Site Planning Research Articles

Green building: A comprehensive solution to urban heat

Many cities are facing urban heat problems, the combined effect of heatwaves under global climate change, and local warming associated with urbanization, resulting in severe environmental, economic, social, and health impacts. It is urgent to address urban heat problems. Buildings are an important cause of urban heat, while buildings are favorable spaces to deal with urban heat problems through built environment decarbonization and the implementation of cooling strategies. Green building (GB) which has been recognized as an innovative philosophy and practice in the building sector, is proposed to address urban heat challenges. However, existing studies have offered a limited understanding of GB-based urban heat mitigation and adaptation (UHMA). Therefore, this study aims to examine how GBs can contribute to UHMA. In particular, this study analyses the contribution of buildings to urban heat problems in aspects of carbon emissions and the extensive modifications towards artificial landscapes, and discusses the possible impacts caused by urban heat problems. Afterwards, this study develops the framework of GB’s responses to urban heat in global warming mitigation, local warming mitigation, and urban heat adaptation. Based on this, such responses are analyzed in aspects of site planning, outdoor environments, transportation, building design, energy efficiency, water efficiency, material efficiency, indoor environmental quality, operation management, construction, and maintenance following the whole life cycle perspective. This paper helps understand how GB techniques contribute to UHMA and provides a reference to the revision of the GB assessment system for addressing urban heat problems.

Construction of IPA decision model for diabetes prevention and control based on economy and importance

Objective: To determine the priority of diabetes prevention and control measures in the perspective of the economy and importance, and provide theoretical support for guiding relevant departments to implement measures based on actual economic level. Methods: An online survey was conducted on the importance, feasibility and implementation of major chronic disease prevention and control measures in 488 national demonstration areas for comprehensive chronic disease prevention and control. The content of the survey was divided into individual and group levels, with 10 dimensions and 44 measures, to obtain the scores of the economy and importance. IPA model was used to divide the dimension index of diabetes prevention and control into quadrants. The standardized factor load coefficient of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the priority of dimension index in the same quadrant. The priority of prevention and control measures in each dimension was determined by the discriminant parameter of project response theory. Results: The mean scores of economy and importance were 66.50 and 89.94, respectively, and the matrix was divided into four quadrants. The first quadrant was the "highest priority" with high importance and economy, including medical insurance and family doctors, health education, high-risk detection and intervention, patient management and community action. The second quadrant was characterized as high importance but low economy, which was the priority for improvement, including only one dimension of complication screening. The third quadrant was the lowest priority due to low importance and economy, including personal health service evaluation and follow-up, environmental support, diabetes co-infection prevention and glycemic policy. The last quadrant had low importance but high economy, which was the second improvement level. The priority measures in different quadrants were: (1) the highest priority: blood lipid control, occupational site, prevention and control work plan, blood glucose testing, family doctor contract service; (2) the priority improvement: annual neuropathy screening; (3)the lowest priority: universal access to risk scoring, healthy eating, healthy dining innovations and tuberculosis screening. Conclusion: IPA model can be used to construct a decision-making model for diabetes prevention and control and determine the priority of corresponding measures.

Acoustic diversity of forested landscapes: Relationships to habitat structure and anthropogenic pressure

Understanding how human-dominated landscapes affect biodiversity and ecosystems is essential for effective conservation planning. This work aims to understand the relationship between the acoustic diversity of forested landscapes, and descriptors of habitat structure, composition, and anthropogenic pressure, as well as to identify the characteristic scale at which acoustic community diversity relates to those metrics in central Massachusetts.Ten passive acoustic recorders were placed within forest areas in central Massachusetts, during the breeding season. Mono audio recordings were collected during the dawn chorus. The relationship between acoustic indices (AI), and core habitat quality, connectivity, vegetation productivity, percent tree cover, human edge, artificial illumination, and traffic noise were assessed.Significant relationships were found between AI and variables related to habitat structure and human pressure. Sounds related to biota (biophony) and acoustic complexity were positively correlated with core habitat quality, connectivity, and vegetation while negatively correlated with human pressure variables, including nighttime lights, traffic noise, and human edge. AI can therefore act as successful indicators of habitat quality in highly modified landscapes The highest correlations were found at buffers between 1.5 and 3 Km. This response of AI to the broad spatial context and not to the local site characteristics indicate that they can act as robust landscape-scale indicators.The large characteristic scale indicates that urban planning should consider potential impacts acting at scales beyond site planning. Moreover, conservation planning can benefit from managing the context matrix to support biodiversity, particularly traffic noise and artificial illumination reduction initiatives.

