Sistema Nacional De Investigadores Research Articles

Mobility of the Members of the National System of Researchers of Mexico in their Academic Training in Latin America

Mobility in academic scientist training has been central in the installation and consolidation of scientific and technological systems. These human resources are fundamental for the scientific development and technology of countries and their importance is reflected in the indications about scientific activities. The studies relating to academic mobility are not new, however, little quantitative studies exist due to the lack of access and availability of data about this type of mobility. This text presents a panorama of mobility during the formation of 1169 research members of the National System of Researchers (Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, SNI) of Mexico that have obtained at least a university diploma in Latin America or the Caribbean. Asymmetry in academic mobility is identified in terms of gender, areas of knowledge and the geographic distribution of centers of attraction and mobility. Finally, these results constitute a basis for generating new questions to better understand the dynamics that have shaped the current mobility structure in Latin America and the Caribbean in scientist training.

Análisis con visión de género de las desventajas acumuladas de las investigadoras en los procesos de producción del conocimiento en México

This article aims to analyze under the gender lens the perception of full-time researchers who are part of the National System of Researchers (SNI by its acronym in Spanish, Sistema Nacional de Investigadores). The texts focus on the conditions that impact on the production of knowledge and academic freedom in two university contexts in Mexico, with the purpose of demonstrating the disadvantages that the sociocultural patterns of the sex-gender system imply for the work and performance of the women researchers; in addition to certify if these can be elements that avoid breaking with the glass ceiling in educational institutions, and reach the desired family conciliation. The empirical analysis results from a research entitled “Academic freedom and the conditions of collective production and mobilization of knowledge of researchers”, which involved 25 interviews in two Mexican Public Higher Education Institutions: the University of Guadalajara (U of G) and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Both are part of the rainking that evaluate the best Higher Education Institutions in Latin America.

Las políticas científico-educativas y las nuevas condiciones de los académicos en ciencias sociales del noreste de México

Como parte de la fase exploratoria de un proyecto más amplio, se analizaron las transformaciones que las políticas de ciencia y educación superior, ligadas a la instauración de un nuevo patrón de legitimación académica en México, han provocado en un segmento del profesorado, específicamente en el que realiza investigación científica en ciencias sociales en los estados del noreste. Las fuentes analizadas fueron, principalmente, entrevistas realizadas a 22 de estos académicos en las que se aborda la forma en que ellos conciben, valoran y se relacionan con estas políticas, así como los efectos que han tenido y las condiciones regionales e institucionales específicas de aplicación. Cuando ha sido posible, las impresiones de los entrevistados son contrastadas con datos construidos a partir de los padrones del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores o con antecedentes empíricos disponibles. Los resultados muestran una visión compartida ampliamente entre los académicos sobre un desarrollo considerable de su campo en las últimas tres décadas, producto en buena medida de las políticas referidas. También es muy extendida la percepción de que se ha entrado en una fase de estancamiento en ese desarrollo. Una de las principales explicaciones que se le dan es el desinterés o la hostilidad hacia su labor en los contextos locales, los cuales no habrían sido revertidos a pesar de su relativo crecimiento y legitimación. Entre las conclusiones preliminares que podemos extraer de estos resultados destacamos que, derivado del carácter exógeno de los impulsos que permitieron su desarrollo en la región, este segmento del profesorado tendría una articulación deficiente con buena parte de las dinámicas y los intereses de las instituciones de educación superior locales.

La utilización de las evaluaciones de programas públicos El caso del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores

The international utilization of the evaluation of programs is limited, in Mexico too. The objective of this paper is to analyze the recommendations made by the evaluation of federal programs in Mexico during 2007-2017, their commitments and the actual fulfilment of them; to review possible explanations and to make suggestions, in the case of National System of Researchers. The methodology used is based on the analysis of documental information and interviews. The results present recommendations that were not transformed into institutional commitments and recurrent issues that have not been fully resolved, particularly, the difficulty to undertake high impact evaluations. It concludes the need to make changes in the organizations of evaluation that favor the analyzed use.

Las mujeres y la sociedad del conocimiento: uso y aplicabilidad de las TIC por las investigadoras

The present article describes data of a research about the use of Information and communication technologies, ICT by the women scientists with recognition in the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores of Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia CONACYT of Mexico. The methodology was used under the quantitative approach and a cross-sectional descriptive study of scope. The study reveals certain advantages over the link between the use of ICT for women and for women scientists. The results shown the information about the women scientists: their professional and demographic information, as well as descriptions of the use, perception and applicability of ICT in the work and family environment. In this sense, it was identified that ICT represent advantages for the research work done by women, by which their job performance is maximized by the uses of these tools, but they are not yet perceived as a tool to obtain greater empowerment as women.

