Site Planning Research Articles

Reproducible routes: reliably navigating the connectome to enrich personalized brain stimulation strategies

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technologies, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), offer significant therapeutic potential for a growing number of neuropsychiatric conditions. Concurrent with the expansion of this field is the swift evolution of rTMS methodologies, including approaches to optimize stimulation site planning. Traditional targeting methods, foundational to early successes in the field and still widely employed today, include using scalp-based heuristics or integrating structural MRI co-registration to align the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil with anatomical landmarks. Recent evidence, however, supports refining and personalizing stimulation sites based on the target's structural and/or functional connectivity profile. These connectomic approaches harness the network-wide neuromodulatory effects of rTMS to reach deeper brain structures while also enabling a greater degree of personalization by accounting for heterogenous network topology. In this study, we acquired baseline multimodal magnetic resonance (MRI) at two time points to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of distinct connectome-based strategies for stimulation site planning. Specifically, we compared the intra-individual difference between the optimal stimulation sites generated at each time point for (1) functional connectivity (FC) guided targets derived from resting-state functional MRI and (2) structural connectivity (SC) guided targets derived from diffusion tensor imaging. Our findings suggest superior reproducibility of SC-guided targets. We emphasize the necessity for further research to validate these findings across diverse patient populations, thereby advancing the personalization of rTMS treatments.

Rethinking residential building design in high-density cities for enhancing pandemic resilience: Balancing importance and practicality

The relationship between the built environment and epidemic transmission is particularly pronounced within the context of lockdown policies and high-density urban areas. Non-pharmaceutical interventions have become increasingly important during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study proposes an evaluation index system for pandemic-resilient residential building designs in high-density cities, covering the entire design process including site planning, architecture design, building equipment and management. The system includes 64 design strategies, categorized into 15 sub-categories and 4 categories. Then, we evaluate the preference of each strategy by synthesizing the dimensions of importance and implementation difficulty. A questionnaire survey was conducted among experts who have experience with pandemic-resilient designs in high-density cities. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation analysis was implemented along with the “preference index” concept to identify the most important and practical interventions during the pandemic outbreak. The results indicate that “service and management” is the category that requires priority, followed by “property management,” “common areas” and “building morphology” in sub-categories. Among the design strategies, “waste receptacle,” “publicity and education,” “floor drain and water seal” and “environmental cleaning and disinfection” are the top four recommended strategies. This study provides policymakers and practitioners with effective and easily implementable prevention measures during an outbreak of respiratory tract infections. It also offers specific policy recommendations and application suggestions for new and existing buildings, contributing to creating a safer and healthier living environment

Desain Taman Atap pada Gedung SMP Pesat Bogor Berdasarkan Preferensi Pengguna

The increasing rate of urbanization on limited urban land has resulted in reduced Green Open Space (RTH) in urban areas. Therefore, the design of a roof garden on a school building can be a solution to increase the area of ​​green open space and a place for outdoor learning activities. This study aims to analyze the potential and constraints on the site so that a roof garden design can be developed according to user preferences. The stages of work refer to Booth (1983) which consist of project acceptance, research/analysis, concepts, and construction drawings. The design concept applied is inspired by the organically formed Falco peregrinus. The results of this study are in the form of a roof garden site plan as well as detailed pictures of the facilities used in the roof garden of building 3 SMP-SMA-SMK Informatika Pesat. The results of the study are expected to create a roof garden on a school building that can function as green open space and a refreshing area as well as a teaching and learning area.

Revisiting the Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara: A New Perspective on New Materials

Abstract This article revisits the Samanid mausoleum in Bukhara (circa tenth century, Uzbekistan) to shed new light on the historical context of this canonical monument of Islamic architecture. First, it documents the architectural properties of the Samanid mausoleum and integrates available archaeological and textual data, such as the site plan of the building, inscriptions, endowment deeds (waqf), and the recently discovered Khuttalon votive as a new prototype. These new sources allow one to sketch a more nuanced historical context that helps to better understand the mausoleum’s broader societal function, the tenth-century Bukharan patron’s intention in supporting this building’s construction, and his choice of style. It is argued that the building reflects the transitional nature of the period, before the “Persian Renaissance” under Nasr b. Ahmad (r. 914–43). Stylistic discussion suggests that it is simplistic to attribute this building to the influence of any single tradition. The Khuttalon votive challenges the Persian- and Sogdian-centered views that have dominated the study of the monument, pointing to the limitations of these perspectives.

