Global Warming Situation Research Articles

Enhancing neutral lipid content in Skeletonema marinoi through multiple phase growth in a bench photobioreactor

The continuing increase in fuel demand, the dramatic situation of climate changes and global warming are bringing worldwide attention to identification of alternative energy source that can replace fossil fuel. Among all the feedstock considered for biodiesel production, microalgae are the most promising. In particular, it has been demonstrated that microalgae enhance their neutral lipids content in stress conditions, such as nutrient starvation. However, this increase in neutral lipids content is often coupled with a strong biomass decrease. In this study, in order to limit this side effect, a novel three-phase growth strategy was tested on the diatom Skeletonema marinoi. After a first phase directed to biomass production the culture, during a second phase of semi-continuous regimen characterized with reduction of nitrate concentration, achieved a neutral lipids content per cell of 10% of dry weight with slight impact on biomass. After these two phases the cells, gradually acclimatized to low nitrogen concentration, were still able to grow in a third maturation phase performed in batch. During this last phase, the culture further increased neutral lipid content up to the 30 % of dry weight.

Does energy consumption contribute to climate change? Evidence from major regions of the world

Abstract This study is a contribution to the on-going debate over whether there is a relationship between energy consumption and climatic change variables, although the developed regions are among the most energy intensive economies in the world, little attention has been paid to the features of their energy consumption and climatic variations. Therefore, this study empirically investigates the two variables dynamic relationship in five broader regions of the world i.e., South Asia, Middle East and North Africa (MENA region), Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and Pacific and the aggregate data of the World. The major climatic variables include atmospheric, topographic, living organisms threatened; water system and growth factors are used to investigate energy–climate nexus over a period of 1975–2011. The results of the study indicate that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between energy consumption and climatic variables which shows climatic variations due to changes in energy consumption in different regions of the world. Although, the causality results are mixed among regions, we do find a systematic pattern. The present study find evident of unidirectional causality between the electric power consumption and climatic factors in the World’s selected region. Sound and effective energy consumption strategy may reduce the burden of global warming situation in the world.

Response of soil CO2 emission and summer maize yield to plant density and straw mulching in the North China Plain.

Demand for food security and the current global warming situation make high and strict demands on the North China Plain for both food production and the inhibition of agricultural carbon emissions. To explore the most effective way to decrease soil CO2 emissions and maintain high grain yield, studies were conducted during the 2012 and 2013 summer maize growing seasons to assess the effects of wheat straw mulching on the soil CO2 emissions and grain yield of summer maize by adding 0 and 0.6 kg m−2 to fields with plant densities of 100 000, 75 000, and 55 000 plants ha−1. The study indicated that straw mulching had some positive effects on summer maize grain yield by improving the 1000-kernel weight. Meanwhile, straw mulching effectively controlled the soil respiration rate and cumulative CO2 emission flux, particularly in fields planted at a density of 75 000 plants ha−1, which achieved maximum grain yield and minimum carbon emission per unit yield. In addition, soil microbial biomass and microbial activity were significantly higher in mulching treatments than in nonmulching treatments. Consequently, summer maize with straw mulching at 75 000 plants ha−1 is an environmentally friendly option in the North China Plain.

CO<sub>2</sub>농도 및 온도 상승이 하천변 잠재자연식생인 졸참나무와 갈참나무 잎의 형태학적 반응에 미치는 영향

한반도의 참나무 중 하천변 잠재자연식생인 졸참나무와 갈참나무를 대상으로 지구온난화의 핵심 요소인 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>농도와 온도를 상승시킬 때 잎의 형태학적 반응이 어떻게 일어나는지 알아보고자 유리온실 내에서 대기 중의 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>농도를 그대로 반영한 대조구와 이보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>농도는 약 1.6배와 온도는 <TEX>$2.2^{\circ}C$</TEX>상승시킨 온난화처리구에서 실험하여 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 졸참나무와 갈참나무는 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>농도와 온도의 상승으로 인하여 잎폭 길이, 잎몸 무게 그리고 엽면적이 증가하고 잎 수와 비엽면적은 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 졸참나무는 잎폭 길이, 잎몸 길이, 잎몸 무게, 잎 수, 엽면적 그리고 비엽면적 모두 대조구와 온난화처리구 간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 갈참나무는 잎폭 길이와 잎몸 무게의 증가, 비엽면적의 감소가 뚜렷하였다. 이상의 잎의 형태학적 반응으로 볼 때, 갈참나무는 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>농도와 온도에 대하여 졸참나무 보다 민감하게 반응한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 주성분분석 결과, 두 종은 요인 1과 2에 의해 대조구와 온난화처리구에서 배열에 차이가 있었고, 온난화처리에 대한 변화는 졸참나무보다 갈참나무에서 명확히 구별되었다. This study was conducted to find the leaf morphological responses of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena which are potential natural vegetation of riverine in Korea under elevated <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and increased temperature. Rising <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration was treated with 1.6 times than control(ambient) and increased temperature with <TEX>$2.2^{\circ}C$</TEX> above the control(ambient) in the glass greenhouse. As a result, leaf width length, leaf lamina weight and leaf area of Q. serrata and Q. aliena was respectively increased, and number of leaves and specific leaf area(SLA) was decreased by elevated <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and temperature. Leaf width length, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina weight, number of leaves, leaf area, and specific leaf area of Q. serrata were not statistically significant difference between control and treatment. Leaf width length and leaf weight of Q. aliena was increased, but specific leaf area was decreased. These results indicated that Q. aliena was to be sensitive than Q. serrata in response to global warming situation. According to the principal component analysis(PCA), two oak species were arranged based on factor 1 and 2 in the control and warming treatment. And change on the warming treatment was clearly distinguishable from the Q. aliena than Q. serrata.

