Preservation Of Sites Research Articles

Regulación de los sitios de memoria en el cono sur: Análisis crítico y propuestas para Chile

This work explains the importance of regulating memorial sites in Chile by implementing a specific law. Along with explaining the contributions provided by memorial sites in the process of transitional justice, we analyze the current process that exists in Chile for them to be declared historical heritage, following the application of Law No. 17,288 on National Monuments. We then compare the process employed in the declaration and recognition of memorial sites in Uruguay and Argentina, through the application of specific norms that have been passed for this specific purpose: the Recent Past Memorial Sites and Law No. 26,691 on State Terrorism Memorial Site Preservation, Signposting and Outreach, respectively. Finally, we explain the overall guidelines of the MERCOSUR Instituto de Políticas Públicas en Derechos Humanos (Human Rights Public Policies Institute).

Problems of Legal Support for the Protection of World Natural Heritage Sites

The article is devoted to the relevance of improving the legal foundations of conservation and the need to popularize World Natural Heritage sites. The key problems of legislative regulation of their protection are analyzed in a comparative context with the legal model of protection of cultural heritage objects. Based on an analytical study of legislation on environmental protection and cultural heritage objects, conclusions are drawn about the impossibility of classifying Lake Baikal and its tributaries as specially protected water bodies and especially valuable cultural heritage objects. This puts the unique ecological value of the lake included in the World Natural Heritage list in an unequal position with other, including less valuable introductory objects located in specially protected natural areas. The described situation in the field of protection of Lake Baikal is typical for the vast majority of all natural objects included in the World Natural Heritage List. The absence of a separate legal regulation of this sphere indicates the insufficiency of a purposeful domestic policy regarding the preservation of World Natural Heritage sites. The author substantiates the need for an in-depth analysis of legal models that contribute to strengthening the protection of these objects in order to create a special legal regulation of their protection activities. In addition, the author notes the importance of conducting further research on the issues discussed in this article, and also expresses the opinion that it is necessary to continue the study.

Preservation of Urban Historic and Cultural Heritage Site in Delta State, Nigeria

Preservation of historic and cultural heritage is still an issue in the developing world, despite several reasons to embark on it. The study focused on four important areas of preservation of historic and cultural heritage in Delta State. Primary sources of data include, site visits and interview, and secondary data such as Archive and internet search engine were utilized. Using purposive sampling technique, four study sites were selected and 20 community elders were interviewed. Identified historic and cultural heritage site were Araya Bible Site, Ekumeku Monument, Ojife Statue and Mungo Park House. Araya Bible Site was in good shape, but the original bible was long taken away by the British. A structure had been erected on the spot where the bible was found and the heritage had become a famous pilgrim site for Christians. The status of Princess Ojife and Ekumeku Monument are currently in good shape while the Mungo Park House is in a dilapidated state. The study inferred that these statues and building were of great historic and socio-cultural significance to the people and the country, and recommended proper preservation of the historic and cultural heritage.

Conservation of Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Nepal: Assessing the Corrosion Threat from Pigeon Excreta on Metal Monuments

Pigeons have long been a common nuisance at numerous cultural sites in the Kathmandu Valley. Besides the health, economic and aesthetic issues caused by the pigeon excreta, this waste may also result in damaging effects to the materials used in Nepalese architecture, including metals such as copper and its alloys. This study assessed the impact of pigeon excreta on the metal-based monuments of cultural importance in the Kathmandu Valley. To test the corrosive effects of the excreta, fresh pigeon excreta were collected from three world heritage sites located around the Kathmandu Valley: Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Patan Durbar Squares. Additionally, metal samples, like those used in the monuments (including copper and its alloys bronze and brass), were obtained from metal shops in the surrounding area of Patan Durbar Square. The metal samples were cleaned, weighed, and immersed in pigeon excreta and placed in covered beakers for a duration of 122 days. During this study period, the metal samples were cleaned and weighed at multiple intervals during three designated exposure periods: Short-term duration (<10 days), Medium-term duration (10–42 days) and Long-term duration (42–122 days), to evaluate the degree of corrosion. Analysis of the metal samples showed a significant corrosion loss in copper but not in the alloys bronze and brass, thus indicating a stronger negative impact of pigeon excreta on copper compared to its alloys. Therefore, the use of copper-alloys instead of pure copper in monument renovation could serve as a useful alternative to help minimize the adverse effects of pigeon excreta. These findings provide an important insight in helping to promote the long-term preservation of cultural heritage sites.