Development of a regional solid waste management framework and its application to a prairie province in central Canada

• Waste collection and landfill siting are concurrently optimized at regional level. • Two original performance indicators, ACC and LMI, are proposed and implemented. • Road length is one of the most important optimization parameters in Saskatchewan. • Divisions that share provincial or international borders generally optimized better. • Indigenous communities in border sharing divisions need better landfill siting plan. Landfilling continues to be one of the most popular waste treatment methods in Canada or abroad. NIMBYism has forced waste facilities to be sited further from populated centers, meaning that increases in waste management efficiency result in considerable cost savings. Concurrent optimization of waste collection and disposal siting on a regional scale is of practical importance. This study combines collection route optimization and landfill siting using GIS methods to design a regional waste management system in Saskatchewan, Canada. Two original performance indicators are proposed based on route optimization and landfill siting, namely the accessibility (ACC) and Landfill Minimization Index (LMI). The result suggest that the accessibility was able to be improved by between 15.4 and 794.7%, and the optimization methods was always effective in providing higher resident accessibility. Improvements in the LMI yielded less improvement, ranging from -13.9% to +422.2%. Correlation analysis showed that road length is a key optimization parameter. This finding is important to Indigenous communities who suffer from a lack of intensified road network. Divisions that share provincial or international borders generally have higher improvements in ACC and LMI. Strategic placement of landfills and road networks are key to improve waste management system efficiency in Saskatchewan.

Predicting Housing Evacuation Process during Natural Disaster Event Using Pathfinder Simulation, Puuwatu Kendari Real Estate Complex as A Case Study

Housing site plan should respond to safety standards for disaster evacuation, especially in Kendari City, Indonesia. It is caused by its geological conditions at high risk of natural disasters such as earthquakes, liquefactions, tsunamis, etc. The study on housing accessibility quality for the evacuation process in Kendari was limited. This study was conducted to identify the evacuation access quality of the housing site plan in Puuwatu Kendari as a case study. The main indicators to measure evacuation access quality are user characters, housing unit layouts, and the width of circulation access including the pedestrian path, road system, and the assembly point. These indicators are analyzed by the Pathfinder application. It is identified that the actual time for the total evacuation process outside of housing units is 44,4 seconds and into the assembly point (the nearest open public space) 103,5seconds. The actual time of evacuation to reach outside of housing units is still in the standard range of 2-3 minutes. On the other hand, the actual time of evacuation to reach open public space is 287 seconds still within the standard 30 minutes. It is caused by the distance of the assembly point in a radius of 60-70 meters. The quality of the assembly point is the main problem for the typical housing site plan in this case study. Respectively, the housing site plan in Kendari and the other similar cities have to be managed to comply with the standard for the disaster evacuation process.

Pelatihan Desain Site Plan Reservoir untuk Menampung Sumber Mata Air di Wisata Bukit Tangkeban Kabupaten Pemalang

The site plan design with a water reservoir (reservoir) will be used to design water needs in Nyalembeng village, Pemalang regency. The stages before the reservoir site plan training are knowing the water discharge in the banding river spring, measuring the length of the river width, knowing whether or not the place is suitable for the reservoir to be built, and surveying the distance from the banding river to Tangkeban hill, mapping surveys for clean water installation lines and electrical installations. The results achieved in this training were 57% getting the excellent category and 33% in the good category in designing the reservoir site plan

