Situation In France Research Articles

Regional Language Policies in France during World War II by Aviv Amit

Reviews 255 ne se donnent pas à…). Achard’s analysis may be of interest to French researchers and teachers who wish to take a fresh look at the complex class of French impersonal constructions. University of Delaware Ali Alalou Amit, Aviv. Regional Language Policies in France during World War II. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 978-0-230-35517-0. Pp. ix + 186. $95. Amit describes four regional language situations in France—Breton, Corsican, Occitan, and Alsatian—finding similarities while acknowledging differences. Breton and Occitan exist only in France, each riven by dialectal differences that have complicated maintenance and revival efforts. Corsican and Alsatian are closely related to the dominant language of neighboring countries, a different but equally complicating factor for maintenance and revival. After two introductory chapters Amit devotes a chapter each to these examples, and then three chapters to the analysis of similarities. The central focus is on the period from 1920 to 1945, but preceding and subsequent histories are provided as well. Amit opposes “top-down” policies of the French government against “bottom-up” maintenance and revival movements. The period and the place constitute a Bakhtinian “chronotope” that brought about the virtual extinction of these languages. One difficulty of studying regional language policy is that much of the primary and secondary material literature is written by militant supporters of regional language movements, compromising the objectivity of the facts; for example, estimates of the number of speakers of a language vary wildly. Amit recognizes these dangers but sometimes cannot refrain from moralizing in the same vein, such as “France must [...]” recommendations (158). Because maintenance and revival movements are driven by intellectuals, the church and the nobility, Amit’s insistence on the“top-down—bottom-up”opposition seems misplaced. More often a local/regional top combats a national top, with the real bottom—the everyday people who speak the language—left out. Creating a regional standard and making it a language of education and public life involves imposition of external norms, just as in the case of a national standard. The volume offers much good information about each region’s language, but the lack of objectivity compromises the details. The pre1920 history is suspect; for example,Villers-Cotterêts did not“impose the language of the King on the French people,” nor was it “the first language policy in France” (16). The leaders of the French Revolution were initially open to regional languages, only abandoning a policy of translation after counter-revolutionary threats (royalist uprisings in Bretagne, sympathies for Austria in Alsace) and after fraud in translations destined for Occitanie. Some things omitted might have provided nuance: Dominique Huck and Paul Lévy’s work on Alsace, Brigitte Schlieben-Lange’s on translation in the Revolutionary period, the vast literature on Villers-Cotterêts, the influence of the League of Nations’Minority Treaties on the revival of regional identity movements in the 1920s, the annual reports of the DGLFLF. Amit shoehorns his case studies into several models—Ferguson’s of diglossia, Haugen’s of standardization, Hroch’s of nation-building, and Bakhtin’s chronotopes—none particularly convincing. That the connection of regionalism and linguistic revival to fascism’s discredited racial theories drove the“final nail in the coffin”(161) of regional languages is reasonable. Ultimately the long, slow death may have had as much to do with the aspirations of the“bottom” as with the impositions of the national and regional “tops.” University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Douglas A. Kibbee Forakis, Kyriakos. Structures complexes du français moderne. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2014. ISBN 978-2-343-04671-6. Pp. 187. 19 a. This slim but thorough volume provides a detailed account of sentences with embedded clauses in French. The subject matter being quite specific, this volume is highly specialized. The analysis is not strictly syntactic but focuses more on the nature of the dependency relation, such as that of causality (as in the case of puisque), temporality (e.g., quand), and concession (e.g., bien que), among many others. Syntactic tree representations are used to highlight differences of interpretation or to justify the categorization of a particular structure. The discussion also touches on grammatical implications, reviewing the verbal tense or...

Euthanasie 2002–2014 : état de la situation en Belgique

Since 2002, Belgian law has authorized the practice of euthanasia under certain clear conditions. All cases have to be reported to the Assessment and Control Commission (ACC). To date, more than 9000 cases have been reported. To make a statement about the Belgian experience requires consideration of several different essential points: detailed data and information from the ACC reports, their analysis, consequences on medical practice, problems experienced, legal and medical perspectives, criticism and attacks. The concept of individual and institutional conscience is also considered. Euthanasia for minors has been permitted since March 2014 but, to date, no case has been reported. In the light of what has happened in Belgium, we propose to analyse the legal situation in France. The Belgian experience is much more than an example and shows that, in difficult and painful situations, it is possible to meet the expectations of patients experiencing intolerable suffering with great respect and without imposing dogmatically something they do not wish.

