Situation In Sudan Research Articles

Utilization of Antenatal Care Services Within the Context of COVID-19, Security Challenges, and an Unstable Healthcare System at Primary Health Care Centers.

Utilizing antenatal care (ANC) is vital for maternal and neonatal well-being, especially in low-resource settings with healthcare challenges. Identifying factors impacting antenatal care this context, t of current situation in Sudan is crucial for developing strategies to improve maternal care. This study explores ANC utilization amidst COVID-19, security issues, and healthcare instability in primary health care centers in a resource-constrained environment, aiming to enhance maternal care access and quality. This is a mixed-methods study. Quantitative data were collected through a retrospective analysis of ANC attendance records before and during the pandemic. Demographic variables were analyzed for their association with ANC utilization. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from pregnant women and healthcare providers. These interviews focused on capturing the experiences, perceptions, and obstacles associated with antenatal care services during the pandemic and within the healthcare system challenges. Preliminary quantitative analysis revealed a significant decline in ANC utilization during the pandemic. Fear of COVID-19 infection, disrupted transportation, and resource constraints have emerged as significant barriers to ANC attendance. The qualitative findings highlighted the impact of security challenges on healthcare access and the adaptation strategies employed, including mobile ANC clinics and telehealth consultations. This study illuminates the intricate landscape of ANC utilization in the face of a pandemic, security instability, and healthcare system vulnerability. Policymakers and stakeholders should collaborate to strengthen healthcare systems and ensure the continued provision of essential maternal health services during challenging times.

The effect of armed conflict on public health and strengthening of healthcare system during and post -armed conflict in Sudan

Background: Armed conflict has catastrophic effect on public health and overall wellbeing including causalities during war, long lasting physical and psychological effects, the reduction in human and financial resources which available to meet social needs and creation of setting in which violence is primary domain this issues clearly appeared in Sudan since conflict between Sudan army force and Rapid response force in 15th of April 2023. Methodology: This review aimed to reflect the effect of armed conflict on public health especially vulnerable groups and create plan for reform of collapsed health system during and after war in Sudan. Comprehensive review for previous related article using Pub –med, Google scholar Lancet and records from Federal and Local Ministry of Health in Sudan was done. Also SWOT analysis for current complexes was done to detect problems and achieve solutions. Results: The study reflects the effect of armed conflict on public health in countries suffered from war. The vulnerable populations those sufferings during war are elderly, children, neonates and women. SWOT analysis for current situation in Sudan reflects devastating effect of war in healthcare system. The study also offering a plan for strengthening of healthcare system which build on decentralization policy, Innovation related to community healthcare workers (CHWs) adoption and health-financing system strengthens. Conclusion: Strengthening of healthcare systems after disasters is an urgent concern, especially in countries that have experienced armed conflict due to great impact on public health. However, since few studies have been conducted concerning this topic in Sudan, further research is recommended.

The critical state of children's health during the Sudan crisis

Sudan has been struggling to deal with a socioeconomic predicament that began in April, 2019, after widespread demonstrations against the governance strategies of the former head of state, Omar al-Bashir. As a result of these strategies, the health-care situation in Sudan was already in a state of decline before the 6 days of intense violence from April 15 to April 20, 2023, 1 Al JazeeraSudan fighting in its sixth day: here is a list of key events. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/20/sudan-fighting-enters-day-6-what-to-knowDate: April, 20, 2023 Date accessed: April 20, 2023 Google Scholar which only exacerbated the country's already dire humanitarian crisis. The UNHCR estimates that by June 12, 2023, approximately 1·43 million individuals had been internally displaced and that 467 195 individuals had emigrated from Sudan since April 15, 2023. The chaotic situation's disruption of the nation's fragile health-care system is likely to have a disproportionate effect on the more than 10 million Sudanese children in need of health-care assistance, particularly those who are malnourished or have other illnesses. 2 UNICEFEscalating violence in Sudan puts millions of children at risk. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/escalating-violence-sudan-puts-millions-children-riskDate: April 20, 2023 Date accessed: April 20, 2023 Google Scholar The high prevalence in Sudan of malaria, hepatitis E, and dengue fever already contributes to the increased need for health-care assistance of the population. 3 Ismail Z Aborode AT Oyeyemi AA et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on viral hepatitis in Africa: challenges and way forward. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2022; 37: 547-552 Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar Medical facilities are experiencing challenges in meeting the demand for pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, even as they persist in providing care to individuals who sustained injuries during the current armed conflict or intercommunal altercations. 4 Soyemi TS Aborode AT Shortage of hospital bed capacity and overcrowding in emergency tertiary healthcare centers in Nigeria. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022; 82104675 PubMed Google Scholar