Karakter Entrepreneur Dalam Sudut Pandang Islam

Islam is the most perfect religion. One of the perfections of Islam is to oblige all Muslims to earn a lawful living by working or doing business in the right way. Islam not only teaches to worship, but Islam also teaches its people to be independent and work hard. One of them with entrepreneurship or Entrepreneurship. This paper aims to see that the importance of having an entrepreneurial character is seen from the nature of entrepreneurship, how the character of entrepreneurship is from an Islamic point of view, then wants to see the supporting factors and driving factors for entrepreneurial activities for the advancement of economic development in Indonesia. This study collects as much data as possible from primary data sources, namely entrepreneurship books. And secondary data in the form of journals and books that discuss entrepreneurial theory from an Islamic perspective. The technique of data analysis is done by annotated bibliography analysis (annotated bibliography) which means a simple conclusion from an article, book, journal. Entrepreneurship according to Islamic teachings is a job that requires hard work. While working hard is an obligation for every Muslim. The entrepreneurial character in Islam is taqwa, honest and trustworthy, prioritizing the concept of halal, the command to work hard. The driving factors for entrepreneurship are having the ability and willingness, strong determination and hard work, opportunities and opportunities. While the inhibiting factors for entrepreneurship are managerial incompetence, lack of experience, both in technical skills, visualizing businesses, organizing, managing human resources and integrating business operations, lack of financial control, failure in site planning, and lack of equipment supervision.

Assessment of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Management Plan by Risk Assessment of Activities in Construction Project Work

The building construction industry is growing all over the world. The construction industry is an important part of the economy in many countries and is often seen as a driver of economic growth especially in developing countries. Owing to its relatively labour-intensive nature, construction works provide opportunities for employment for a wide range of people skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled. This study, therefore, aims to find out the current practice of health and safety risk assessment, risk communication and risk control and improving the Environment Health and Safety management plan for the Construction project site. In pursuing this objective, the case study strategy was adopted whereby a construction site is selected through convenience sampling. This research contributes significantly to construction safety management SHAPOORJI PALLONJI AND COMPLANY PVT. LTD. and can be utilized to analyse and manipulate the safety risk level of every possible hazardous event that is identified during the construction period. The proposed model could also be applied in other construction projects to obtain results with greater accuracy and reliability from the evaluation and ranking of safety risks, which would yield data that would be useful in helping the management team to mitigate and control the risks in other construction projects.

Spatial Development Of Shopping Centers In Izmir As Large-Scale Urban Projects

Günümüzde kentsel projeler içinde alışveriş merkezleri sermaye birikim süreçlerinin en kârlı yatırım alanlarından biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Küreselleşme ile birlikte sermayenin dünya coğrafyaları üzerinde sınırsız bir biçimde dolaşımı, tüketim alışkanlıkları üzerinde de önemli dönüşümler yaratmıştır. Bugün gelinen noktada kentsel mekân, tüketimin bu hâkim rolüne uyum gösterecek bir biçimde yeniden organize edilmekte, bu organizasyonda dinlence ve eğlencenin tüketim odaklı düğüm noktaları ise büyük ölçekli alışveriş merkezleri olarak belirginlik kazanmaktadır. Alışveriş merkezleri, yer seçimleri, vaziyet planı organizasyonları ve mekânsal örüntüleri ile kendilerini kent merkezinden soyutlayarak, ona bir alternatif olarak tanımlamakta ve sunmaktadırlar. Böylece günümüz alışveriş merkezleri içinde sadece tüketmeye odaklı bir gerçeklik yaratılmaktadır. Türkiye’de ilk alışveriş merkezinin görüldüğü İstanbul’un ardından diğer büyük kentlerde de benzer bir gelişimin izlenmiş; İzmir kenti de özellikle 2000’li yıllarla ve giderek ivmelenen bir biçimde alışveriş merkezi üretimine sahne olmuştur. İzmir’deki alışveriş merkezleri literatürde farklı sosyo-mekânsal çalışmalara konu olmuş olsa da kentteki tüm alışveriş merkezlerinin tarihsel süreçteki mekânsal gelişimlerine bütünsel bir biçimde odaklanan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, İzmir’deki alışveriş merkezlerinin kentteki gelişim süreçlerini ortaya koymakta; metropol kent bütününde yer alan alışveriş merkezlerini, kentteki konumları, yer seçim kararları, plan şemaları ve mekânsal örgütlenmeleri bağlamında analiz ederek çıkarımlarda bulunmaktadır. Yapılan incelemelerde İzmir kentinde alışveriş merkezlerinin kentin tüm ana lokasyonlarına yayılım gösterdikleri, önemli ulaşım arterleri ile güçlü bir bağlantı içinde oldukları, yıllar içinde plan tipolojileri ve plan şemaları ile çeşitliliğe gitseler de kentsel dokuyla bütünleşemeyen bir yapısal eğilimde oldukları bulgulanmıştır.