Outcome Evaluation of BAHA Attract System Implantations.

Bone Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHAs) are currently well-utilized for treatment of hearing-impaired patients with unilateral or bilateral mixed and conductive hearing loss as well as patients with single sided deafness. The objective of this study is to evaluate outcome of BAHA Attract system in terms of surgical, functional,audiological and cosmetic results This is a prospective observational study of 15 consecutive patients of single sided deafness (SSD) who qualified for and underwent BAHA Attract surgery at a tertiary care hospital over a duration of two years. Parameters analysed were: (1) Surgery and wound healing, (2) Post-operative functional results (Bern Benefit for Single sided deafness questionnaire (BBSSQ)), (3) audiological results (free field speech in noise audiometry in two situations: with signal from implanted side and from contralateral side), (4) Cosmetic results (introduction of novel Three Points Scoring System (TPSS). Clinico-radiological planning of surgical site for implant is also described.Mean surgical time was 39 minutes and healing was uneventful in 73 % of patients. All patients reported improvement in all ten hearing situations with maximum improvement for sound localization. Significant improvement of speech in noise was seen especially when signal was presented from implanted side. All patient had full score in TPSS for cosmesis except one patient. This was the same patient in whom clinico-radiologically planned site was discarded intraoperatively due to overpneumatised temporal bone.BAHA Attract system is safeand effective solution for single sided deafness with acceptable cosmesis.

Is the IROC H&N credentialing phantom an effective surrogate for different anatomical sites?: Using IROC's H&N phantom for various sites

PURPOSEThe IROC head and neck phantom is used to credential institutions for IMRT delivery for all anatomical sites where delivery of modulated therapy is a primary challenge. This study evaluated how appropriate the use of this phantom is for varied clinical anatomy by evaluating how closely the IROC head and neck phantom described clinical dose errors from beam modeling compared to various anatomical sites. METHODSThe MLC offset, transmission, PDD and seven additional beam modeling parameters for a Varian accelerator were modified in RayStation to match community data at the 2.5, 25, 50, 75 and 97.5 percentile levels. Modifications were evaluated on 25 H&N phantom cases and 25 clinical cases (H&N, prostate, lung, mesothelioma, and brain), generating 2,000 plan perturbations. Differences in mean dose delivered to clinical target volumes (CTV) and organs at risk (OAR) were compared between phantom and clinical plans to assess the relationship between dose deviations in phantom versus clinical CTVs, and as a function of 18 different complexity metrics. RESULTSPerturbations to MLC offset and transmission parameters demonstrated the greatest impact on dose accuracy for phantom and clinical plans (for all anatomic sites). The phantom demonstrated equivalent or greater sensitivity to these parameter perturbations when compared to clinical sites, largely aligning with treatment complexity. The mean MLC Gap best described the impact of errors in TPS beam modeling parameters in phantoms plan and clinical plans from various anatomical sites. CONCLUSIONWhen compared across various anatomical sites, the IROC H&N credentialing phantom exhibited similar or greater sensitivity to errors in the treatment planning system. As such, it is a suitable surrogate device for assessing institutional performance across various anatomical sites. If an institution successfully irradiates the phantom, that result confers confidence that IMRT to a wide range of anatomical sites can be successfully delivered by the institution.

Modelling cultural responses to disease spread in Neolithic Trypillia mega-settlements

As zoonotic diseases coevolved with early agriculture, social distancing within dense human settlements could have conferred a selective advantage in terms of infection risk. Here, we consider the case of Trypillia mega-settlements after 4000 BC, as virulent diseases began affecting humans in the Black Sea region. Through epidemiological susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) models situated on clustered networks and on a site plan of a Trypillia mega-settlement, we show the adaptive benefits of decreasing either occupation density or the frequency of interactions with other communities across the settlement. We explore critical thresholds in these parameters that may shed light on the fluctuations of population densities at Trypillia mega-settlements before and after approximately 3600 BCE. Our findings suggest that disease was probably a significant driver of human settlement patterns by late Neolithic times.