Self-care Behaviors among Sudanese Patients with Heart Failure: A Cross-sectional Assessment

Background: Selfcare is a vital component of heart failure management that is known to improve the outcomes. However, little is known about the status of self-care behaviors among patients with heart failure in Sudan.
 Objectives: This study aimed to assess the self-care behaviors among Sudanese patients with heart failure at a tertiary hospital in Sudan.
 Methods: A cross-sectional single-institutional study was conducted across three-month period in 2021. A total of 200 heart failure patients were enrolled, and data was collected through patients’ interview. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were processed to check the effect of different factors on the patients’ adherence levels.
 Results: Out of 200 heart failure patients, 53.5% were females, and the mean age of patients was 60 (± 13.7 SD) years. Among them, only 4.5% of heart failure patients reported adequate adherence to their self-care recommendations and the mean total score was 42.6 (± SD15.5). Adherence to self-care recommendations wasn’t significantly associated with age, gender, marital status, education level, and comorbidity.
 Conclusion: In this study, the overall adherence to self-care behavior was found to be extremely low among Sudanese heart failure patients, and selectively adherence to prescribed medications was good. These outcomes put light on a major opportunity for further prospective follow–up studies, which have an intervention approach for each self–care recommendation to improve the heart failure situation in Sudan.

Political dispute between the government of Jaafar Muhammad Nimeiri and the Sudanese Communist Party and its impact on the internal situation 1970-1971

The research entitled "The political dispute between the government of Jaafar Muhammad Nimeiri and the Sudanese Communist Party and its impact on the internal situation 1970-1971". It includes the events that Sudan experienced during the rule of Jaafar Muhammad Nimeiri, as well as the political conflicts between the Sudanese parties and their impact on the internal situation in Sudan, which has become a subject. The problems and instability due to these deteriorating conditions and what worsened the internal situation was the coup of the Communist Party against the Sudanese government led by Major Hashim Al-Atta. Still, that coup was ended, and those involved in the resurrection were executed.

Scientific Research Status in Sudan until 2020

This report aims to highlight the scientific research situation in Sudan for it is considered the most important scientific, intellectual, and cognitive university outcomes and production, and has several contributions in different aspects of the social development field. The following question represents the report's main problem: What is the scientific research fact in Sudan? This report is divided based on the following elements: Scientific research facts in Sudan according to the global database; and scientific research facts as seen by Sudanese researchers.

Sustainable Energy: Challenges of Implementing New Technologies

Sudan is an agricultural country with fertile land, plenty of water resources, livestock, forestry resources, and agricultural residues. Energy is one of the key factors for the development of national economies in Sudan. An overview of the energy situation in Sudan is introduced with reference to the end uses and regional distribution. Energy sources are divided into two main types; conventional energy (biomass, petroleum products, and electricity); and non-conventional energy (solar, wind, hydro, etc.). Sudan possesses a relatively high abundance of sunshine, solar radiation, and moderate wind speeds, hydro, and biomass energy resources. Application of new and renewable sources of energy available in Sudan is now a major issue in the future energy strategic planning for the alternative to the fossil conventional energy to provide part of the local energy demand. Sudan is an important case study in the context of renewable energy. It has a long history of meeting its energy needs through renewables. Sudan’s renewables portfolio is broad and diverse, due in part to the country’s wide range of climates and landscapes. Like many of the African leaders in renewable energy utilisation, Sudan has a well-defined commitment to continue research, development, and implementation of new technologies. Sustainable low-carbon energy scenarios for the new century emphasise the untapped potential of renewable resources. Rural areas of Sudan can benefit from this transition. The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates new development alternatives. It is concluded that renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented, and demonstrated by full-scale plant especially for use in remote rural areas.