Making Boundaries and Site Plans in Nambo Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency

Making Boundaries and Site Plans in Nambo Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency

Rainfall erosion of mountain environment and people flow planning of Leshan giant Buddha site based on big data GIS

Rainfall erosion of mountain environment and people flow planning of Leshan giant Buddha site based on big data GIS

Site Planning of a Newly Installed LINAC along with a Brachytherapy Unit at CMC, Nepal

The majority of cancer patients will require radiotherapy at some time during their illness, either for curative or palliative purposes, making it an important part of a multidisciplinary cancer treatment approach. External beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy are two methods of administering radiation to the tumor location. Cobalt tele source, Linear accelerator, and Tomotherapy are examples of external beam radiotherapy equipment; similarly, after loading brachytherapy unit is an example of brachytherapy equipment. Because these units generate radiation, a specific site design is required to guarantee that radiation leakage is kept to a minimum. Linear accelerator and Brachytherapy devices are housed in specialized chambers known as “Bunkers.” The engineering of these bunkers is still a difficulty. The layout of the radiation department is designed in such a way that it will smooth the day-to-day operations and maximize the efficiency of the working crew. The general considerations, location, and layout of different rooms built for the LINAC and brachytherapy unit at CMC, Bharatpur, Nepal are discussed in this study.

Comprehensive Framework and Roadmap for Life-Cycle Management of High-Friction Surface Treatments

High-friction surface treatments (HFSTs) are increasingly being applied at critical roadway locations (such as horizontal curves) that have high friction demand and a history of wet crashes; well-constructed HFST on sound underlying pavements has generally provided durable high friction. However, HFST friction loss because of aggregate loss or other distresses is a serious safety concern. HFST installation and management, especially its safe application and operation, involves different life-cycle activities (site selection and planning, construction, performance monitoring, maintenance, and replacement). These life-cycle activities involve complex and challenging technical components (including site selection criteria, construction quality control, performance measures, maintenance trigger criteria, etc.). To effectively manage the complex and challenging components of HFST and to mitigate safety concerns, this paper (a) studied the current challenges and identified the technical and management needs for safely managing HFST pavements based on a literature review, a national survey, and interviews with experts, (b) developed a comprehensive technical and managerial integrated framework to manage network-level safety throughout HFST’s life-cycle activities by synthesizing the core contents of the identified needs, and (c) proposed a roadmap containing research, development, and deployment actions needed for enhancing HFST management practices. The developed comprehensive framework enables researchers and Departments of Transportation to holistically see the different components of HFST life-cycle activities so that HFST can be managed systematically and cost-effectively while ensuring safety. This framework can also be used as a checklist of items for transportation agencies to follow to ensure high-quality and effective HFST installation and management.

Design of Machine Learning Algorithm for Tourism Demand Prediction.

Unused hotel rooms, unused event tickets, and unsold items are all examples of wasted expenses and earnings. Governments require accurate tourism demand forecasting in order to make informed decisions on topics such as infrastructure development and lodging site planning; therefore, accurate tourism demand forecasting becomes vital. Artificial intelligence (AI) models such as neural networks and security violation report (SVR) have been used effectively in tourist demand forecasting as a result of the fast advancement of AI. This paper constructs a tourism demand forecasting model based on machine learning on the basis of the existing forecasting model research. The completed work is as follows: (1) It introduces a large number of domestic and foreign literatures on tourism volume forecasting and proposes the research content of this paper. (2) It is proposed to stack the long short-term memory- (LSTM-) based autoencoders deeply, by adopting a hierarchical greedy pretraining method to replace the random weight initialization method used in the deep network and combining this pretraining stage and fine-tuning network together to form the SAE-LSTM prediction model for improving the performance of deep learning models. (3) This paper uses the monthly search engine strength data of city A's monthly tourist volume and its related influencing factors as the data set; processes the data set to make the model adapt to the data input; uses mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), MAPE, and other model evaluation indicators; and uses LSTM and the constructed SAE-LSTM model to conduct comparative experiments to predict the number of tourist arrivals in four years. The prediction results of the models proposed in this paper are better than those of the LSTM model. According to the experimental results, the superiority of the proposed LSTM-based unsupervised pretraining method is demonstrated.