Trayectorias de la diáspora mexicana calificada

Este artículo busca reconstruir las trayectorias migratorias, académicas y laborales de posgraduados mexicanos que residen en el exterior y pertenecen al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores. Para contrastar las razones académicas y laborales de la migración, en el análisis se tienen en cuenta tres categorías: área de estudio, país de estudios doctorales y sexo. La metodología para reconstruir las trayectorias es mixta: con enfoque cuantitativo, puesto que la información procede de la “Encuesta para talentos mexicanos residentes en el exterior”; y con enfoque cualitativo, ya que se analiza el vitae de una submuestra de estos investigadores. Se halló que la migración por estudios se lleva a cabo en edades inferiores a los 30 años y las estancias posdoctorales superiores a esa edad; la vivencia del sistema educativo e investigativo del país de destino permite tener trayectorias académicas más continuas. Las migraciones no se pueden atribuir a una u otra razón exclusivamente.

El Sistema Nacional de Investigadores en México: 20 años de producción científica en las instituciones de educación superior (1991-2011)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo un sistema de estímulos económicos y de reconocimiento a las actividades de investigación en México ha impactado la productividad científica de las instituciones de educación superior (ies) a nivel nacional. Este análisis emplea una base de datos con información de 27,667 investigadores mexicanos que han formado parte del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (sni), al menos por un año, en el periodo 1991-2011, e integra 122,406 artículos publicados por dichos científicos en revistas isi. A fin de determinar la cantidad y calidad de la productividad de las ies, se consideraron como unidades de medida los artículos de publicaciones científicas y las citas bibliográficas. Los resultados indican que únicamente el 28% de las ies analizadas emitieron uno o más artículos en el periodo de estudio. Adicionalmente, nuestros resultados muestran que en diez universidades se agrupa tanto la mayor cantidad de artículos publicados, como la mayor cantidad de citas bibliográficas. Por otra parte, se muestra que la edad máxima de productividad es a los 58 años para el caso de las investigadoras y 57 años para los investigadores. Finalmente, una de las contribuciones de este trabajo es que muestra que las actividades de colaboración están en continuo crecimiento entre los investigadores.

The role of public policies in the decentralization process of Mexican science and the formation of new researchers in institutions outside the Mexico City area

We analyze the scientific productivity of the public state universities that are located outside of the metropolitan area of Mexico City through the outputs of researchers who have the benefit of been “New Full Time Professors” (NFTP) of the “Faculty Improvement Program” (PRODEP). This program was designed by the Mexican government with special emphasis to support the creation of new full-time positions in these universities. A good proportion of professors hired as NFTP in the universities mentioned earlier became members of the national system of researchers (SNI, Sistema Nacional de Investigadores). As a consequence of these two public policies, SNI and PRODEP, our results show that research groups of these universities are reducing their science gap with respect to the stronger research institutions located in Mexico City in terms of the outputs that are being published in mainstream journals with high impact factors. We found that engineering is an area that has been mainly benefited with the PRODEP program in the period 2010-2015.

A numerical algorithm with preference statements to evaluate the performance of scientists.

Academic evaluation committees have been increasingly receptive for using the number of published indexed articles, as well as citations, to evaluate the performance of scientists. It is, however, impossible to develop a stand-alone, objective numerical algorithm for the evaluation of academic activities, because any evaluation necessarily includes subjective preference statements. In a market, the market prices represent preference statements, but scientists work largely in a non-market context. I propose a numerical algorithm that serves to determine the distribution of reward money in Mexico’s evaluation system, which uses relative prices of scientific goods and services as input. The relative prices would be determined by an evaluation committee. In this way, large evaluation systems (like Mexico’s Sistema Nacional de Investigadores) could work semi-automatically, but not arbitrarily or superficially, to determine quantitatively the academic performance of scientists every few years. Data of 73 scientists from the Biology Institute of Mexico’s National University are analyzed, and it is shown that the reward assignation and academic priorities depend heavily on those preferences. A maximum number of products or activities to be evaluated is recommended, to encourage quality over quantity.

Una mirada a la presencia de las mujeres en la educación superior en México

The growth of higher education in Mexico over the last decades is characterized, among other things, by the greater participation of women. Today, there are significant numbers of women studying undergraduate or graduate degrees, incorporated to institutions as academic personnel and members of the National System of Researchers (Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, or SNI) or that hold positions in management. However, there are fields of knowledge —exact sciences and engineering, for example— where there are fewer women than men. Postgraduate degrees are new areas in which women have greater presence. On the other hand, the glass ceiling persists in most universities. Despite the fact that women have been inserted into different areas of higher education in Mexico, inequalities and iniquities continue; it is therefore necessary to develop a series of strategies and programs that allow us to speak of the existence of gender equality in our higher education system. The purpose of this article is it to bring data up to date showing advances in the presence of women in higher education, paying critical attention to the areas where it happens to a lesser degree, as well as presenting some of the guidelines that are being promoted in the country to foster greater gender equality and equity in the system of higher education.