The closed Lake Issyk-Kul as an indicator of global warming in Tien-Shan

Lake Issyk-Kul is the seventh deepest lake in the world situated inCentral Asiain theTien-ShanMountainsat the elevation of 1607 m above sea level. This area belongs toKyrgyzstan. From 1927 to 1997 the water level decreased by 3.4 m, and increased by 0.93 m from 1997 to 2011. The article analyzes the impact of the global warming on the Lake Issyk-Kul thermal regime and the components of its water balance: river discharge, precipitation, evaporation and lake level variations. It shows that the global warming has entailed the increase of the Lake Issyk-Kul water temperature down to the maximum depths, and river discharge increase due to the glaciers melting and the evaporation from the lake surface. The air temperature increase of 1 ℃ results in river discharge increas and lake level rise of 44 mm/year and surface evaporation increase of 88 mm/year. TheLakeIssyk-Kullevel increase after 1997, which takes place in the situation of global warming, was caused by the activation of the West air masses transport and increase of precipitation in autumn.

Research of CO2 Storage Possibilities to the Underground

Recently, one of the most discussed world-wide problems is Global warming situation. Global warming is probably caused by increased concentration of greenhouse gases at the atmosphere, not only as a result of human activity. Nevertheless, human activity has huge impact on increasing amount of CO2 at the atmosphere. The international organizations are concerned for this reason. Thus, the possibilities for CO2 reduction are searched world-wide. One of the possibilities can be CO2 storage to the suitable geological layers at the underground. This paper deals with issue of CO2 storage to the underground. CFD software Fluent will be used for verification of proposed possibilities and result.

CO2농도와 온도증가에 따른 인삼의 생육 및 생리.생태학적 반응 연구

본 연구는 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>농도와 온도가 상승함에 따라 인삼의 생육반응 및 광합성 특성의 변화를 알아보기 위해 실험하였다. 유리 온실 안에 대조구(대기중 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 농도)와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구(750-800 ppm, <TEX>$2^{\circ}C$</TEX> 상승)로 나누어 비교하였으며 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼의 개엽율은 1년생 인삼을 이식한 후 1주일 이후인 4월 6일에 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구의 개엽율이 대조구보다 더 높았다. 그러나 최종 개엽율은 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 2. 꽃이 나오는 시기는 대조구보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구가 3일 빨랐고, 열매관찰시기와 열매 성숙시기는 대조구와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 3. 인삼의 줄기길이는 대조구보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구에서 길었고, 잎수는 대조구보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구에서 많았다. 4. 지하부 생량무게는 대조구와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 5. 광합성은 모두 대조구보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구가 높았다. 대조구 내에서는 년도별 광합성이 차이가 있었다. 하지만 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구에는 1년생과 2년생 간 차이가 없었다. 6. 증산률은 대조구와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구에서 모두 년생간 차이가 있었다. 1년생은 대조구보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구가 높았고, 2년생은 대조구와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 7. 수분이용효율은 대조구와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구에서 모두 1년생과 2년생간 차이가 있었다. 1년생은 대조구와 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었고, 2년생은 대조구 보다 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + 온도상승구가 높았다. 이상으로 볼 때 지구온난화는 인삼의 생육과 생리 생태학적 반응에 다소 긍정적인 영향을 준다. In order to understand the growth and ecophy -siological response of ginseng to global warming condition, we cultivated one and two year ginseng seedlings in control (ambient <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + ambient temperature) and global warming treatment (elevated <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> + elevated temperature) from March 2010 to July 2011. Shoot appearance and initiation of flowering were advanced by 3-4 days in global warming treatment than in control. However, timing of fruit setting and seed ripeness was similar in both control and global warming treatment. Shoot length was longer in global warming treatment than in control, and also the number of leaves was much in global warming treatment. Fresh root weight was not different between control and global warming treatment. Photosynthetic rate was higher in global warming treatment than at control. Photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were higher in two year seedlings than in one year seedlings at control, but was not different between seedling age of ginseng in global warming treatment. Water use efficiency was higher in one year seedlings than two year seedlings at control and global warming treatment. These results demonstrated that Korean ginseng more or less positively responds to global warming situation.