Child Undernutrition in Sudan: The Social and Economic Impact and Future Perspectives.

The nutrition situation in Sudan is one of the worst in northeast Africa and it is characterized by persistently high levels of acute and chronic malnutrition that have increased over the last two decades. The underlying causes of malnutrition are multi-sectoral and are mainly due to inequalities, inadequate food practices, and limited access to healthcare services. Based on the report The Economic and Social Impacts of Child Undernutrition in Sudan, this study assesses the impact that malnutrition has on health, education, and productivity in Sudan. The country is estimated to have lost an equivalent of about 11.6 billion Sudanese pound (1 United States dollar = 55.3 Sudanese pound) in 2014, which represented 2.6% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Productivity-related losses contributed the largest costs at 1.5% of GDP followed by health and education sectors at 1.1% and 0.1%, respectively. In 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic further exposed the fragility of Sudan's health, social, and economic system. It is mandatory that all stakeholders address child nutrition as a main concern and stunting is incorporated in the center of the development agenda. In particular, the national development frameworks should be updated to ensure the reduction of the stunting prevalence and to put in place a comprehensive multi-sectoral nutrition policy, strategy, and plan of action.

The COVID-19 situation in Sudan. Plus, a possible life-saving intervention?

Purpose of review: To place forth a true understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Sudan as well as propose a possible intervention that might decrease, if not completely deplete, the mortality rate. Recent findings: As of the 26th of August 2020, as per the JHU?s online world map covering the COVID-19 pandemic, the total number of confirmed cases worldwide was 23,918,447 with 819,945 deaths with the United States of America being the worst infected nation followed by Brazil and Mexico (based on the total number of deaths); in the Republic of the Sudan, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) reported by the 23rd of August 2020, a total of 12,974 cases, 819 (~6.3%) of these patients had died, 6557 (~50.53%) had recovered and the remaining 5598 (~43.1%) were classified as ?active? despite the nation being in experiencing a, at least partial, lockdown.

Overview of malaria situation in Sudan

Background: Malaria the world’s most prevalent vector borne disease, is endemic in 92 countries worldwide, remains a major public health threat to more than 600 million Africans. Approximately 41% of the world’s population is at risk, and each year 300 million to 500 million clinical cases of malaria, >90% of them in Africa, are reported. The objective of the study was to present an overview of the malaria situation in Sudan, to assess the trend of malaria infection amongst the local population of Sudan during the period 1990 to 2008, to assess the trend of proportion of all consultations and mortality attributable to malaria amongst the local population of Sudan during the period 2000 to 2008.Methods: The study design was a retrospective cohort study design. Data from all sources was validated, compiled and analysed statistically using standard statistical tests.Results: Overall malaria incidence shows a significantly decreasing trend during the period of study. Disease burden due to malaria as proportion of all consultations also shows a significantly decreasing trend during the period of study. Mortality attributable to malaria also shows a significantly decreasing trend. Conclusions: The epidemiology of malaria infection and disease risks are in transition is some parts of Africa, in part as a result of scaling of the provision of insecticide treated nets and adoption of new effective therapeutics.

