Situations Of Deprivation Research Articles

Stunting later in childhood and outcomes as a young adult: Evidence from India

This paper looks at patterns of growth faltering and catch up of around 1000 children as they moved from 8 to 19 years of age, from middle childhood through adolescence to young adulthood, using Height for Age Difference (HAD) and the more conventional Height for age z-scores (HAZ). It also looks at what individual and household characteristics may have moved these children into or out of situations of nutritional deprivation and how their stunting profile in later childhood correlates with psychosocial outcomes at age 19 and how it may have intergenerational consequences. The paper uses 4 rounds of longitudinal data collected in 2002, 2006, 2009 and 2013 from Andhra Pradesh and Telengana, India when the children were aged 8, 12, 15 and 19. The paper finds that there are significant gender based biases in growth faltering later in childhood disfavouring girls and that becoming newly stunted as an adolescent is strongly correlated with a child reporting to have poorer relationships with peers compared to the group that were never stunted. We also find that a girl experiencing stunting in middle childhood or adolescence (even if they were not stunted at age 8 or eventually moved out of being stunted by age 19) correlates significantly with offspring being shorter and thinner than the offspring of girls never stunted. This is one of few, if any, studies that look at growth patterns in middle childhood and adolescence and outcomes as a young adult and the results are important for their implications for further research and policy.

A PENA PRIVATIVA DE LIBERDADE E SEU DELINEAMENTO LEGAL NACIONAL E INTERNACIONAL: DESCOMPASSO COM A REALIDADE OPERATIVA DO SISTEMA CARCERÁRIO BRASILEIRO

O presente artigo tem por objetivo retratar a realidade do sistema prisional brasileiro, por meio de um mapeamento bibliográfico, tendo como fonte de pesquisa dados coletados no interior dos diversos presídios do país. Primeiramente, busca-se demonstrar que o sistema prisional não carece de legislações, pois tanto no âmbito nacional quanto internacional, o arcabouço legislativo reconhece que a situação de privação de liberdade, não destitui os sujeitos do caráter de cidadãos detentores de direitos e deveres de cidadania. Já em um segundo momento, a reflexão volta-se mais precisamente para a análise acerca da incongruência entre a teoria (dimensão programadora nacional e internacional), e a prática (realidade operacional), vislumbrando que, por mais que o sistema prisional brasileiro esteja protegido em termos de garantia dos direitos humanos, a realidade cotidiana das prisões nacionais comprova a premissa de que estas são verdadeiras fábricas de exclusão e violação de direitos.

Osoba formatora w procesie interioryzacji wartości z uwzględnieniem aspektów dynamiki obecności i nieobecności

Formator to osoba, która jest zdolna służyć drugiemu tak, że razem postępują w procesie stawania się coraz bardziej ludzcy. Obydwoje bowiem są dziećmi dzisiejszego świata i dziedziczą z niego zarówno silne, jak i słabe cechy. Formator ma być wystarczająco dobry, co oznacza wrażliwość potrzebną do odpowiadania na potrzeby formowanego poprzez swoją obecność, ale również umiejętność dawania potrzebnej przestrzeni do doświadczania tych potrzeb, jednak w wymiarze, który nie będzie oznaczał straty. Widoczna jest w tym rola dynamiki obecności i nieobecności poprzez doświadczenie satysfakcji i frustracji. Te elementy są obecne w relacji formacyjnej po to, by kandydat mógł poczuć się bezpiecznie i mógł aktywnie szukać odpowiedzi na pytania drzemiące w nim. Ten który przyjmuje rolę towarzyszenia, powinien zdobyć umiejętność balansowania pomiędzy pełnią (obecność) i brakiem (nieobecność). Słabością formatora jest bycie niewystarczająco innym, co pozwala na przyjęcie roli granicy, która staje się wyzwaniem i zaproszeniem do transcendencji.

Mortalité maternelle chez les femmes en situation de précarité. Résultats de l’ENCMM, France 2010–2012

The theme of deprivation is new for the ENCMM. In view of the perceived increase in the number of maternal deaths that may be related to a deprivation situation, we sought to understand the main dimensions that could contribute to maternal death in this context, in order to propose a definition. The selection of cases made a posteriori is mainly based on a qualitative judgment. Between 2010 and 2012, among the deaths evaluated by the CNEMM, one or more elements related to social vulnerability were identified in 8.6% of the cases (18 deaths). The direct criteria used were the concepts of “deprivation” or “social difficulties”, difficulties of housing, language barriers and isolation. The absence of prenatal care was retained as an indirect marker. We excluded cases where psychiatric pathology and/or addiction were predominant. Of the 18 cases identified with deprivation factors, death was considered “unavoidable” in 2 cases (11%), “certainly avoidable” or “possibly avoidable” in 13 cases (72%). In 3 cases (17%), avoidability could not be determined. Avoidability was related to the content and adequacy of care in 11 cases out of 13 (85%) and the patient's interaction with the health care system in 10 of 18 cases (56%). The analysis of maternal deaths among women in precarious situations points out that the link between socio-economic deprivation and poor maternal health outcomes potentially includes a specific risk of maternal death.