Superiority of local antimoniate over systemic liposomal amphotericin B therapy in a Leishmania infantum cutaneous leishmaniasis

Introduction: The therapeutic choice for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can be difficult, notably in countries where autochthonous cases are rare. In France, CL is mostly due to imported cases. Leishmania infantum, which is the endemic species in the French south-eastern region, is usually responsible for visceral leishmaniasis but rarely causes the autochthonous cutaneous form of the disease. Intralesional injection of antimonials seems to be the most recommended therapy in the latter case, but particular situations can justify the use of systemic amphotericin B (AmB). Case presentation: We report and illustrate a French case of locally acquired CL due to L. infantum that was surprisingly unresponsive to systemic AmB, with clinical worsening and parasitic invasion of the lesion. Thereafter, the patient was successfully treated by intralesional pentavalent antimonial. Conclusion: This case supports the choice of intralesional therapy as the first therapeutic option in L. infantum CL, an infrequent situation in France.

Regulation and innovation dynamics for nanoresponsible development: The case of the French code de l'environnement L 523-1 to L 523-5

This paper examines one aspect of innovation dynamics for nanoresponsible development: the links between regulation and innovation dynamics. It focuses on the case of the French Code de l'environnement, Articles L. 523-1 to L. 523-3. Articles L. 523-1 to L. 523-3 of the French environment code provide for the obligation to declare the quantities and uses of substances at nanoscale produced, distributed or imported in France. This procedure is intended to improve knowledge of these substances and their uses as well as of their markets and volumes sold, to ensure traceability and to collect available information on their toxicological and ecotoxicological properties. The paper builds on recent work on the emergence of a regulatory framework for nanotechnologies to take stock of the current situation in France, in the EU and globally and to explore how this specific law package may influence innovation and the shaping of new markets for nanobased materials. The study shows that nano-regulation does have an impact on innovation. However, the impact is not the same with EU regulation and with French regulation, and while EU regulation seems to create a favourable context for innovation, French regulation seems to do the opposite. With this study we hope to bring new perspectives to the field of the strategic management of innovation, and also to shed some light on the roles and challenges of institutions to facilitate nanoresponsible development.

Évaluation du recours à l’anesthésiste-réanimateur lors de la chirurgie de la cataracte réalisée sous anesthésie topique

The current demographic situation in France regarding anesthesiologists calls for a reconsideration of anesthesia management for patients undergoing cataract surgery under topical anesthesia. This prospective observational study aimed to assess the requirement for anesthesiologist intervention during cataract surgery performed under topical anesthesia. Patients operated between November 2, 2011 and July 31, 2012 were included after indication of topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification proposed by the surgeon and confirmed by the anesthesiologist. Each patient was premedicated. All patients were monitored and supervised during the surgery by a nurse anesthesiologist. An anesthesiologist could be called at any time at the request of the surgeon or nurse anesthesiologist. For each patient, medical histories were recorded as well as the event "anesthesiologist called", along with the reason and the treatment performed. Five hundred and seventy-five phacoemulsifications were performed in 486 patients. The event "anesthesiologist called" was recorded 20 times: 18 times for hypertension, once for anxiety and once for non-emergent conversion to general anesthesia after a surgical complication. Each episode of hypertension was successfully treated by following the nicardipine protocol. Preoperatively uncontrolled hypertension was the only significant predictive risk factor for anesthesiologist requirement. These results question the usefulness of preoperative anesthesia consultation for all patients who underwent phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia, since this consultation does not lead to an anesthesiologist service. Intraoperative medical complications may be treated according to medical protocols developed jointly by surgeons and anesthesiologists. This practice may free up anesthesiologists' time, without compromising patient safety.

French and British Anti-Racists Since the 1960s: A rendez-vous manqué?