Paradox of Isolation: Amsterdam's Pest Asylums and the City's Continual Modernization

In Michel Foucault's theory of disciplinary power, an intricate point that architectural historians have largely overlooked is his tracing of modern surveillance and incarceration to the seventeenth century's innovative quarantine practices. Between the 1580s and 1660s, Amsterdam experienced an unprecedented degree of morphological transformation. Pest asylums played a vital but underexamined role that was inherited from the late medieval period. Today, the urban fabric still reflects a cyclical pattern of redefining spatial interiority and exteriority, rooted in governmental interventions for purging contagions, that spans more than a half millennium. This article foregrounds the historical relationship between Amsterdam's physical growth and the planning of sites beyond the fortified municipal border for depositing contagiously ill bodies. The analysis, aimed at decentralizing the Dutch "golden age" perspective, reconnects an early modern urban design feat with both the city's monastic past and its industrial future. Among the case studies is the asylum buildings' only surviving fragment: the lazaret's entry portal structure dating to 1609. As spaces devised for a community to paradoxically eject the "outsiders" that it has fabricated, pest asylums carry a broader significance of elucidating the subjective, arbitrary, and contradictory underpinnings of public health control over time.

Phase I study of HFB200301, a first-in-class TNFR2 agonist monoclonal antibody in patients with solid tumors selected via Drug Intelligent Science (DIS).

TPS2670 Background: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2) is expressed on effector CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, T regulatory cells, natural killer cells, and myeloid cells. Targeting TNFR2 is anticipated to yield effective anti-tumor immunity by stimulating T-cell and NK-cell activation and proliferation in the tumor microenvironment. HFB200301 is a first-in-class anti-TNFR2 agonistic monoclonal antibody that triggers both innate and adaptive immune stimulation by binding to a specific epitope on TNFR2. HFB200301 has demonstrated dose-dependent anti-tumor activity in human TNFR2 knock-in mice bearing MC38 and Hepa1-6 syngeneic tumors. Methods: HFB200301 is being evaluated in a first-in-human, open-label, multi-center, dose escalation and expansion study in adult patients with advanced solid tumors. A single-cell immune profiling platform, DIS, was deployed to identify unique tumor-infiltrating T cell signatures that could help optimize patient selection for HFB200301 treatment. It is hypothesized that the presence of an effector T cell subpopulation that express both TNFR2 and CD8A in solid tumors may represent a tumor microenvironment favorable to TNFR2 agonism. The following cancer indications have been identified based on the prevalence of a TNFR2 high/CD8 high signature: Epstein-Barr Virus positive (EBV+) gastric cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), cutaneous melanoma, testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT), soft tissue sarcoma (STS), and PD-L1+ cancers: cervical cancer, pleural mesothelioma, lung adenocarcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The escalation portion of the study explores increasing doses in cohorts of up to six patients, utilizing mTPI-2 design to determine recommended dose(s) for expansion (RDE(s)). Based on pharmacokinetic modeling to maximize HFB200301 activity, 60-minute intravenous infusions of HFB200301 are administered every 4 weeks. Once RDE(s) is determined, expansion into three indication-specific cohorts is planned to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Key eligibility criteria include histologically documented advanced or metastatic solid tumors in the above listed indications. Patient enrollment opened in February 2022 in the USA, with plans for additional clinical sites in Spain and China. The primary objective is to identify the RDE, characterize safety and tolerability of HFB200301, and determine RP2D. Secondary objectives include pharmacokinetic parameters, preliminary evidence of anti-tumor efficacy (e.g., ORR, DCR, DOR) and pharmacodynamic evaluation (e.g., T cell subsets) in the blood and in the tumor. Furthermore, a potential predictive biomarker signature derived based on the DIS single-cell immune profiling approach will be investigated retrospectively. Clinical trial information: NCT05238883.