Numerical Simulation of the Change of Gas Hydrate Layer of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Global Warming Situation

Using finite element method, we solve the heat conduction equation. In our calculation, we use 0.02 and 0.052 °C/year as temperature rising rate (Gt) in order to get the change of gas hydrate layer of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in global warming situation. Our calculation’s major results are as follows: Our calculation demonstrates the gas hydrate layer’s surface temperature is one of the major factors which influence the thickness of gas hydrate layer (TGH). When Gt=0.02 and 0.052°C/year, the changes of TGH are almost same. The lower the ground surface temperature (GST), the more change of TGH. Therefore we need to monitor the Qiangtang plateau which has low surface temperature and good organic material.

Different characteristics of cold day and cold surge frequency over East Asia in a global warming situation

[1] This study investigates the changes in winter cold extreme events over East Asia in the present and future climates. Two distinct terms to indicate cold extreme events are analyzed: “cold day,” which describes a temperature below a certain threshold value (e.g., simply cold weather), and “cold surge,” which describes an abrupt temperature drop (e.g., relatively colder weather than a previous day). We analyze both observations and long-term climate simulations from 13 atmospheric and oceanic coupled global climate models (CGCMs). The geographical distribution of sea level pressure corresponding to a cold day (cold surge) is represented by a dipole (wave train) feature. Although cold day and cold surge show similar patterns of surface air temperature, they are induced by the out-of-phase sea level pressures. From the results of our analysis of a series of future projections for the mid and late twenty-first century using the 13 CGCMs, cold day occurrences clearly decrease with an increasing mean temperature (a correlation coefficient of −0.49), but the correlation between cold surge occurrences and the mean temperature is insignificant (a correlation coefficient of 0.08), which is supported by the same results in recent observation periods (1980–2006). Thus, it is anticipated that cold surge occurrences will remain frequent even in future warmer climate. This deduction is based on the future projections in which the change in the day-to-day temperature variability is insignificant, although the mean temperature shows significant increase. The present results suggest that living things in the future, having acclimatized to a warmer climate, would suffer the strong impact of cold surges, and hence the issue of vulnerability to cold surges should be treated seriously in the future.

Effects of elevated CO2concentration and increased temperature on leaf related-physiological responses of Phytolacca insularis (native species) and Phytolacca americana (invasive species)

In the study, the effects of elevated <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and temperature on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, carbon content, and C/N ratio of Phytolacca insularis and Phytolacca americana were examined under control (ambient <TEX>$CO_2+$</TEX> ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated <TEX>$CO_2+$</TEX> elevated temperature) for 2 years (2008 and 2009). The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of two plant species were higher under the treatment than the under the control. The stomatal conductance of P. insularis was higher under the control, but that of P. americana was not significantly affected by <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and temperature under the treatment. The chlorophyll contents of two species were decreased about 72.5% and 20%, respectively, by elevated <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and temperature. The nitrogen contents of two species were not significantly altered by increase in <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and temperature. The carbon contents of the two species were higher under the treatment than under the control. The C/N ratio of P. insularis was higher under the treatment but that of P. americana was not significantly affected by <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> and temperature. These results demonstrated that the physiological responses of P. insularis native plants might be more sensitively influenced by a <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-mediated global warming situation than those of the P. americana invasive plants.