While immigration situations in France and Britain are often contrasted to each other, they are not mutually closed systems. This article asks to what extent anti-racist movements in the two countries interacted with each other between the 1960s and 1990s. Although one could be forgiven for thinking that the two operate in parallel and mutually incomprehensible universes, it suggests that there has been more exchange than meets the eye, by examining case studies ranging from the Mouvement Contre le Racisme et Pour l’Amitié entre les Peuples to the magazine Race Today, and the trajectories of individuals from Mogniss Abdallah to John La Rose. Though less immediately apparent than those from across the Atlantic, influences occasionally, at times surreptitiously, crept across the Channel. Nevertheless it concludes that this specifically Anglo-French form of transnationalism became more developed after, rather than during, what is classically considered the heyday of transnational protest in the 1960s and 1970s. It also argues that despite the much-vaunted French resistance to the ‘Anglo-Saxons’, influences in anti-racism in fact flowed more readily southwards than northwards across the Channel. From ‘Rock Against Police’ to the International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books, there seems to have been an increasing willingness among some elements in anti-racism in France to allow a seepage of British ideas. By contrast, attempts to transplant French ideas, such as SOS Racisme, in the UK appear contrived, and only succeeded when the French influence was not made explicit.

‘You’re in the French army now!’ Institutionalising Islam in the republic’s army

The establishment in 2006 of a military chaplaincy to Muslims in the French armed forces was a historic initiative which normalised the situation of France’s second religion within the institution. The purpose of this article is to explore the conditions for the emergence of this chaplaincy. From a socio-historical perspective, I analyse not only the many paradoxes surrounding the status of a Muslim military chaplain in the French context but also the various sociological factors and policies that have contributed to its institutionalisation. In the second part of the article I describe how this body operates, drawing on empirical data on the practices and experiences of Muslim personnel within the French military.

French policy for managing the post-accident phase of a nuclear accident

In 2005, at the request of the French Government, the Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) established a Steering Committee for the Management of the Post-Accident Phase of a Nuclear Accident or a Radiological Emergency, with the objective of establishing a policy framework. Under the supervision of ASN, this Committee, involving several tens of experts from different backgrounds (e.g. relevant ministerial offices, expert agencies, local information commissions around nuclear installations, non-governmental organisations, elected officials, licensees, and international experts), developed a number of recommendations over a 7-year period. First published in November 2012, these recommendations cover the immediate post-emergency situation, and the transition and longer-term periods of the post-accident phase in the case of medium-scale nuclear accidents causing short-term radioactive release (less than 24 h) that might occur at French nuclear facilities. They also apply to actions to be undertaken in the event of accidents during the transportation of radioactive materials. These recommendations are an important first step in preparation for the management of a post-accident situation in France in the case of a nuclear accident.

La psychiatrie de la personne âgée : enjeux et perspectives

Psychiatry in the elderly is a recent branch of psychiatry, born with the increased elderly population, and which tries to be an autonomous discipline in France. European and international Psychiatry in the elderly developed a corpus of knowledge, practices and institutional organizations of its own since 1950s. In France, its current organization is very recent and unequal between regions, so it needs to be clarified and developed. Its teaching has also to be delimited in order to give a better training for different levels of professionals, especially psychiatrists. We will discuss the current situation in France in the light of national and international data and will make hypothesis for development perspectives of its teaching.

Sytuacja demograficzna Francji na przełomie XX i XXI wieku – analiza wybranych zagadnień