SITE PLAN OF KREMENETS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY: IDEALISED IMAGE AND REALITY. THE MAP OF 1846

The article examines the features and approaches to the formation of the urban planning of the city of Kremenets in different historical periods based on site plans of 1846. The article is devoted to the analysis of the idealized planning structure of the city, which is recorded on the project map of the mid-nineteenth century.
 The relevance of the research topic is determined by the relatively limited array of cartographic sources capturing the features of Kremenets planning pattern in the past, despite a long history of its development.
 This publication aims to substantiate the evolution of Kremenets urban planning pattern from the few preserved plans and maps, with iconographic sources (drawings, photos of the town) dating from different historical periods.
 The analysis of the method and quality of pattern drawings, composition and morphology of the city centre, downtown and surrounding areas, the determination of the stylistic features of the planning pattern form the most accurate picture of architectural and urban planning history, specify the nature of the architectural and spatial organisation and strategies for further urban development.
 A comparative analysis of the found documents makes it possible to identify features of urban development of Kremenets under the influence of various factors: spatial and landscape situation, social and cultural context, trends in urban development in the relevant periods of European history.
 The article deals with the research source documents capture two different epochs when a particular city for a certain period belonged to the Russian Empire and later became a part of the Polish state with a capitalist system. Considerable attention is paid to the architectural value of its historic centre and its structure of urban development. The characteristic features of architectural space compositions of the historic town centre and the factors that influenced the transformation of the master plan of Kremenets are determined.

Addressing Goal Conflicts: New Policy Mixes for Commercial Land Use Management

Commercial land use management that focuses on a future-oriented urban and regional development must address multiple goals. Effective policy mixes need to simultaneously (1) improve city-regional and inter-municipal cooperation, (2) reduce land take, and (3) assure the long-term economic development of a region. Using the Northern Black Forest in Germany as a case study, we brought together planning and land use research with public policy analysis. We applied cross-impact balances (CIB) to build and analyze a participatory policy-interaction model. Together with a group of 12 experts, we selected effective individual measures to reach each of the three goals and analyzed their interactions. We then assessed the current policy mix and designed alternative policy mixes. The results demonstrate that current approaches to commercial land use management present internal contradictions and generate only little synergies. Implementing innovative measures on a stand-alone basis runs the risk of not being sufficiently effective. In particular, the current practice of competing for municipal marketing and planning of commercial sites has inhibiting effects. We identified alternative policy mixes that achieve all three goals, avoid trade-offs, and generate significant synergy effects. Our results point towards a more coherent and sustainable city-regional (commercial) land-use governance.

Factors affecting steel structure erection in developing countries: A case study of Nigerian Construction Industry

Steel structure plays a significant role in civil engineering. However, there are many factors affecting steel erectors and contractors to have a successful erection of steel structures. Thus, this study seeks to examine the factors affecting steel structure erection in construction projects within the context of a developing country. The study adopted a survey research method; a questionnaire to identify 47 factors, were assessed. A purposive sampling approach was used to identify 20 construction companies specialising in steel structures erections in Lagos, Nigeria. Sixty-three (63) questionnaires were distributed to the targeted population, which included 32 project managers, 14 project engineers and 17 site engineers of current and past steel structure projects carried out by the selected companies in Lagos. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed skills and experience, job site planning, availability of electrical power for tools, insufficient supervision and method of construction as the top most five factors affecting steel structure erection in construction project in Nigeria. The findings provide in-depth insight of the factors affecting steel structure erection in construction project that can help project managers in development of strategies for improving the erection of steel structure in the construction industry.

Legal Problems of Complex Development of Territories (Part 3)

The article deals with the problems of integrated development of territories in the context of site planning, urban zoning and methods of disposal of public property: privatization, concession agreements, public-private partnerships. Current legislation, including laws of regions of the Russian Federation, was analyzed in detail and gaps in legislation were found. The paper emphasizes the need for further improvement of legislation and law-enforcement practices. The article also focuses on the withdrawal of land plots and objects located on them for the purposes of integrated development of territories and fixing rent rates. Recommendations are provided with regard to changes in existing legislation.