ISAC‐oriented access point placement in cell‐free mMIMO systems

AbstractIn mobile communication networks for integrated sensing and communication, site planning of access points fundamentally determines both communication quality and sensing performance. This paper aims to tackle the AP placement problem under the setting of cell‐free massive multiple‐input multiple‐output, which represents a promising direction for network architecture evolution. Seeking a balance between the sum‐throughput of communication and the Cramér–Rao lower bound of target sensing, the access points are first pre‐placed by solving a convex optimization and further adjusted with optimal angular geometry. The final step involves employing nearest neighbour projection to refine access point positions in the cell‐free massive multiple‐input multiple‐output system, ensuring alignment with integrated sensing and communication requirements. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm achieves 90% of the optimal communication sum‐rate and 95% of the optimal target localization accuracy.

VISUAL TREE ASSESSMENT AND ESTIMATION OF TREE CARBON SEQUESTRATION FOR OUTDOOR STUDENT CENTRE

Environmental assessment is crucial for every project development, especially when the space is surrounded by many mature trees. Failing to understand the existing character and conditions of the site can result in design failures that may lead to the loss of ecosystem benefits. Many developments are constructed without consulting experts, leading to unstructured development. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the potential of a proposed outdoor space towards a better teaching and learning environment. This study analyses Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) and estimates the carbon sequestration of trees using qualitative and quantitative data. The objectives are to create a topographic layout map by assessing site conditions, examining tree species and their condition through limited VTA, and estimating the net carbon sequestration of the on-site trees. 59 trees were analysed, and a map was developed for overlay purposes. A composite map illustrates the correlation of comfort, movement, aesthetics, and social relations criteria for the Outdoor Student Centres. In conclusion, 82% of Pongamia pinnata trees are deemed unsuitable for the site and may be considered for removal for OSC development. The site's net tree carbon sequestration is estimated to sequester a minimum of 611 kg of carbon. Effective site planning is a crucial factor in this process to ensure optimal outcomes.

Logistics supply of the eco-industrial parks’ residents

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the logistics supply for residents of eco-industrial parks and examines its influence on the competitiveness and sustainability of these parks. Eco-industrial parks, as integral components of circular economy systems, facilitate the efficient use of resources, reduction of environmental impact, and optimization of supply chain operations. The purpose of the paper is to assess the logistics systems within eco-industrial parks, identify the challenges and opportunities for enhancing operational efficiency, and explore how these strategies can be adapted to the Ukrainian context, particularly during the ongoing war. The research draws upon international case studies, focusing on the integration of advanced technologies and green logistics practices in China, Europe, and other regions. The methodology used in this paper combines inductive analysis of literature, comparative analysis, and empirical research based on existing models of logistics management within EIPs. A key part of the analysis involves the evaluation of institutional pressures and their role in promoting sustainable supply chain management. The paper examines how these practices, when applied in a coordinated and efficient manner, help to reduce costs and carbon emissions, while also improving resource-sharing between companies located within eco-industrial parks. The results show that implementing circular supply chain management significantly enhances the performance of companies operating within EIPs. Firms that adopt renewable energy sources and optimize their transportation systems using electric vehicles report a 13-14% reduction in operational costs and carbon emissions. The integration of technologies such as Geographic Information Systems and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making tools has also proven beneficial in the site selection and planning of eco-industrial parks, allowing for the optimization of logistics and resource allocation. In Ukraine, which is currently facing critical challenges due to war, adopting these strategies can strengthen industrial clusters, reduce dependence on external resources, and enhance resilience against economic shocks. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the proposed structure of the logistics supply for eco-industrial parks’ residents. The practical implications of this paper include the application of green logistics technologies, the development of self-sustaining energy networks, and the implementation of closed-loop supply chains that promote resource efficiency. Future research directions should focus on the development of logistics optimization models for Ukrainian eco-industrial parks, particularly in war-torn areas, and the assessment of their long-term economic and environmental impact. Additionally, the paper advocates for the expanded use of renewable energy sources and Geographic Information Systems-based planning tools to further improve logistics processes and reduce the ecological footprint of industrial activities. The results of this paper underscore the importance of inter-firm cooperation and the strategic use of logistics to foster both economic and environmental resilience in eco-industrial settings.