Przedmiotem rozważań w artykule jest potencjał demograficzny Francji na przełomiewieków XX i XXI. Odpowiedź na pytanie badawcze o sytuację demograficzną tego państwa zawiera się w pogłębionym opisie, analizie i ocenie jego zasobów demograficznychw latach 1991–2013, głównie w odniesieniu do części metropolitarnej. Z uwagi na szerokii złożony zakres przedmiotowej problematyki, w artykule ograniczono się do analizywybranych aspektów sytuacji demograficznej Francji, uznanych za szczególnie ważnei interesujące. W konsekwencji opracowanie składa się z trzech zasadniczych części,w których kolejno omówiono: bilans ludności i zmiany w strukturze demograficznejmieszkańców państwa, ruch naturalny ludności (urodzenia i płodność oraz umieralność,z wyłączeniem kwestii małżeństw i rozwodów) oraz migracje zagraniczne, z naciskiemna imigrację do Francji.Podsumowując, sytuacja demograficzna Francji jest relatywnie korzystna w porównaniudo innych państw europejskich (m.in. rosnąca ogólna liczba ludności, drugie miejscew UE pod względem zaludnienia, dodatnie saldo naturalne i saldo migracji, zbliżaniesię do granicy prostej zastępowalności pokoleń). Proces starzenia się społeczeństwa jestgłównym wyzwaniem demograficznym, we Francji postępuje jednak relatywnie wolniejniż w innych państwach Europy. Z uwagi na swoją sytuację demograficzną Francja realnie wpływa na kształt polityki europejskiej, m.in. w zakresie migracji zagranicznych.

The educational integration of separated minors: a comparison of the situations in France and Quebec

This article proposes to investigate the educational experiences of thirty-two separated children (unaccompanied minors seeking refuge) in two different regions: the Ile-de-France (Paris) region of France and the province of Quebec in Canada. It allow for a better understanding of the role and the actual place that education has in the integration process of these vulnerable young migrants.

Transfusion et drépanocytose : axes d’optimisation de la sécurité transfusionnelle

Transfusion remains a major treatment in sickle cell disease. In France, sickle cell disease patients are mainly from Sub-Saharan Africa and West Indies. The immuno-hematological characteristics of these patients of African ancestry induce a short supply of compatible packed red blood cells and an increased rate of haemolytic transfusion reactions, compared to the general transfused population. The optimization of transfusion safety relies on all steps of the transfusion chain. This article aims to describe the current situation in France and to determine the axes of optimization at all steps of the transfusion organization: promotion of donation, preparation of products, taking into account the sickle trait, qualification of packed red blood cells, supply of the blood banks concerned by transfusion of these patients, transfusion protocols and pre transfusion analysis. Research and formation play an important part.

Availability and practice of bedside ultrasonography in emergency rooms and prehospital setting: A French survey

IntroductionThe utility of bedside ultrasound (US) performed by emergency physicians has been proven for multiple purposes. There are no data about this technique in emergency departments (ED) in France. The primary objective is to determine the availability of ultrasound device (UD) in EDs and in prehospital settings in France. Minor objectives are to determine the number and type of UD, the most current applications of US and the factors correlated with availability of UDs in the setting of emergency medicine. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter survey from December 2010 to June 2011, including all EDs and prehospital units in France. A questionnaire was sent by e-mail. Non-responders were contacted by telephone with one recall. ResultsThe response rate was 74% (327/440) for EDs and 73% (278/379) for prehospital units. A UD is available in 52% (171/327) (CI 95% [46; 58]) of EDs and in 9% (25/278) (CI 95% [5; 13]) of prehospital units. Among departments having no access to UDs, 29% of EDs and 12% of prehospital units have plans to implement emergency physician-performed US. The most common US applications are focused assessment with sonography for trauma and pleural exams. ConclusionAvailability of UDs in French public hospital EDs is 52% and 9% in prehospital units. Despite the progressive expansion of the technique over the last years, bedside ultrasonography is not yet completely integrated in the physical examination of the patient in an emergency situation in France. A reassessment will be required to confirm the current trend of expansion.

Presentation of the selected French libraries and the French library system

ABSTRACTThe Selected French libraries (Bibliotheque nationale de France, Bibliotheque publique d’information, multimedia library of the Cité des sciences et de l’industrie as well as Paris public libraries) are presented in the article. France does not have a union catalogue at the national level, therefore libraries use different platforms for shared cataloguing and compile more union catalogues. According to their needs, French libraries join into consortia for the acquisition of electronic resources, which can be either geographically or thematically delimited or formed by the institutions of the same status. The author believes that the Slovenian library network works well considering much smaller budget for culture and higher education in comparison with France. To improve its performance, more funds would have to be allocated and higher reputation of the library profession achieved, comparable to the situation in France. Digitization of resources is the area where the Slovenian librarianship lags most behind the French one.