해방직후 북한의 민주주의 민족문화 건설 방안

This Paper examined the discussions related to making national culture in Seoul and Pyongyang immediately after liberation, and the policy for making democratic national culture of North Korea. Immediately after liberation, left-wing theorists are criticized the chauvinistic view of culture that respects tradition as an obstacle to democracy and social change and risked distorting history and inducing fascism. They insisted on the rejection of national tradition. Cultural figures and communists of North Korea expressed a similar view of culture. However, there were settled more nationalistic model on construction of national culture, in the reality of establishing a people's democratic regime in North Korea. North Korea's policy of democratic national culture had three principles: realizing democratic ideas in the realm of culture, inheriting national cultural traditions, and introducing advanced foreign cultures. North Korea had laid the foundation for the establishment of the national culture by systematically promoting the literary and artistic project, the compilation of national history and language, and the preservation of historic sites.

首都 · 舊都 · 故都: 南京國民政府 시기「舊都文物整理計劃」과 北平의 도시정체성 변화

Implemented in January 1935, the “Old Capital Historical Sites Preservation plan” mainly focuses on repairing old buildings in Beiping and the contraction of roads connecting the remains. By limiting the cost of road shrinkage, the government concentrated material resources to repair old buildings. The repair objects were selected based on artistic or political value rather than the urgency of repair. The act of repairing the old building itself or the visual effect after the repair served the purpose of strengthening the legitimacy of the Nanjing National Government’s governance and forming a ‘national’ consciousness.<BR> The government-level reinterpretation of the old buildings in Beiping shows that Beijing, which had established itself as a majestic and splendid capital for hundreds of years, lost its status as a capital in 1928, was now transformed into a former capital. And it was also effective in proclaiming itself as the hometown of the nation-the ancient city. Numerous intellectuals did not directly intervene in that plan, but contributed to the formation of Beiping’s identity by sympathizing with the government’s reinterpretation. As Japan overtly revealed its ambition, Chinese people’s affection for Beiping was stimulated. At the same time, the reality of their homeland was directly related, promoting the formation of a ‘national’ consciousness.

Digitalizing and Protecting Archaeological Sites in The Kurdistan Region

By mapping and digitalizing the archaeological sites, it is an important task in the process of protecting the heritage and archaeological sites. Digital protection of archaeological sites focuses on finding, developing and protecting archaeological sites.&nbsp; In other words, the digitalization of heritage and archaeology is the process of digitalizing the transmitted archaeological sites and not being moved using modern science of remote sensing in parallel with computer technology to obtain a three-dimensional digital archive to protect and renovate the archaeological sites in the event of their destruction. Having a digital archive of the foundation for the preservation of archaeological sites and heritage and the possibility of destruction of the archaeological sites will revive history. “The development of informational technology, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, multimedia, broadband network, and databases, has provided effective tools for heritage protection” (Zhou. et al, 2012 p.1). How these technologies are used to protect the history of archaeological sites digitally is now another task for modern archaeologists and scientists to protect the archaeological sites digitally in 3D models. In this regard, we focus on digitalizing the archaeological sites and electronically reviewing them in order to create a local database to create a photographic archive of archaeological and cultural sites.&nbsp;

CASE REPORT: THE FORTH MAXILLARY MOLARS IN WOMAN LIVING IN THE IV CENTURY A.D.