Thyroid Allostasis-Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming.

The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid feedback control is a dynamic, adaptive system. In situations of illness and deprivation of energy representing type 1 allostasis, the stress response operates to alter both its set point and peripheral transfer parameters. In contrast, type 2 allostatic load, typically effective in psychosocial stress, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and adaptation to cold, produces a nearly opposite phenotype of predictive plasticity. The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumors, uremia, and starvation (TACITUS), commonly observed in hospitalized patients, displays a historically well-studied pattern of allostatic thyroid response. This is characterized by decreased total and free thyroid hormone concentrations and varying levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ranging from decreased (in severe cases) to normal or even elevated (mainly in the recovery phase) TSH concentrations. An acute versus chronic stage (wasting syndrome) of TACITUS can be discerned. The two types differ in molecular mechanisms and prognosis. The acute adaptation of thyroid hormone metabolism to critical illness may prove beneficial to the organism, whereas the far more complex molecular alterations associated with chronic illness frequently lead to allostatic overload. The latter is associated with poor outcome, independently of the underlying disease. Adaptive responses of thyroid homeostasis extend to alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations during fetal life, periods of weight gain or loss, thermoregulation, physical exercise, and psychiatric diseases. The various forms of thyroid allostasis pose serious problems in differential diagnosis of thyroid disease. This review article provides an overview of physiological mechanisms as well as major diagnostic and therapeutic implications of thyroid allostasis under a variety of developmental and straining conditions.

Hypothalamic Regulation of Liver and Muscle Nutrient Partitioning by Brain-Specific Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1C in Male Mice.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1C, a brain-specific protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of neurons, is expressed in almost all brain regions. Based on global knockout (KO) models, CPT1C has demonstrated relevance in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and in hypothalamic regulation of energy balance. Specifically, it has been shown that CPT1C is protective against high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO), and that CPT1C KO mice show reduced peripheral fatty acid oxidation (FAO) during both fasting and DIO. However, the mechanisms mediating CPT1C-dependent regulation of energy homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we focus on the mechanistic understanding of hypothalamic CPT1C on the regulation of fuel selection in liver and muscle of male mice during energy deprivation situations, such as fasting. In CPT1C-deficient mice, modulation of the main hypothalamic energy sensors (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Sirtuin 1, and mammalian target of rapamycin) was impaired and plasma catecholamine levels were decreased. Consequently, CPT1C-deficient mice presented defective fasting-induced FAO in liver, leading to higher triacylglycerol accumulation and lower glycogen levels. Moreover, muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was increased, which was indicative of glycolysis enhancement. The respiratory quotient did not decrease in CPT1C KO mice after 48 hours of fasting, confirming a defective switch on fuel substrate selection under hypoglycemia. Phenotype reversion studies identified the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) as the main area mediating CPT1C effects on fuel selection. Overall, our data demonstrate that CPT1C in the MBH is necessary for proper hypothalamic sensing of a negative energy balance and fuel partitioning in liver and muscle.

Addressing Barriers to Deliberative Participation in Adaptive Preference Interventions

ABSTRACTSerene Khader’s ‘deliberative perfectionist approach’ to adaptive preferences is intended to provide a guide to identifying and intervening when those in situations of deprivation adapt to their situation in ways that perpetuate their own deprivation. Her approach has the advantage of helping to avoid ethical and epistemic injustices, by ensuring that the agency and values of those who hold such preferences are fully respected. However, she does not include a detailed account of what the ‘deliberative’ component entails in her discussion of the approach. Her reference to David Crocker’s account of ‘deliberative participation’ provides some content, however the different context in which Crocker develops his account results in several problems for Khader’s approach. I suggest adding an additional step to the approach, using Crocker’s ‘participatory implementation’ to establish the necessary preconditions for deliberative participations in situations of ‘Inappropriately Adaptive Preferences’ (IAPs) in order to circumvent these problems.