Controlled Dismantlement of the Eurozone: A Proposal for a New European Monetary System and a New Role for the European Central Bank

In Kawalec and Pytlarczyk (2013), we argue that the single European currency constitutes a serious threat to the European Union and the Single European Market, and we propose a controlled dismantlement of the Eurozone. In this paper, we undertake a deeper analysis of the measures which would minimize the risks throughout the process of the Eurozone dismantlement and contribute to rebuilding confidence in the future of Europe.· The dismantlement should be the result of a consensual decision to replace the euro with an alternative system of currency coordination.· The dismantlement should start with the exit of the most competitive countries. In the meantime, the euro should remain the common currency of less competitive countries.· The European Central Bank (ECB) should be preserved as the central bank for all 17 Eurozone member countries, even after some of those countries have replaced the euro with new currencies. In this capacity, the ECB should be in charge of designing, preparing, and implementing the segmentation of the Eurozone as well as managing the new currency coordination system – European Monetary System 2.· The forthcoming EU – USA free trade agreement would build new momentum for economic growth and contribute to restoring confidence in the future of Europe.As of today, neither the member states of the Eurozone nor European institutions such as the European Commission or the ECB have been able to come up with a game-changing proposal such as the Eurozone dismantlement. However, this may change as a result of adverse economic and political developments. One of the potential triggers could be the situation in France.

Compulsory Partnership Activities: the Biggest Challenges for Local Governments in the Local Democracy in France. The Case of the Implementation of the Local Directive on Advertising (RLP)

The 5th French Republic was established after a period of parliamentary instability of the 4th Republic. It emerged from the concept of Charles de Gaulle, who presented its main ideas in his speech in Bayeux in 1946. As researchers indicate, the Constitution of the 5th Republic of 1958 met a wave of criticism after it came into force. For some it meant the introduction of the authoritarian political system in the state; others saw it as a system that will stabilize the situation in France and will prompt its development. It must also be noted that, although the French constitution has been amended a few times, its structure has never been questioned – even when some politicians changed their political stance and electorate. It is also worth pointing out that the critics of the existing political system focus on the excessive centralization of power in the executive bodies and on the minor role of public opinion in the formation of state ss policy. It should be noted here that until the constitutional reform of 2008, only the executive branch had initiated a referendum.

Resilience in UK and French Security Strategy: An Anglo-Saxon Bias?

The idea of resilience is increasingly prominent across a wide range of policy areas. This contribution looks at the emergence of resilience in UK security discourse and compares this with the situation in France. It argues that although the term is being debated in France, it is considered to be an Anglo-Saxon import. This article suggests that use of the idea of resilience has more to do with particular forms of governance than with security. It develops this argument through the idea of neoliberal governmentality.

A New Reimbursement System for Innovative Pharmaceuticals Combining Value-Based and Free Market Pricing