Supernumerary teeth in humans are considered as those in addition to the normal series of deciduous or permanent dentition. Distomolars or the forth molars that erupt behind wisdom teeth are found in 0,18–3,8% of the modern population, but are quite rare compared to other supernumerary teeth. Odontologic studies of ancient and contemporary populations allow not only evaluate health state, life style and diet of people, but explain etiology, clinic manifestations and treatment of dentomaxillary abnormalities. The forth molars mostly are mostly described in people over the period of the XIX-XXІ centuries and only few researchers presented this variant in ancient people.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to estimate a case of supernumerary teeth in human remains, which represented by Chernyachov archarological culture artefacts. Sex and death age were established by methods widely accepted in anthropology. The method of analysis of dento-maxillary region developed by the authors and orthopantomography were used for dental examination.&#x0D; An undamaged skeleton was found during archaeologic expedition nearby the town of Shyshaki, Poltava region (burial No 112) in 2016 and now are kept at Archaeological Site Preservation and Research Centre (Poltava). Archaeologists defined the remains dated by the end of the IV c. AD. The skeleton belonged to 1820 years` women was in a good state; no pathological changes of the skeleton were found. Maxilla of the skeleton had supernumerary forth molar (tooth 19) and alveolar sockets of teeth 13, 12, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 29 recorded as being lost anteand postmortem. Teeth presented neither enamel hypoplasia nor tooth wear. Root of tooth 19 was immature.&#x0D; Etiology of supernumerary teeth is still unclear yet, but there are no data supporting atavistic theory. Bilateral distomolars could be a symptom of systemic abnormalities of dentofacial region, but the skeleton studied had no pathological changes, so this abnormality could not be characterized as systemic. Supernumerary teeth could be described as a congenital anomaly associated with chromosome, autosome or dominant transmission, but the authors do not have enough evidence to prove such nature of this anomaly. This studied case is more likely related to the theory of hyperactivity of dental lamina during follicle development that dominates nowadays.&#x0D; According to morphological classification, supernumerary teeth in our case are of premolar shape.&#x0D; Сlinical manifestations of distomolars can be different. Distomolars can be asymptomatic and rarely found erupted; they may provoke no problems or hurt buccal mucosa. Also a retained distomolar may cause retention and pericoronaritis of the third molar, development of keratoand paradental cysts, localized periodontitis, decompression of lower alveolar nerve, or manifests itself in jaw fracture. Oral signs of retained distomolar are mobility of the third molar, discomfort feeling in retromolar area, bulging of mandible. Supernumery and retained teeth are mostly found by X-ray examinations usually taken for non-related dental problems. The distomolars investigated were retained and the mosy likely caused no problems.&#x0D; Basic methods of the treatment of the fourth molars are extraction and observation, however, choice of the treatment method depends on clinical manifestations and estimation of individual risk factors.&#x0D; Supernumerary retained fourth molars in the studied woman are non-systemic distomolars with premolar shape. Taking into account that most of the fourth molars are detected by X-ray examination, dentists should be careful not to miss this abnormality.

Automatic relative humidity optimization in underground heritage sites through ventilation system based on digital twins

Underground heritage sites generally experience significant humidity, which results in the destruction of the surfaces and structures. This study establishes an underground heritage site preservation mechanism through a dynamic ventilation system based on digital twin technology. The aim is to control the relative humidity (RH) gradually on the air region near the walls of sites within the standard range and reduce adverse physical equipment effects and energy consumption of the system. Underground heritage site projects have more complex shapes with irregular and nonlinear arcs and height difference distributions. It is challenging to regenerate them. To achieve this objective, a model simplification rule for irregular heritage building information modeling (HBIM) technology was first established via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Second, a methodology was developed to design a reliable and effective ventilation equipment and its layout based on CFD for irregular heritage sites. Compared with the scheme based on the optimal geometric rule arrangement, the number of pipes can be reduced by up to 25%. Third, a web-based digital twin platform combined with Internet of Things (IoTs) technology was established for achieving real-time control of the overall RH level of underground heritage sites within the standard range. The results present new solutions to control the RH of underground heritage sites for preservation. The proposed methodology can be used in typical underground heritage sites and illustrated by a real case. The validation encompassed development of digital environment for the real case and development of the ventilation system for its RH optimization.