The Impact of Wind Movement on Providing Thermal Comfort in Urban Design

The wind movement is a crucial factor in enhancing thermal comfort, forming an essential part towards friendly and sustainable urban environment. Air movement, as a prominent climatic factor, reduces heat stress with improving ventilation quality. Effective natural ventilation and heat stress mitigation can be achieved by orientation, planning and shaping the urban blocks in urban environments. Air movement represents the most important element in improving environmental adaptation, as the rapid airflow reaching buildings can significantly reduce their temperature. Site planning requires precise knowledge of the main wind directions and speeds. The research utilized the ENVI-met Models program for modeling urban environments and predicting thermal effects in the built environment. This program plays a crucial role in understanding and analyzing environmental conditions and their impact on thermal comfort. The research addressed the knowledge gap and lack of local studies in highlighting the role of wind movement in enhancing thermal comfort in urban environments using ENVI-met Models. The research aimed to provide specific knowledge in measuring wind movement and its role in enhancing thermal comfort in urban environments using the program. The research hypothesized that analyzing and modeling wind movement with ENVI-met Models can effectively contribute to understanding and improving thermal comfort in urban environments. One of the key findings is that studying the impact of wind movement with this program is essential for providing scientific and technical foundations to improve urban design and enhance thermal comfort in urban areas, promoting sustainability and environmental quality in cities

Design and field evaluation of hydraulic fracturing boreholes for terminal mining faces

The terminal mining is an essential part of fully mechanized mining, and the reasonable length of the flap roof during the terminal mining is an important basis for the smooth operation of the terminal mining. With the research background of the 213 working face of the Longde Coal Mine, the contribution of this study is the influence law of hydraulic fracturing on the terminal mining mechanical behavior of the working face. Four different numerical calculation models of terminal mining hydraulic fracturing are established, and the optimal hydraulic fracturing site plan is determined according to the length of the terminal mining flap top and the working resistance of hydraulic support. The effect of hydraulic fracturing construction and the law of mechanical behavior in the terminal mining stage in the field test are analyzed. The results show that through hydraulic fracturing technology, the control of the length of the flap roof of the working face during the terminal mining period has been realized.

A Risk Management Application by Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Method in A Road Drainage Channel Construction Project at H.M Ardan Street of South Sangatta District East Kutai, Indonesia

A construction project of road drainage channel in H.M Ardan Street, South Sangatta District (Multy Years) is included into type of construction project with high level of risk and work accidents since it has large number of workers, the use of sophisticated work tools and machines that require special methods and skills also strong supervision in its usage. These matters could bring undesirable impact potentiality in particular for the occupational safety and health aspect. A negligence of OSH implementation in the construction project can lead to work accident risk within the project. A work safety management is a part of management aspect with function to prevent any work accidents. Its prevention can be done by controlling the occurrence of high-potential work accidents whether in terms of consequences, occurrence probability, also simplicity in its detection. Many safety management methods have been introduced as method that able to be used for potential work accident identification, or measure the level of work accident’s risk, also for evaluating the work accidents; which leads to the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method as the most appropriate method to achieve the objectives as described above. The selected method for this research was Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method, whereas the data source of this research were primary data obtained from interviews and questionnaires, and secondary data obtained from site plan drawings and identification data of the construction of drainage channels on H.M Ardan Street of South Sanggata District (Multi Years). According to FMEA analysis, there were 15 dominant risks with RPN values above the average value with 4 risks having a value of 48 as the highest RPN value found in this study. Type of risks with the highest RPN value were (a) stricken by heavy equipment and materials during loading and unloading construction materials; (b) fatigue due to an overly busy mobilization schedule; (c) workers fall while installing the formwork; (d) workers’ hand was pierced by nail or getting hit by hammer or wood. Furthermore, by the domino analysis conducted for this research, it produced several precautions and prevention recommendations that grouped into three main stages: Lack of Control, Basic Causes, and Immediate Causes.