Practices of solidarity in Athens: reconfigurations of public space and urban citizenship

The multi-faceted crisis that has hit Greece and other (southern) European countries has had severe consequences on people’s everyday lives. In an attempt to cope with, but also resist, dramatic changes in lifestyles, incomes and welfare, several initiatives have sprung up all over the country at many different scales, with diverse targets, varying actors and outcomes. Many people have abandoned their privacy to participate in public actions of solidarity, in initiatives that often involve new or alternative uses of urban space. It seems that practices of solidarity and claims around material spaces are becoming an important ‘laboratory’ for shaping a different public sphere. Drawing from relevant examples in Athens, the paper aims to reflect on the ways in which such practices and claims arise and develop; how different types of rights and forms of doing politics are enacted in situations of crisis and deprivation; and finally how such practices reconfigure public space and shape notions of belonging, which ultimately (re)define urban citizenship.

The Relationship between Income and Political Trust is Conditional on Economic Inequality

Do those who feel left behind express more distrust of politics? Or does political trust serve as palliative as the poor become more trusting? We argue the relationship between resources and political trust depends on the degree of economic inequality. On the one hand, the interest-based view of power resource theory suggests a positive relationship further amplified by inequality. System justification theory, on the other hand, suggests a greater need for cognitive dissonance reduction in unequal countries, resulting in rationalization of the deprived situation by expressing more political trust. We test both claims with comprehensive analyses of WVS data from a diverse sample of countries. Results provide clear support of system justification: In unequal countries income is negatively associated with political trust, while in equal countries, the relationship is reverse. This finding has important implications for our understanding of the palliative function of political trust and for successfully combatting inequality.

SAÚDE DE MULHERES NO CLIMATÉRIO EM SISTEMA PRISIONAL

Objetivou identificar sinais, sintomas e problemas que afetam a saúde, nos relatos de mulheres que passam pelo período do climatério, quando se encontram privadas de liberdade. Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. Entre outubro de 2014 e janeiro de 2015 foram realizadas entrevistas com sete mulheres que se encontravam no período do climatério, ao estarem em um presídio feminino situado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A partir da análise temática, foram identificadas duas categorias: Sintomatologia referente ao período do climatério e Problemas que afetam a saúde de mulheres privadas de liberdade. A maioria das entrevistadas passa pelo período do climatério de maneira desconfortável, tendo a saúde afetada de algum modo durante a prisão. Assim, o climatério, sobretudo em situações de privação de liberdade, deve ser mais explorado pelas políticas públicas de saúde contribuindo para melhoria das condições de vida desse grupo específico.

Fatigue and Depression from Early Postpartum to 1 Month among Postpartum Women with Mental Disorders

Objective: This study aims to ascertain the prevalence of fatigue and depression from early postpartum to 1 month after delivery among postpartum women with mental disorders. Methods: The participants of this study were postpartum women who had delivered a child after a full-term pregnancy and were suffering from a mental disorder. We administered the Postpartum Fatigue Scale (PFS) on days 1, 3, and 4 (to multiparas), and 1, 3, and 5 (to primiparas), and 1 month after delivery to all participants. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Japanese version, was also administered at the same time intervals as PFS except on day 3 after delivery. Results: A total of 7 primiparas and 9 multiparas participated in this study. The average age was 29.0 ± 7.0 years in primiparas and 32.0 ± 4.0 years in multiparas. The PFS scores were higher among the primiparas and peaked at day 1, and more than half the primiparas scored more than 9 points in EPDS. In addition, the EPDS score at 1 month had a strong correlation with the PFS subscale “mental stress situation” (r = 0.818/p = 0.047). In multiparas, the percentage of women who scored more than 9 points decreased. However, their EPDS scores at 1 month were related to the total scores of the PFS, “physical stress situation”, “mental stress situation”, and “sleep deprivation situation”. Especially, the score of “sleep deprivation situation” was higher than those during hospitalization. Conclusion: There was more fatigue 1 month after the discharge among postpartum women with mental disorders. The percentage of women whose EPDS scores were more than 9 points was high in both primiparas and multiparas. This study suggests assisting primiparas and multiparas by controlling the former’s disorder during childcare, and using family support for the latter, so that they get time to rest.