Critical Review of Pakistani Current Legislation on Sustainable Protection of Cultural Heritage

This paper discusses the contribution of individuals and their effects on the protection and management of archaeological sites found in the British colonies at the beginning of the 19th Century. Despite all these contributions, the most important bequest is the formation of comprehensive legislation on cultural properties that are still applicable and considered essential to the historic, standing, or ruined, monuments located in Pakistan. It should be noted that Pakistan’s heritage laws are uniformly applicable to all kinds of architectural heritage, archaeological sites, and monuments, irrespective of their nature, state, and classification. This contrasts with the lack of updates and amendments of rules and guidelines for the preservation of heritage sites and monuments across the country from further damages. The paper focuses on the current architectural and heritage management rules and policies of Pakistan, which are based on the British colonial legacy with some (partial) changes introduced since Pakistan’s independence in 1947. Finally, the paper emphasizes the need for the development of advanced management policies and proposed heritage management rules for the preservation of heritage constructions, archaeological sites, and architectural monuments to establish the link between the present and past to remain for future generations.

Enhanced naproxen adsorption by a novel β-cyclodextrin immobilized the three-dimensional macrostructure of reduced graphene oxide and multiwall carbon nanotubes

In this study, a novel β-cyclodextrin immobilized the three-dimensional macrostructure of reduced graphene oxide and multiwall carbon nanotubes (β-CD/rGO-MWCNTs) was synthesized with hydrothermal reduction and chemical crosslinking, adopting as an effective adsorbent for naproxen removal in aquatic environments. With a larger specific surface area (SSA) and excellent porous structure, β-CD/rGO-MWCNTs ensured a large internal space, which was conducive to the preservation of adsorption sites and naproxen diffusion. The maximum naproxen adsorption capacity (qm) value of β-CD/rGO-MWCNTs stood at 132.09 mg g−1 at room temperature, higher than that of most of the commonly used naproxen adsorbents. Such immense adsorption was attributed to hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, π/n-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. The naproxen adsorption kinetics and isotherm on the adsorbents match the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the Freundlich model better. The thermodynamic parameters certified the naproxen adsorption on β-CD/rGO-MWCNTs as a favorable, thermodynamically feasible and exothermic process. The stable three-dimensional (3D) structure endowed the adsorbent with an excellent regeneration performance and practical application potential.

Delinquent Girls as Activists: Insider Activism and Carceral Welfare

The article examines the motivation and role of the insider activism that resulted in the preservation of a major historical site of female incarceration, the Parramatta Female Factory Precinct, in suburban Sydney. For much of the 20th century the site was a “Girls’ Home,” in which children who had committed no offense were incarcerated under child welfare regulations and literally treated like criminals. Life in the institution was characterized by routine extreme maltreatment of children, many of whom have carried the psychological legacy of their time there throughout their lives. A group of survivors, moved to preserve and reclaim the space, spent many years contending with obdurate and indifferent bureaucracies before successfully having the site Heritage-listed, and it is now a member of the international Sites of Conscience. The Precinct’s significance as a site of feminist carceral history is discussed, and its place in today’s cultural landscape examined.

Preservation of earthen relic sites against salt damages by using a sand layer

Salt damage is one of the main problems facing the preservation of earthen sites in heritage museums. The use of salt-inhibiting materials on the surface of earthen sites to prevent damages could cause secondary damage. A method of placing a sand layer as a water and salt barrier was introduced and evaluated based on the law of unsaturated soil water and salt transport. The method involves placing a sand layer on the lower layer of the earthen site to inhibit the migration of water and salt from the deep soil to the surface of the earthen site. Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to study the long-term effect and efficiency of water and salt barrier of sand layers with different particle sizes. The results show that the sand layer could successfully block the continuous upwards transport of water. The salt was shown to stagnate at the boundary between the bottom of the sand layer and the experimental soil. According to the simulation results, the water and salt barrier effect of the sand layer is proportional to the particle size of the sand layer. The sand layer with particle sizes much larger than the experimental soil has a durable water and salt barrier effect. These results are important for understanding the mechanism of salt damage to earthen sites and for the sustainable preservation of relics against salt damage in a soil environment.

