois setores.

Gestão da cadeia de suprimento e vantagem competitiva relacional na indústria de calçados

Este artigo tem como objetivo geral investigar a contribuição da gestão da cadeia de suprimento para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva por empresas da indústria de calçados, com foco principal na análise das relações interorganizacionais. Utilizou-se para tal um modelo de análise desenvolvido por Viana (2010), cujo principal suporte teórico é dado pela visão relacional (DYER; SINGH, 1998). Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos interpretativo, englobando duas empresas do setor calçadista que atuam no Ceará, em cuja análise de dados foi aplicado o método das comparações constantes, com o auxílio do software Atlas/ti. Em linhas gerais, percebeu-se que nos relacionamentos das empresas com seus fornecedores predomina o regime de parceria e são aplicados os principais pressupostos da gestão da cadeia de suprimento, o que contribui para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva relacional. Nas relações das empresas com o Governo e as instituições de fomento, os incentivos fiscais constituem o principal recurso acessado, os quais contribuem para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva temporária em relação aos concorrentes que não possuem instalações produtivas no Nordeste, bem como levam à situação de paridade competitiva em relação aos concorrentes que possuem instalações produtivas na Região Nordeste a aos concorrentes no mercado externo.

Towards the concerned study of religion: Exploring the double power–play disparity

Increasing numbers of students of religion, from various disciplines, address issues of public interest, going beyond documentation and analysis, taking the quality of human life in religion and society as a criterion for their recommendations. Accordingly, systematic reflection on the concerned study of religion is gaining relevance. The approach chosen in this article is to focus on one particular aspect, in this case the double – cognitive and moral – disparity in religious contexts between forms of power and play. Power is viewed as the human capacity to influence other people’s behaviour, even against their will. Play is defined here as the human capacity to deal simultaneously with different realities. Power and play represent two human capacities that in themselves are neutral but in combination may change from means, a situation of parity, into goal, a situation of disparity. A first type of disparity is cognitive in nature. It stems from the reduction of the potential open dynamic meaning-making that the power–play constellation could stimulate as well. A second disparity is of a moral nature. It stems from the fact that the power–play set may come to interfere with the quality of human life. As a set, power and play thus move between the roles of being either subservient means or self-fulfilling goal, between a soft and a hard version. Religion is one field in which the gift for play is applied, resulting in the relationship with a sacred or divine reality. Whereas religions cannot survive without some form of power, the form given to the power–play set marks out a religion’s identity. Within our time the critical study of the double disparity of hard power and play has gained urgency. Global society faces severe problems of poverty, violence, pollution and miscommunication. Religions may act as a cause, but also as problem solver. Students of religion are invited to form multidisciplinary teams to study the double disparity in its actual form, while simultaneously exploring prospects for the promotion of both open meaning-making and the quality of human life, with power and play in a relationship of parity. This turn would necessitate a reappraisal of the research agenda for Religious/World-view Studies. It demands an identity change for this study field, both in the selection of themes for research and funding, and in the explicitly applied nature of scholarly work.

Conformal relativity

The globalC-invariance of the theory of parts I to V is made local,i.e. we pass to general conformal relativity (GCR). The field equations for the conformal metric are derived in unified form in the projectiveM 5-formalism; expressed in the RiemannianV 5-formalism they decompose into coupled equations for the angle metricγ αβ and the skew 5-curlf αβ formally very reminiscent of coupled Einstein-Maxwell theory. Every vacuum solution of GR furnishes an exact solution here which represents pure gravitation. But other solutions will represent weak, EM, or hadronic boson fields as well (by part IV the weak field particle solutions were either massless, or massive resonance families of spin 0, 1, or 2). The weak-field theory is derived and studied; in particular, the Green’s functions reveal λ’s role as a minimum causal signal lag. Then the spinor (nucleon or lepton) field equations in GCR are developed. They describe a coupling of the spinor to gravitation and to a spin 2,T=0 massive resonance family («f-meson») among others. Isospin structure and invariance again arise «accidentally» from pureC-invariance, and the parity situation is just as in part V. Finally, mathematical and physical arguments forl<∞ in 0<λ<l are adduced.

Some remarks on the inversion theorems of quantum field theory

Abstract The new parity situation revealed in experiments on weak interactions suggests the study of the five coordinate inversions of five-dimensional relativity theory. Each of these corresponds to a change of sign of the relevant eight-row Dirac matrix γμ(μ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4). Using this theory as an auxiliary model to a physical theory an eight-component spinor is formed by the combination of a four-component Dirac spinor ψ with its conjugate complex ψ ∗ . As is then shown the theory is no longer invariant under the old-type space inversion — which would entail a change of sign of γ0 — but only under the new inversion introduced by Lee and Yang and by Landau, according to which an antiparticle is the mirror image of a particle.