Factors associated with the resilience of family caregivers of persons with dementia: a systematic review

Abstract Background: Resilience is the ability of individuals or groups to overcome adversity without displaying physical or mental disorders, or even learning to deal with unfavorable conditions more efficiently. There have been many studies on resilience, which try to identify the conditions under which people in situations of deprivation or adversity overcome such challenges. Objective: The present article aimed to identify factors associated the with development of resilience in family caregivers of people with dementia and the possible outcomes of resilience for the caregiver and receiver of care. Method: The study consisted of a systematic literature review carried out in accordance with the PRISMA methodology with searches in the Lilacs, PsycInfo, PubMed, SciELO, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, using pre-established descriptors. Results: After synthesis of the extracted data and the considerations of this review, it was possible to identify possible factors associated with the development of resilience in family caregivers of persons with dementia: depression, anxiety, burden, drug use, the relationship with the person receiving care and health conditions are associated with the resilience of family caregivers. Conclusion: We found in literature that the development of resilience by family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's is influenced by factors related to the patient and the caregiver himself or herself.

AIDS and jail: social representations of women in freedom deprivation situations.

To graspthe AIDS social representations built by freedom-deprived women. Descriptive study with a quali-quantitative approach that involved 174 convicted women in a women's prison in a capital city of the Brazilian northeastern region. Aword-association test was applied in October and November 2014, using AIDS as a stimulus. The corpuswas processed usingIramuteq software. Descending Hierarchical Classification and Correspondence Factor Analysis were applied. The content that comprises the social representation of AIDS was influenced by the prison context, which was pervaded by a lack of assistance, lack of knowledge, discrimination, and suffering that disclosed vulnerability to HIV/AIDS factors such as unprotected sex and object sharing. This underlines the stigma and fear of the illness, in addition to favoring and supporting negative feelings and a sense of rejection. To consider the use of this representational amalgam to ensure a comprehensive, contextualized care can help redirect practices, motivate self-care practices, and reduce prejudiced attitudes. Apreenderas representações sociais sobre a aids construídas por mulheres privadas de liberdade. Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quali-quantitativa que envolveu 174 apenadas de Presídio Feminino situado em capital do nordeste brasileiro. Aplicou-se o Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, em outubro e novembro de 2014, utilizando-se do estímulo aids. O corpus foi processado pelo software Iramuteq, sendo efetuadas a Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e Análise Fatorial de Correspondência. Os conteúdos que compõem a representação social sobre aids são influenciados pelo contexto prisional, permeado dedesassistência, desconhecimento, discriminação e condições de sofrimento, revelando fatores de vulnerabilidade ao HIV/Aids como atividade sexual desprotegida e compartilhamento de objetos; reiterando o estigma e o temor à doença; e favorecendo e sustentando sentimentos negativos e de rejeição. Considerar este amálgama representacional na garantia de um cuidado integral e contextualizado pode contribuir para redirecionar práticas, motivar condutas de autocuidado e reduzir atitudes preconceituosas.

Women's reproductive rights in the penitentiary system: tensions and challenges in the transformation of reality.

This article seeks to identify and discuss violations and challenges to the fulfillment of women's reproductive rights in situations of deprivation of liberty, with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive health. Regulatory parameters were considered as analytical frameworks that support these rights identified by the literature, and the discourses and practices linked to their effectiveness in the everyday life of prisons, collected in interviews with pregnant women and children in prisons, and the professionals whose practices interfere with the exercise of these rights. It was discovered that violations of these rights find support in speech that delegitimizes the motherhood of these women. We consider the use of rights as strategic in the struggle for the transformation of this situation.

Adolescents with Cancer and Occupational Deprivation in Hospital Settings: A Qualitative Study

Objective/BackgroundThe aim of this article was to analyze the needs of hospitalized adolescents with cancer in relation to the performance of meaningful activities as well as to explore the possible scenarios of occupational deprivation in hospital paediatric wards.MethodsThe study follows an ethnographical research approach using two techniques: participant observation and in-depth interviews, with constant comparison by data triangulation. Eight adolescents diagnosed with cancer aged between 15 years and 19 years (5 males and 3 females) were recruited from Toledo and Madrid in Spain.ResultsFive themes revealing the needs of adolescents with cancer in hospital environments were identified: (a) educational needs, (b) leisure needs, (c) physical space of the rooms, (d) interaction with medical personnel, and (e) lack of specific wards for adolescents.ConclusionThe lack of variety and availability of educational activities and leisure, and the subsequent changes of the individual physical, social, and cultural environments could cause situations of occupational deprivation, and also affect the health and quality of life of the individuals.

Sport in the underlife of a total institution: Social control and resistance in Canadian prisons

While it is clear from a small body of scholarly literature that sport and physical activity play important roles in the daily lives of many inmates in diverse prison contexts around the world, there remains relatively little research that sociologically explores the significance of these physical practices in correctional environments. This paper helps to address this gap by examining one of the key tensions in prison sport: its deployment by corrections policymakers and administrators as a form of social control and its simultaneous use by prisoners as a vehicle for resistance and subversion. Situating the research in Goffman’s concept of the total institution, the paper explores how prisoners, though stripped of many resources for self presentation and collective subversion, refashion sport activities, materials, and spaces to their own purposes – and, in doing so, how they resist, in a limited fashion, the prison’s social control aims. More broadly, these findings point to the potential social significance of sport and physical activity as vehicles for the limited expression of agency in situations of extreme deprivation or imposing disciplinary regimes.