How Mexican biochemistry developed and present challenges

How Mexican biochemistry developed and present challenges

5-Azacytidine as Salvage Treatment in Relapsed Myeloid Tumors after Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation

Relapse after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation carries a very poor prognosis. Current strategies for management that include donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) and salvage chemotherapies are usually toxic and ineffective. Here we report the outcome of 10 patients with myeloid malignancies that received 5-azacytidine after a failed allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Of the 10 patients, 6 achieved a complete remission, 1 had stable disease, and 3 progressed after a median of 6 cycles administered. Only 1 patient has died (of disease progression), and no flares of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were observed with 5-azacytidine. As of latest follow-up, the median overall survival (OS) for the group was 422.5 days (127-1411). These results further suggest that 5-azacytidine is an active agent after failing an allogeneic bone marrow transplant, and prospective studies are warranted.

Las relaciones internacionales entre México y Venezuela. Encuentros y desencuentros

Las relaciones bilaterales entre México y Venezuela, desde que ambos nacieron a la vida independiente, han sido, con algunas excepciones, cordiales y de apoyo mutuo. Durante dichas relaciones, se destaca la participación de los dos países en organismos regionales multilaterales y tratados bilaterales de cooperación para el desarrollo de las naciones menos adelantadas de la región y, sobre todo, acuerdos encaminados a la solución pacífica de controversias en nuestro continente y en el mundo en general. Aunque no es fácil entender los enfrentamientos verbales entre el ex presidente Vicente Fox y el presidente Hugo Chávez, ni las declaraciones de los cancilleres y diplomáticos de ambos países, encontramos que tal situación ofensiva entre gobernantes y diplomáticos de los dos Estados, ya se había presentado durante el siglo XX.

La protesta del presidente de la República. ¿Rito o requisito constitucional?

La protesta constitucional es una de las prácticas protocolarias que da formalidad al contenido constitucional. Jurar, protestar o prometer cumplir con la Constitución significa valorar el compromiso de ejercer la función cuyo desempeño está regulado por la Constitución y las leyes. Tratándose del presidente de la República, figura que ejerce facultades de la mayor relevancia, la protesta es particularmente significativa desde un punto de vista protocolario y formal. No obstante, nunca se había planteado en la vida práctica la hipótesis de que condiciones extraordinarias pudieran impedir el acto de la protesta constitucional. La asunción al Poder Ejecutivo de Felipe Calderón en diciembre de 2006 planteó la sociedad mexicana y a la doctrina constitucional la necesidad de revisar el texto constitucional y precisar los alcances de las disposiciones que norman la protesta constitucional, el momento en que ésta debe rendirse, las condiciones, así como el instante en que el presidente la República asume el cargo para el que fue electo.

Contributors

michael ervin teaches history and directs the Latino and Latin American Studies program at Central Washington University. He is currently completing The Art of the Possible: Agronomists and the Middle Politics of the Mexican Revolution, a social, political, and cultural history of the role of middle class professionals in Mexico’s postrevolutionary processes of state and nation formation.mark morris holds a PhD in Latin American history from Indiana University.rosalina ríos zúñiga is a researcher with the Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Universidad y la Educación (IISUE-UNAM) and Professor in the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras of the UNAM. She obtained her PhD in History from the University of Pittsburgh. She is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores. She has written the books Formar ciudadanos: sociedad civil y movilización popular en Zacatecas, 1821–1853 and La educación de la colonia a la república: El Colegio de San Luis Gonzaga y el Instituto Literario de Zacatecas (1754–1854) (Centro de Estudios sobre la Universidad-UNAM-Ayuntamiento de Zacatecas, 2002). She has published a number of articles on the history of education and cultural politics in nineteenth-century Mexico. She is currently working on a research project on the insurgency in Zacatecas.carlos rubén ruiz medrano is a Professor of History and researcher at the Colegio de San Luis, A.C. He received his PhD from the University of Seville and is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). His research focuses primarily on forms of collective resistance in colonial New Spain. His publications include Plata labrada en la Real Hacienda: Estudio fiscal novohispano, 1739–1800 (Mexico City: INAH / El Colegio de San Luis A.C., 2001); and “La máquina de muertes en San Luis Potosí y Guanajuato: Los levantamientos populares de 1766 y 1767” (in press). He has also published articles in a number of journals, including Mesoamérica, Estudios Novohispanos, and Colonial Latin American Historical Review.