The Practice of Protecting World Natural Heritage Sites in Africa

The article presents an analysis of the practice of protecting World Natural Heritage sites "Manovo-Gounda-Saint-Floris National Park" (Central African Republic) and "National Parks on Lake Turkana" (Kenya). The most typical problems for African States in the preservation of unique natural sites are noted, the legal positions of the World Heritage Committee on the implementation of international obligations for the preservation of World Natural Heritage sites are considered, in which such problems are legally reflected. The problems of finding sources of financing for environmental protection activities in African countries, as well as the lack of human resources to ensure effective management of World Natural Heritage sites are highlighted. The approaches of the World Heritage Committee to the implementation of projects for the construction of hydroelectric power plants affecting the ecosystem of Lake Turkana are considered. The novelty of this work is predetermined by the shortage of specialized studies devoted to the fulfillment by foreign states of international obligations to protect world natural heritage sites in domestic legal science. The analysis of the experience of protecting World Natural Heritage sites in African countries allows us to summarize the conclusions significant for the Russian practice of protecting World Heritage sites, extrapolate them to the problems of protecting the World Heritage site "Lake Baikal", as well as formulate new proposals and approaches to improving environmental policy in this area. Noting the important role of the World Heritage Convention in the development of hydropower, there is an obvious need for the early formation of an international regulatory framework with border foreign states.

The practice of protecting World Natural Heritage sites in Canada

A comparative analysis of the organizational and legal foundations of the protection of World Natural Heritage sites in Canada and the Russian Federation (on the example of Lake Baikal) is presented. The legal positions of the World Heritage Committee on the implementation of international obligations for the preservation of World Natural Heritage sites are analyzed. The problem of formal definiteness of the boundaries of World Heritage sites and awareness of them by the public and government bodies is highlighted. The question of the expediency of excluding the territories of settlements from the World Heritage sites is being investigated. The approaches of the World Heritage Committee to the implementation of extractive industry and hydropower projects both within the boundaries of World Heritage sites and in adjacent territories are considered. As a way of implementing the international legal regime for the protection of unique natural objects, the regime of the buffer zone of the World Heritage site receives a positive assessment, however, there is a lack of elaboration of this concept. Proposals are formulated on possible measures of an intra-national nature aimed at solving issues of protection of territories bordering on World Heritage sites (transfer to the federal level of the decision on the creation of protected areas in order to fulfill international obligations; formation of a protected zone of the World Heritage site). The importance of environmental assessment as a standard of international legal protection of unique natural objects and the need for its more detailed regulation in national legislation are stated. Attention is focused on the position of the World Heritage Committee on the issue of taking into account the views of the local population and indigenous peoples in the management and protection of World Natural Heritage sites.

Autogenous Particulate Dentin in Socket Site Preservation Procedures: Histologic and Histomorphometric Observations.

To evaluate the efficacy of autogenous particulate dentin as a bone substitute to maintain dimensional volume in human socket preservation procedures. Particulate dentin was used in socket site preservation procedures. The extracted natural tooth was ground to particles 250 to 1,200 μm in size to fill the socket site. At 6 months, during the implant placement stage, hard tissue biopsy specimens were harvested by a 2.5-mm cylindrical trephine bur for the histologic analysis. Histomorphometry was carried out with ImageJ software to calculate direct bone to grafted dentin particles contact, newly formed bone, and particulate dentin area fractions. Fifteen patients went through the socket preservation procedure using particulate dentin as the grafted bone substitute. De novo bone formation filled the entire grafted area. Newly formed bone was observed throughout the entire grafted area, particularly around the grafted dentin particles. The majority of particles were surrounded by direct contact with newly formed osseous tissue enriched by osteocytes. Newly formed bone ankylosed to particulate dentin and became a solid matrix preserving the ridge dimension. Histomorphometric measurements showed that the new bone formation area fraction was on average 38.4% ± 16.5%, while the residual particulate dentin showed an average of 29.9% ± 14.4%, and 31.7% ± 14.2% was captured by the connective tissue component. Particulate dentin was in direct contact with newly formed bone at an average rate of 69.1% ± 22.8%. Particulate dentin showed complete biocompatibility and high osteoconduction. Thus, it can be used as an appropriate grafting biomaterial to maintain socket site volume dimensionally for subsequent implant placement procedures.