Conservation, Renewability and Development of Pabung Patham "Flood Plains"In the Chi River Basin by Community Participation

Problem statement: At present Pabang Patham Flood Plains have been fading away from new generations' memories because they have known only community forest or Pa Chum Chon many kinds of plants, herbs, aquatic animals, wild animals and insects are reduced. Furthermore, some kinds of them are become extinct in the future if no conservation. Approach: A qualitative research was used for the study of conservation, renewability and development of cultural landscapes of Pabung Patham Flood Plains in the Chi river basin by community participation. The sample was three groups consisted of 30 key informants, 159 casual informants and 42 general informants. Three research areas were Khon Kaen, Mahasarakham and Yasothon. Results: The result of the study were as follows: (1) at present Pabung Patham have been fading away from new generation memories because they have known only community forest or Pa Chum Chon many kinds of plants, herbs, aquatic animals, wild animals and Insects are reduced. Furthermore some kinds of them are become extent in the future if no conservation. (2) Conservation by community participation according to AIC process was operated as follows: A: Appreciation, it was a process of constructing an appreciation. I: Influence, it was a process of constructing an influence on the ways to develop. C: Control, it was a process of constructing the ways to control the project. For this research the controlled factor was planting three kinds of tree and gaining four uses according to the feature of cultural landscapes of flood plains that consisted of planting trees for construction, trees for fruit and trees for fuel. Forest enhanced ecological balance in these ways: (1) enhancing oxygen for human beings (2) enhancing water for human beings (3) enhancing the fertility of soil land (4) enhancing the diversities of culture in case of the forest that Located in different ecology. Four cultural uses that we gained from forest classified into: (1) food was gained from plants, insects, wild animals, aquatic animals. (2) Herbal medicine (3) fuel was gained from trees (4) construction parts were gained from trees. Conclusion/Recommendations: Planting three kinds of tree and gaining four uses enhanced a lot of usefulness for community and reduced effectively the awful situation of global warming, drought storm and flood.

GME 모델을 이용한 태풍 모의

Typhoon simulation based on dynamical forecasting results is demonstrated by utilizing geodesic model GME (operational global numerical weather prediction model of German Weather Service). It is based on uniform icosahedral-hexagonal grid. The GME gridpoint approach avoids the disadvantages of spectral technique as well as the pole problem in latitude-longitude grids and provides a data structure extremely well suited to high efficiency on distributed memory parallel computers. In this study we made an attempt to simulate typhoon 'NARI' that passed over the Korean Peninsula in 2007. GME has attributes of numerical weather prediction model and its high resolution can provide details on fine scale. High resolution of GME can play key role in the study of severe weather phenomenon such as typhoons. Simulation of future typhoon that is assumed to occur under the global warming situation shows that the life time of that typhoon will last for a longer time and the intensity will be extremely stronger.

Towards curbing global village warming: Nepal's contribution to make a difference

The global warming has substantial direct and indirect impact on us, on the health of ecosystems and food and water sources. Warming has been rapid due to economic development with little care on the consequences toward mother earth's atmosphere, land and water systems. Lessons to Nepal include warming of snowy peaks, their quick melting and sooner depletion of snow stocks; increased probability of sudden floods and desertification, changing crop zones; productivity regimes, patterns, maturity days, ecology; insects, predators, diseases their degree of occurrence, types or characteristics etc., so that concerns and priorities to research would be changed. Planting a tree in the backyard, practicing better urban disposals systems, encouraging individual choices such as un plugging a freezer, replacing incandescent bulbs with more efficient ones, sealing and insulating heating and cooling devices and food boxes, using solar, wind or geo-thermal resources whenever possible, joining a group of bicyclists, or mass transit; or resistance to an extreme weather, fuel use for cooking or warming food all can make a difference. It was felt that a single country can do little, but even the little would be of great value. Nepal can help reduce global warming by taking steps such as harnessing river systems soon for clean energy and offer benefits to the global community through safeguarded bio-diversity to maintain genetic system. Nepal should adapt to the bio-secure initiatives for meeting food needs locally and needs to let policymakers and leaders know and win confidence to this concern with support on study on Glaciers in Nepal and monitor the global warming situation and contribute by further seeking realistic small ways to reduce global warming. We can control hazards by raising awareness and exploring smaller and practical approaches at grass root level. &#x0D; &#x0D; The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 133-144

Using ground-penetrating radar to detect permafrost degradation in the northern limit of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau

We used 50-MHz ground-penetrating radar to detect the boundary of permafrost in Xidatan region, the northern limit of the marginal and sporadic permafrost area on the Tibetan Plateau, China. We interpreted the lower limit of permafrost from nine radar profiles to determine the boundary between the permafrost and non-permafrost region. We also sketched the locations of permafrost table along the nine profiles and acquired the lower alpine limit of permafrost in this area. Based on the lower alpine limit of permafrost determined in this field survey, a new permafrost distribution map was drawn with the help of GIS analyses. Comparing with the research work in 1975, permafrost in Xidatan is reduced 12% in area and the lower alpine limit has increased by 25 m. The situation of global warming, apparent climatic warming recorded at two stations near Xidatan, could be responsible for permafrost degradation in this area.