Improvement of the Medical Education Situation in Sudan: Collegectomy is Not the Only Management Option

Sudan witnessed an increase in the number of colleges of medicine after the higher education revolution in the early 1990s. Many authors writing about medical education, both in Sudan and across the world, have described a negative correlation between the increased number of medical colleges and the quality of education provided by those colleges. Many educational leaders in Sudan are calling for action to deal with the issues arising from this great expansion of medical colleges, with opinions varying from collegectomies (closure of the colleges) to merging colleges.
 Several strategies have been implemented in Canada, Iran, the Philippines and South Africa to deal with similar situations. These have included college support such as funding or technical support, changing the colleges’ educational strategies, modifying the curriculum, integrating (rather than merging) colleges, and collegectomies.
 This paper outlines possible actions to be taken in response to the expansion of medical colleges in the Sudanese context. It explores the international experience with the situation in an attempt to augment the discussion with options that may help to improve medical education. 
 Keywords: collegectomy, medical education, Sudan, social accountability

Livestock Exports Growth in Sudan and Effect of Transport Section

This paper presents guidelines to the needs and restrictions that affect the growth of Sudanese livestock exports resulting from the weakness of transportation section. Sudan has a huge livestock population. The livestock has a great contribution in the local economy. The production of livestock in Sudan is increasing effectively in the recent decades. Also, the contribution of livestock to exports has witnessed a gradual growing in the past few decades. The weakness of road and transport infrastructure, however, is affecting the growing of livestock export in Sudan. The livestock production is concentrated in rural areas that far away from the main roads and unconnected to them by paved roads. The road quality, in Sudan, is very poor. The infrastructure does not cover most Sudanese geographical area especially agricultural and livestock areas. Also, the cost of transportation is very high in comparison with international cost. Moreover, road maintenance is very weak and not cover all roads networks. And, there is a lack of finance for new road projects. This study finds out that the roads’ situation in Sudan is not helping the current growing progress of livestock exports and seriously declines that growing.

Political Instability in Sudan after Military Coup: Implications for China’s Economic Interests

The current military coup and further political unrest in Sudan, though termed as ‘Bread Riots,’ however the internationally observed, beyond ‘bread.’ Especially, the Darfur and Sudan’s current crisis vis-à-vis China’s increasing politico-economic engagement in pursuance of its interests in the Sudan, particularly about energy sector, have placed China’s policies for Africa in focus. Since, Sino-Sudan maintained an extended history of politico-economic engagement and outreaching diplomatic relationships, hence, internationally perceived an expectation that Chinese factor can persuade the politico-economic situation in Sudan after recent political unrest in the country. Considering, such conditions, this paper while employing the economic diplomacy theory argues that, the policy of ‘non-interference’ may not be translated as disinclination with regards to China to employ the conscientiousness to defend. In this paper, statements given by the world about the interests lie in Sudan have been analysed through content analysis technique. However, particularly the complex features of condition of instability in Sudan, the economic-engagement strategy pursued by China, seems much productive than the retaliatory sanctions initiatives being approached by the West, particularly US to ensure peace process and stability conditions in Sudan. China had deep concerns with the situation prevailing in Sudan because it has invested billions of dollars on the development projects in this country.

Evidence of multiple point mutations in Theileria annulata cytochrome b gene incriminated in buparvaquone treatment failure

Drug resistance is one of the emerging and re-emerging epidemics affecting both veterinary and public health sectors. Buparvaquone provides the most satisfactory means in the treatment of bovine tropical theileriosis. However, recently there has been widespread reports of development of resistance of Theileria annulata to buparvaquone. To investigate the situation in Sudan where bovine tropical theileriosis is endemic, fifty blood samples from T. annulata-positive cattle. were used for DNA extraction, PCR and cytochrome b gene nucleotide sequencing. Analysis of the two buparvaquone binding site regions Q01 (130–148) and Q02 (244–266), revealed three non- synonymous mutations at codon 146; alanine (GCT) to threonine (ACT) within the Q01 region across all 50 isolates and the other mutation at codon 129; serine (AGC) to glycine (GGC) in 18 isolates which is very close to the Q01 binding site. However, we documented another mutation at position 227; valine (GTG) to methionine (ATG) close to the close to the Q02 binding site, in three isolates with mutation at codon 129. We concluded that this study has provided evidence of point mutations in the cytochrome b gene of T. annulata that might be associated with buparvaquone treatment failure in Sudan.