ANALISIS PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PELESTARIAN SITUS CAGAR BUDAYA SENDANG BEJI DESA KARANGPATIHAN, KABUPATEN PONOROGO

Abstract&#x0D; Local culture is one of the keys in the realization of the national culture of the Indonesian nation. Strengthening the preservation of local culture that is starting to become extinct, such as cultural heritage, requires the participation of the local community to make it happen so that it is maintained. The Sendang Beji cultural heritage site in Ponorogo Regency has a historical story that must be preserved so that it can be known by future generations. The purpose of writing this article is to reveal the results of research on community participation in the preservation of the Sendang Beji cultural heritage site, Ponorogo Regency. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the form of community participation fulfills 5 components forms of participation, namely: a) participation of ideas; b) energy participation; c) property participation; d) participation skills and skills; and e) social participation

Critical Material Culture Analysis in US National Register of Historic Places Significance Statements

ABSTRACT Significance statements express the values of archaeological assemblages and effect the preservation of sites in the United States. Through an evaluation of 219 significance statements from the South Carolina Sandhills, this paper explores trends in the analysis of material culture in Section 106 and Section 110 assessments. A review of archaeological guidelines from 47 states contextualizes the patterns of material culture analysis observed in the Sandhills. This research indicates an overreliance on subjective quantification measures and undefined artifact density calculations fostered by the absence of robust material culture analysis recommendations in state guidelines. A consideration of the impact bias in National Register of Historic Places recommendations suggests that modifications to state guidelines, university curricula, and historic contexts are necessary to address the systems that permit the perfunctory treatment of material culture in compliance archaeology.

Strategies for the Long-Term Preservation of Site for Future Implantation of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs): Two Decades of Experience.

IntroductionImplantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is an art of science. As the volume of implantation has increased worldwide, so has the rate of complications. Infection, fibrosis, lead and device erosion, lead displacement, right ventricle perforation, lead fracture, and insulation break are the common complications in the implantation process. This exposes the patient for reopening and threatens the implantation for further complication due to infection, fibrosis of veins, failure to retrieve the implanted wire, and failure to re-implant the device on the same site. We slightly changed our implantation technique to preserve the implantation site for future implantation and reduce the rate of complication in the index implantation.MethodsThis randomized control trial was conducted from January 2016 to September 2019 at Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan. A consecutive sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 602 patients keeping a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin error. We adopted a strategy to take prick, for implantation of devices, inside the pocket, which reduces the number of sutures, hastens the procedure, prevents erosion, and minimizes the chance of subclavian crush syndrome and insulation break. We also selected the minimum possible length of leads. This will possibly decrease the chances of cumbersome fibrosis around the lead and device and will make future implantation convenient.ResultsThere was a total of 602 procedures in the study period. About 253 (42%) procedures were done in the newly adopted strategy and 349 (58%) were performed in the conventional way. Our complication rate grossly reduces in the novel way of implantation in which we took our prick inside the pocket.ConclusionA slight modification in the implantation of CIEDs not only prevents the rate of complication in the index implantation but will also possibly preserve the site for future implantation.

Reuse of wastewater, treated by phytoremediation, for the irrigation of the Botanical Garden ‘‘le jardin Landon’’ (Biskra, Algeria). Sustainable solution for the preservation of a material heritage site

The green spaces of the city of Biskra (Algeria) resist the arid climate of the summer season and therefore suffer from water scarcity caused mainly by evaporation and transpiration of the plants. To remedy this problem, the study suggests to reuse the sewage for irrigation after being purified, using constructed wetlands with improved capacity by phytoremediation. As an example of a sustainable solution, it is proposed to apply this technique to the botanical garden of the city of Biskra (Algeria), «le jardin Landon». The design of a Constructed Wetland system is proposed. The Landon Garden was created in 1870 by Count Landon of Longueville, decorated with a variety of flora from the tropics and the Equatorial countries. It is currently considered as national material heritage.