Precipitation and temperature primarily determine the reptile distributions in China

Reptiles make up one‐third of tetrapods, however they are often omitted from global conservation analyses. Understanding the determinants of reptile distribution is the foundation for reptile conservation research. We assembled a dataset on the distribution of 231 reptile species (nearly 50% of recorded species in China). We then investigated the association of species range filling (the proportion of observed ranges compared to species potential climate distributions) with climate, range size, topography and human activity, using three regression methods. At the species level, we found the most primary factors influencing the recent distribution pattern of reptiles across China were the mean annual precipitation (MAP) and the mean annual temperature (MAT). In contrast, human activity came in last. Similarly, at a spatial level, MAP and MAT were still the most important factors. Geographically, the south and east of China support the highest reptile diversity, partially due to high precipitation. Contrary to the prevailing notion that reptile distributions are primarily shaped by human activities, our study re‐emphasizes the importance of climate in determining reptile distribution. It accentuates the necessity of integrating climate variables into future animal conservation strategies in China. Our findings also offer valuable insights for informing conservation practices, including the site planning of natural reserves and national parks, as well as monitoring of environmental factors in protected areas.

Urban Guidelines and Strategic Plan for a UNESCO World Heritage Candidate Site: The Historical Centre of Sharjah (UAE)

Urban Guidelines and Strategic Plan for a UNESCO World Heritage Candidate Site: The Historical Centre of Sharjah (UAE)

Wavelet-fusion image super-resolution model with deep learning for downscaling remotely-sensed, multi-band spectral albedo imagery

Generating granular-scale surface albedo data is extremely important for solar photovoltaic site planning and to optimise renewable energy yield of bifacial panel installations. The albedo effect brings about a significant increase in power in bifacial photovoltaic systems, compared to their mono-facial counterparts, since the spectral response of bifacial solar panels correlates with the incident solar radiation wavelength on the back of the panel, to provide additional power generation capacity. Thus, harnessing the albedo data at relatively local scales is critical towards boosting solar power generation and providing greater power density in local electricity grids. This paper develops novel modelling approaches to produce high-resolution spectral albedo imagery across the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) bands, using the Wavelet-Fusion super-resolution model (i.e., Wavelet-FusionSR) trained with the Learned Gamma Correction approach by applying satellite image enhancement methodology. The proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model utilises the low-resolution moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as well as high-resolution multi-spectral Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite images, as critical inputs and ground-truth imagery, respectively, in order to perform sensor-to-sensor deep downscaling, without employing any synthetic or low-resolution satellite imagery data pairs. To augment the proposed deep learning algorithm across the decomposed sub-images of low-resolution inputs, we integrate local and global feature representation learning to train the proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model with Cauchy loss functions. In comparison with five competing benchmark models, the proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model demonstrates performance superiority using quantitative image downscaling metrics and visual assessments of the downscaled images for the visible band of solar radiation. The proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model yielded a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.00017, Signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) of 37.80, Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of 0.999 and combined loss, MS-SSIMLoss, based on Multi Structural Similarity and Mean Absolute Error of 2.354 for the Visible Band images, and an MSE of 0.0014, PSNR of 28.43, SSIM of 0.999 and MS-SSIMLoss of 7.426 for the NIR spectral bands, demonstrating high efficacy of the proposed Wavelet-FusionSR method. The Wavelet-FusionSR method therefore attains high-resolution spectral albedo imagery outputs.