We read the recent paper by Persson and colleagues with interest [1]. However, we think the paper contained some misunderstandings which we believe should be discussed further, as this paper is likely to be widely read both in Sweden and across Europe.We were concerned with the comments made about cost/QALY cut-offlevels in Sweden, since we found in 2008 [2] and 2009 [3] that the Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits agency (TLV) has not established cost/QALY cutofflevels. Moreover, the TLV maintained that there should be various levels for different diseases. In addition, the TLV were concerned that companies would play the system if they knew the level in advance and any limit would need re-adjusting with inflation [2, 3]. This was endorsed by Hugosson and Engstrom [4], and referenced by Persson et al. In the reference, Hugosson and Engstrom stated ''no explicit value or threshold exists'' [4]. They also analysed TLV decisions between October 2002 and 2007, and demonstrated there was a correlation between disease severity and willingness to pay. Overall, the QALY averaged euro35,000 for reimbursed drugs, rising to approximately euro100,000 for severe diseases [4]. Hugosson and Engstrom subsequently concluded the TLV had ''not established a threshold value for the QALY'', exacerbated by the low number of rejections during this period [4].We were surprised by the comment that the number of products not reimbursed by the TLV averaged 20 % in the past 9 years. This is because published sources revealed that between October 2002 and March 2005, TLV denied reimbursement for 13 out of 107 drug applications [3, 5, 6]. Moýse and Docteur from the OECD concluded that during this period, ''rejecting a pharmaceutical for reimbursement because the price is too high is a rare occurrence'' [6]. In 2006, 10 % of new chemical entities (4 out of 40 products) were not approved for reimbursement [2, 3], and in 2007, five new applications (10 %) were denied reimbursement [2, 3]. These findings appear to confirm the comments of Hugosson and Engstrom [4]. Between 2009 and 2011, this increased to an average of 17 % of new drug applications denied reimbursement (2011: 4/27 products, 2010: 2/44 products and in 2009: 11/30 products [7]). This is particularly important since the higher the percentage of new premium-priced products granted reimbursement by the TLV, the greater the pressure on county council resources.We were also surprised by comments by Persson et al. that value-based pricing (VBP) is rare for products in the healthcare market. It may be that not all countries use cost/ QALYs in their decision making; however, a number of European countries do apply some form of 'value-based' approach to potential prices when considering reimbursement for new innovative products. For instance, in Austria, a maximum reimbursed price of 10 % above current standards is granted for those new products that are evaluated as having 'added benefit' [8]. This rises to an average price among targeted European countries for new products that are evaluated as having 'substantial benefit' over existing standards, provided the price can be justified by a pharmacoeconomic evaluation [8]. In France, the reimbursed price for new products is directly related to their perceived benefit versus current standards (Evaluation of Therapeutic Benefit [Amelioration du Service Medical Rendu: ASMR] rating) [9], and in Germany there are direct price negotiations for new products with additional benefit between the manufacturers and the Sickness Funds (payers of healthcare) [10]. This is based on the perceived level of health gain versus current standard treatments; divided into substantial, considerable or small - mirroring the situation in France [10]. Recommendations for reimbursing new products in Norway are principally based on cost/QALY considerations [11], and reimbursement considerations for new products in Poland now include an economic analysis (cost-effectiveness/cost-utility analysis) combined with a budget impact analysis [12]. …

Colonisation of the Rhine basin by non-native gobiids: an update of the situation in France

Three of the four species of non-native gobiids currently reported in the Rhine basin were recently recorded in France: the Western tubenose goby in 2007, the bighead goby in 2010 and the round goby in 2011. The bighead goby and the round goby displayed a very high rate of range expansion, suggesting a human-assisted colonisation through inland navigation. An assessment of the invasiveness potential by the FISK (Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit) reveals a medium risk for the Western tubenose goby, while the bighead goby and the round goby are at high risk of becoming invasive in France. This assessment is consistent with our observations since there has been a steady increase in the range of the Western tubenose goby, although in low numbers, while the relative abundance of bighead goby and round goby, recently arrived in the French part of the Rhine River and Moselle River, can be high. Given their fast expansion, it can be assumed that these species will soon reach other French basins, particularly in the south (Rhone basin) and in the west (Seine basin), and the implementation of measures to limit their spread should be considered.

Prélèvements d’organes et décès médico-légaux

ObjectiveThere is a chronic shortage of transplants. There are many obstacles on organ procurement and some are related to forensics aspects of deaths. In these situations in France, the judge decides whether or not to perform the organ recovery. These refusals are about 40 donors per year, representing a loss of more than 120 potential transplants. Study designRetrospective study of 9 years (2003–2011) aimed to study the expectations of judges in comparing them with forensics issues. Patients and methodsSixty-two cases of organ recovery with judicial proceedings have been treated in collaboration between the Agency of Biomedicine (Northeast) and the Medico-Legal Institute of Lille (northern France). ResultsWhen there is a judicial opposition to an organ procurement, it is mostly upon criminal circumstances (57%). The main reason is the need to perform an autopsy (38%), raising fears of a loss of evidence because of resuscitation and surgery for the judges. However, autopsies rule out these problems if strict protocols are followed. ConclusionsIn case of forensic death, French law provides that a forensic examination to take place prior to surgical procedures. The law also provides for collaboration between caregivers and medical examiners. Nevertheless, judicial oppositions persist and appear to belong to a lack of communication between actors (judges/medical examiners/organ procurement organization). Better collaboration through protocols must be thought to satisfy the demands of justice and public health.