The History and Distribution of ṭāb: A Survey of Petra’s Gaming Boards

The History and Distribution of <i>ṭāb</i>: A Survey of Petra’s Gaming Boards

Net Loss? Agrochemicals and Insecticide Resistance in the Fight against Malaria.

Net Loss? Agrochemicals and Insecticide Resistance in the Fight against Malaria.

Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Current Situation in Sudan

Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Current Situation in Sudan

The ‘Great Escape’: In Pursuit of President Al Bashir in South Africa

In 2008 the first Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (‘the Court’ or ‘ICC’) Luis Moreno Ocampo, had shifted his prosecutorial strategy with regard to the situation in Sudan by deciding to pursue the serving President of Sudan, Omar al Bashir, whereas before, his strategy had been to request the Pre-Trial Chamber to issue summons for persons deemed to be mid-level individuals in the Khartoum government. Acting on that referral, the Prosecutor initiated investigations into the situation in Darfur beginning June 2005. On 14 July 2008, the Prosecutor filed an application requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to issue a warrant of arrest against President Bashir, which was granted on 4 March 2009. Subsequently, warrants of arrest were issued for Al Bashir on 4 March 2009 and on 12 July 2010, with the second warrant being issued to reflect the inclusion of the charge of genocide in the indictment. This article examines how this "Great Escape", on the light of the last events.

Language Policy and Identity Conflict in Sudan

The Sudan, as it stands today, has clearly and definitely failed to form a united country. It has been involved in an internecine civil war. The war has not merely been a war of resistance against economic marginalization of the south, but one of racial or ethnic resistance to the dominant discourse in the north which lays claim to being racially and culturally superior. The violent political conflict that led to the secession of southern Sudan and the ongoing conflicts in some parts of the Sudan are legacies of the past. These legacies cannot be understood unless the tensions are placed in historical, political, and educational perspectives. This article attempts to describe Sudanese language policy and show its complexity, arbitrariness, and fluctuation. It aims to engage with issues of hegemony, language ideology, identity conflict, power asymmetries, and social inequality in language policy in the Sudan. The Arabic language has acquired dominant status while other languages have been marginalized in the process. This article also considers the historical diffusion of Arab identity and analyzes the relevance of the latter for civil conflicts and the cessation of the South. Finally, it closes with a discussion of the present day situation in Sudan and provides some critical reflections.

Hassan al-Turabi’s Religious Discourse on Faith, Renewal, and Ijtihād

The role of Islamic intellectuals is not confined to elaborating on the religious ideology of Islam. Equally important is their role in setting this religious ideology against other ideologies, sharpening and clarifying their differences, and thereby developing and intensifying one’s commitment to Islam as a distinct, divinely based ideology. Islam, as both a religion and an ideology, simultaneously mobilizes and transforms, legitimizes and preserves. It can be an instrument of power, a source and a guarantee of its legitimacy, as well as a tool to be used in the political struggle among social classes. Islam can also present a challenge to authority whenever the religious movement questions the existing social order during times of crisis and raises a rival power, as the current situation in Sudan vividly demonstrates. Throughout his political career, Hassan al-Turabi has resorted to religious symbolism in his public discourse and/or Islamic rhetoric, which could often be inflammatory and heavily reliant upon the Qur’an. This is, in fact, the embodiment of the Islamic quest for an ideal alternative. Our paper focuses on this charismatic and pragmatic religio-political leader of Sudan and the key concepts of his religious discourse: faith (īmān), renewal (tajdīd), and ijtihād(rational, independent, and legal reasoning).