Ethical Issues in Work with Families: On Facing the Music or Not “Turning a Blind Eye”

This paper is about ethical issues that arise in different sorts of work with families. The particular focus is on a recently established schools project run by a small charity in which therapists apply a psychoanalytic approach to the work with children, teachers, and parents in a local community. Distinguishing between this kind of “psychotherapy with families” and more formal family therapy, I suggest that, in both cases, ethical issues are closely related to principles of good practice, such as proper boundaries, confidentiality, and containment, but that in this deprived community situation, these principles appear to clash with therapists' critical concerns about the already prevailing danger of “turning a blind eye” to unacceptable conditions of deprivation, abuse, and violence. Where the loss of traditional preventive services combines with a culture of apathy and helplessness, the therapist in close contact with child and/or parents may be the only one in a position to register a serious need for something to be done. What must they do? Practice and ethical issues require to be thought about anew, while remaining within the therapists' analytic frame of reference.

Practices of collective action and solidarity: reconfigurations of the public space in crisis-ridden Athens, Greece

The multifaceted crisis that has hit Greece in the past years has had severe consequences on people’s everyday lives. In an attempt to cope with, and also resist dramatic changes in lifestyles, incomes and welfare, several initiatives have sprung up all over the country at many different scales, with diverse targets, varying actors and outcomes. Many people have abandoned their privacy to participate in public actions of solidarity, in initiatives that often involve new or alternative uses of urban space. It seems that practices of solidarity and claims around material spaces are becoming an important “laboratory” for shaping a different public sphere. The paper aimed to reflect on the ways in which such practices and claims arise and develop; how different types of rights and forms of doing politics are enacted in situations of crisis and deprivation; and finally how such practices reconfigure public space. We draw from relevant examples of initiatives in Athens, in order to discuss acts of coping and resistance and to reflect on the extent to which the concept of social innovation may provide fruitful insights into our discussion.

What Are Human Rights?

Azoulay argues that human rights discourse is based on a separation between a closed past, in which what was robbed is no longer contested because the violent dispossession has been legalized and naturalized, and an indefinite future in which the rights of “everyman,” as it were—the typical protagonist of a common declarations of rights—would not be violated. This separation is at the basis of the common discourse of human rights and justifies us calling such a discourse a sovereign discourse of rights. For this sovereign discourse, the state of historical inequality as well as people’s coming together in public to perform their rights are neither points of departure nor concrete bids for reparation and compensation. When people perform their rights in concrete situations of harm and deprivation their performance is usually interpreted as a protest, and they are often blamed with the disturbance of public order and are responded to in kind. Based on Azoulay’s work on revolutionary moments, the essay works to reconstruct a civil discourse of human rights from these sites where people perform together.

Predictors of late initiation for prenatal care in a metropolitan region in Belgium. A cohort study

ObjectivesTimely initiation of prenatal care (PNC) in the first pregnancy trimester allows prevention, identification and treatment of risk factors. However, not all women initiate PNC timely, especially women in a deprived situation. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of late initiation, defined as initiation after 14 weeks of gestational age. Secondly the authors wanted to identify predictors for late PNC onset. Study designObservational cohort study. MethodsPregnant women (n = 1750) were recruited in all four hospitals in Ghent (Belgium), a metropolitan region. A socio-economic deprivation ranking was measured by using a General Deprivation Index (GDI), which consists of six criteria to assess a socio-economic situation as deprived. A univariate analysis and a forward conditional multivariate logistic regression model were used analysing the association between deprivation and the likelihood to initiate PNC late. Results1115 women were included of whom 6.1% (n = 68) initiated PNC late. A foreign maternal country of birth (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.15–3.83) and a total GDI ≥3 (OR 4.40; 95% CI 2.36–8.21) were good predictors for late initiation. More specifically, the GDI criteria education (OR 4.02; 95% CI 2.00–8.08) and unemployment (OR 2.40; 95% CI 1.17–4.90) were significantly associated with higher likelihood for late initiation. ConclusionsA small group of women initiates PNC late. Vulnerable groups, at risk for late initiation can be identified through assessing their deprivation status. Priority for additional support should be given to women with low educational attainment or women in uncertain employment situations.