Intelligent planning of safe and economical construction sites: Theory and practice of hybrid multi objective decision making

Intelligent planning of safe and economical construction sites: Theory and practice of hybrid multi objective decision making

Optimizing Selection of Sustainable Material-extraction Sites with GIS-based Decision-support Systems (AHP/MACBETH): In-depth Case Study from Settat, Morocco

In today’s world, sustainability is crucial, particularly in managing natural resources for sustainable development. Often, environmental impacts of new activities are overlooked, worsening the effects on already vulnerable environments. Our study uses two multi-criteria decision-making tools, MACBETH and AHP, integrated with GIS technology, to evaluate quarry sites in Settat Province, Morocco. This methodology classifies sites by suitability, based on criteria aligned with sustainable development goals.We found a high consistency between MACBETH and AHP, with less than 4% divergence in criteria weighting, confirming the robustness of our integrated approach in making location-based decisions for quarries. The resulting maps clearly delineate zones from unsuitable to highly suitable for quarrying. Beyond assessing current quarrying practices, our findings offer strategic insights for future site planning and establishment, showcasing adaptability and potential for replication. This research provides a practical model for improving material extraction practices, aligning with sustainable development needs, and serving as a valuable tool for policymakers and industry stakeholders.

Impact of delivery variations on 3D dose distributions for volumetric modulated arc therapy plans of various complexity.

Delivery variations during radiotherapy can cause discrepancies between planned and delivered dose distribution. These variations could arise from random and systematic offsets in certain machine parameters or systematic offsets related to the calibration process of the treatment unit. The aim of this study was to present a novel simulation-based methodology to evaluate realistic delivery variations in three dimensions (3D). Additionally, we investigated the dosimetric impact of delivery variations for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for different treatment sites and complexities. Twelve VMAT plans for different treatment sites (prostate-, head & neck-, lung-, and gynecological cancer) were selected. The clinical plan used for the treatment of each patient was reoptimized to create one plan with reduced complexity (i.e., simple plan) and one of higher complexity (i.e., complex plan). This resulted in a total of 36 plans. Delivery variations were simulated by randomly introducing offsets in multi-leaf collimator position, jaw position, gantry angle and collimator angle simultaneously. Twenty simulations were carried out for each of the 36 plans, yielding 720 simulated deliveries. To explore the impact of individual offsets, additional simulations were conducted for each type of offset separately. A 3D dose calculation was performed for each simulation using the same calculation engine as for the clinical plan. Two standard deviations (2SD) of dose were determined for every voxel for 3D-spatial evaluations. The dose variation in certain DVH metrics, that is, D2% and D98% for the clinical target volume and five different DVH metrics for selected organs at risk, was calculated for the twenty simulated deliveries of each plan. For comparison, the effect of delivery variations was assessed by conducting measurements with the Delta4 phantom. The volume of voxels with 2SD above 1% of the prescribed dose was consistently larger for the complex plans in comparison to their corresponding simple and clinical plans. 2SDs larger than 1% were in many cases, found to accumulate outside the planning target volume. For complex plans, regions with 2SDs larger than 1% were detected also inside the high dose region, exhibiting, on average, a size six times larger volume, than those observed in simple plans. Similar results were found for all treatment sites. Variation in the selected DVH metrics for the simulated deliveries was generally largest for the complex plans with few exceptions. When comparing the 2SD distribution of the measurements with the 2SD distribution from the simulations, the spatial information showed deviations outside the PTV in both simulations and measurements. However, the measured values were, on average, 35% higher for the prostate plans and 10% higher for the head & neck plans compared to the simulated values. The presented methodology effectively quantified and localized dose deviations due to delivery offsets. The 3D analysis provided information that was undetectable using the analysis based on DVH metrics. Dosimetric uncertainties due to delivery variations were prominent at the edge of the high-dose region irrespective of treatment site and plan complexity. Dosimetric uncertainties inside the high-dose region was more profound for plans of higher complexity.

Improving Health and Safety Performance of Construction through Lean Construction in Ghana : Drivers, Enablers and Constraints

The aim of this paper was to see how lean technology may be applied to improve safety and health performance in Ghana's building construction sector. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from civil/structural engineers, architects, construction managers, services engineers, and quantity surveyors that work in the construction industry. The sample was chosen using the purposeful sampling technique, taking into account the construction experts' years of experience. The findings reveal that, building construction projects in Ghana may perform better if lean construction methods are applied correctly. Based on this finding, it is recommended that training, planning and proper layout of construction site so as to eliminate overlapping of movements on site, and building trust in working relations and working together as an effective team where the key strategies for improving health and safety performance of projects through lean construction technology.