Construcción de una metodología para identificar investigadores mexicanos en bases de datos del ISI

Indicators of science performance and evaluation are important to support decision making processes in science policy. In this context, output science indicators are analyzed through bibliometric, scientometric and webometric studies, usually conducted in databases produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. (ISI). One of the major problems with the use of these products however, is related to the variations of a given name in the author field. This is particularly relevant in the case of hispanic names, where a search strategy needs to consider significant variations to an author name. Proposals however have been limited to being aware of the situation and to submit recommendations to database producers, journal editors and even authors. Up to date no reports have been published on the method or approach used to analyze and solve this problem. The purpose of this work was to identify the coverage of the members of Mexico’s Researchers National System (Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, SNI) in ISI’s National Citation Report-Mexico (NCR) data base. The final goal was to construct a methodology so as to increase recall and precision rates in the coverage of SNI members in NCR. The study considered two phases. Phase one lead to the identification of the 9,201 SNI members in NCR for the period 1984-2002. In the second phase, a sample of 658 names was selected from SNI members. And an exhaustive search of author names was conducted, including precision criteria such as validation. Results helped to construct a methodology that lead to the grouping of four categories of names, each with a different level of difficulty and precision in the recall of data from NCR. An increase of up to 26.9% in the recall ratio from NCR was obtained through the use of this methodology. This document describes the conceptual model that emerged from the methodology, and discusses the research lines to follow as well as the implications of the study.

Problemática del desarrollo científico y tecnológico en México

This essay provides a general assessment of scientific and technological research in Mexico. The problems faced by Mexican science are highlighted through quantitative indicators. The first, membership in the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, is significant became this distinction has had a major impact on the country's research and scientific development. An analysis of the expenditures of the federal government on science and technology demonstrates that these have been insufficient. Finally, the article explores some alternative approaches to increase the contributions of the private sector to scientific and technological research in Mexico. In agreement with the current view of many public educational institutions, the article concludes by emphasizing the need to strengthen university--industry relations.

Globalization of Science and Repression of Scientists in Mexico

In this article, recent changes in the Mexican research system are examined. The restructuring of the global political economy and a severe crisis of legitimacy in the Mexican political system have generated a turn toward neoliberalism by the ruling party in a bid to attract foreign investment. A key component of neoliberal science policy is the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI), a system of salary increments for selected researchers instituted during the 1980s. Examination of SNI's decisions reveals numerous discriminatory and self-serving practices that are inconsistent with widely accepted norms in the scientific community. During the same period, repressive actions against researchers, such as the peremptory closure of research institutions, firings of research ers, and direct intimidation, have increased. The victims of discrimination and repression documented here are disproportionately foreign-born Mexicans, leftists, critics of the ruling party, and researchers in environmental and energy studies.

El crecimiento del campo de la investigación educativa en México. Un análisis a través de sus agentes

El presente trabajo forma parte de una investigación más amplia del campo de la investigación educativa en México, por lo que la información que se presenta en este artículo se limita a reportar parte de la información recabada sobre el crecimiento del campo en relación al número de investigadores que se han incorporado al mismo en los últimos ocho años. La investigación realizada trata de aportar conocimiento sobre la estructura y dinámica del campo de la investigación educativa (IE) a través del análisis del aumento del número de investigadores que lo integran en todas las entidades federativas del país. En el presente trabajo también se analizan brevemente los orígenes del campo de la investigación educativa en México y el número de agentes que pertenecen al Consejo Mexicano de Investigación Educativa y al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores.

El Sistema Nacional de Investigadores en 2009. ¿Un vector para la internacionalización de las élites científicas?

En ese artículo pretendemos examinar la siguiente hipótesis a partir de distintos ángulos de abordaje: el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) ha propiciado una estandarización, progresiva pero incompleta, de los criterios que rigen a las élites científicas nacionales sobre los que imperan en los países desarrollados. Examinaremos algunos indicadores en torno a los cuales los integrantes del SNI pertenecientes a los grupos de mayor edad presentan diferencias notorias con respecto de los de menor edad y son sintomáticos de esa dinámica de homogeneización, por ejemplo la edad de obtención del doctorado. Estudiaremos asimismo distorsiones que caracterizan ese universo, por ejemplo la de la sub-representación de las mujeres. Con base en un análisis sistemático de la base de datos de 2009 sobre los investigadores del SNI, y de una muestra de biografías académicas seleccionadas en el sitio del Curriculum Vitae Único, intentaremos demostrar en qué medida la adquisición de un posgrado en el extranjero favorece una progresión de carrera rápida en el interior del dispositivo, haciendo énfasis en los sesgos por área disciplinaria y en factores adicionales que explican la obtención de un alto capital de prestigio científico.