SiO2 Nanofluids Research Articles

Exploring thermal flow dynamics in pressurized water reactors using hybrid graphene nanoplatelet coolants

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on the temperature of nuclear reactor coolant, with a focus on graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)‐based hybrid nanoparticles. Sixteen different hybrid nanofluids were analyzed, and their performance was compared with a standard water‐based coolant. The criticality values were obtained through MCNP modeling, revealing that higher nanoparticle ratios led to increased criticality, with the highest value of 1.3239 observed in GNP‐Fe3O4 + Al2O3 nanofluids (0.05 wt%) and the lowest value of 1.2935 in GNP–Fe3O4 + SiO2 nanofluids (0.001 wt%). Temperature variations showed that increasing nanoparticle concentrations resulted in slightly higher temperatures, with a maximum of 611.97 K for 0.05 vol.% GNP nanoparticles. Additionally, the departure from nucleate boiling ratio values were consistently above the safety threshold of 2.08, with the lowest value of 3.657 for GNP–Fe3O4 + SiO2 nanofluids (0.05 vol.%). These findings suggest that hybrid nanofluids, particularly those with higher nanoparticle ratios, can enhance the thermal performance and safety margins of nuclear reactor coolants, offering a promising avenue for future research and application.

Effect of particle size on SiO2 nanofluid viscosity determined by a two-step method

AbstractAccording to review of the literature, the influence of nanoparticle diameter with irregular shapes on viscosity requires further research since there is no relation between particle size and nanofluid stability. In this study, SiO2/EG–water-based nanofluid samples were prepared, and their viscosities were experimentally determined. SiO2 nanoparticles had sizes of 7, 15, and 40 nm, and the base fluid was a 50% ethylene glycol and 50% water mixture. Nanofluid samples were prepared using a two-step technique. Viscosity change was measured every 10 °C from 20 to 60 °C. The maximum viscosity values were observed for 7, 15, and 40 nm particles over an entire concentration range. Considering all measurements, the highest viscosity increase was 60.51% for 3% SiO2 (7 nm) at 60 °C, and the lowest viscosity change was 7.72% for 1% SiO2 (40 nm) at 40 °C. The most stable sample of the current study was 1% SiO2 (15 nm), and its Zeta potential was − 35.6 mV. Finally, a new empirical equation that included temperature, particle diameter, and concentration terms is suggested to predict dynamic viscosity, with R adj 2 = 0.98. It was also compared with previous correlations.

A CO2-responsive Janus SiO2 nanofluid: Integration of enhanced oil recovery and demulsification

Aiming to address the issues of limited suitability of conventional chemical oil displacement materials for formation conditions and the serious emulsification of oil and water in the produced liquid, the innovative nano oil-displacing system with CO2-responsive behavior has been developed. This system integrates oil displacement and emulsion breaking. The efficacy of the CO2-response system in creating stable emulsions with a high capacity to decrease interfacial tension has been demonstrated. The interfacial responsive behavior of all active components, including Janus nanoparticles, sodium oleate, gums, and asphaltenes, in the emulsion system was analyzed in terms of interfacial rheology and adsorption. Additionally, the prepared system demonstrated a rapid response to CO2, effectively breaking the emulsion within 5 min. Furthermore, the oil recovery enhancing mechanism of the CO2-response system was investigated using a microscopic visualization model. The system was proved to be efficient in initiating the residual oil within pore channels. Considering the combined effectiveness of the CO2-response system in terms of efficient oil displacement and rapid response, it offers valuable insights for advancing the chemical flooding technology of in enhanced oil recovery.

Experimental investigation of nanofluid lubrication on surface roughness under MQL aluminum alloy 6061-T6 series in drilling

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the impact of varying the number of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) nozzles, wind pressure, spindle speed and type of lubrication on surface roughness, fatigue life and tool wear in the drilling of aluminum alloy 6061-T6.Design/methodology/approachThe effect of using different lubricants such as palm oil, graphene/water nanofluid and SiO2/water in the MQL method was compared with flood and dry methods. The lubricant flow and feed rate were kept constant throughout the drilling, while the number of nozzles, wind pressure and spindle speed varied. After preparing the parts, surface roughness, fatigue life and tool wear were measured, and the results were analyzed by ANOVA.FindingsThe results showed that using MQL with four nozzles and graphene/water nanofluid reduced surface roughness by 60%, followed by SiO2 nanofluid at 56%, and then by palm oil at 50%. Increasing the spindle speed in MQL mode with four nozzles using graphene nanofluid decreased surface roughness by 52% and improved fatigue life by 34% compared to the dry mode. SEM results showed that tool wear and deformation rates significantly decreased. Increasing the number of nozzles caused the fluid particles to penetrate the cutting area, resulting in improved tool cooling with lubrication in all directions.Originality/valueNumerous attempts have been made worldwide to eliminate industrial lubricants due to environmental pollution. In this research, using nanofluid with wind pressure in MQL reduces environmental impacts and production costs while improving the quality of the final workpiece more than flood and dry methods.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-01-2024-0021/

The behaviour of ternary hybrid nanofluid: Graphene oxide, Aluminium oxide, Silicon dioxide in heat transfer rate

The miniaturization in the design of the electronic system became inevitable due to the rapid advancement and development of technology. This has imposed challenges to the thermal management capability as the heat flux density has increased tremendously due to a smaller heat transfer surface. Nanofluids adoption in electronic cooling seems to be an alternative way for better heat dissipation. This research explores the feasibility of ternary hybrid nanofluids GO: Al2O3: SiO2 in water with different volume concentrations and mixture ratios in a serpentine cooling plate. In this research, 0.01% GO + Al2O3: SiO2, 0.006% GO + Al2O3: SiO2, and 0.008% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 in mixture ratios of 10:90 and 20:80 (Al2O3: SiO2) were studied. The result showed that 0.01% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 (10:90) nanofluids displayed the highest enhancement of heat transfer coefficient with 1.1 times higher as compared to the base fluid. This was then followed by 0.008% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 (10:90) and 0.006% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 (10:90) with 1.03 times and 0.87 times higher heat transfer coefficient enhancement consecutively as compared to the base fluid. In term of mixture ratios, GO in 10:90 (Al2O3: SiO2) performed better than 20:80. To assess the feasibility of adoption, the advantage ratio (AR) was conducted to measure both heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop effect. The AR analysis showed that at the lower Reynolds, Re number region, the 0.01% GO + Al2O3: SiO2 (10:90) ternary hybrid nanofluids was proven to be the most feasible due to a higher ratio of heat transfer enhancement over the pressure drop penalty.

Machine learning analysis of thermophysical and thermohydraulic properties in ethylene glycol- and glycerol-based SiO2 nanofluids

The study investigates the heat transfer and friction factor properties of ethylene glycol and glycerol-based silicon dioxide nanofluids flowing in a circular tube under continuous heat flux circumstances. This study tackles the important requirement for effective thermal management in areas such as electronics cooling, the automobile industry, and renewable energy systems. Previous research has encountered difficulties in enhancing thermal performance while handling the increased friction factor associated with nanofluids. This study conducted experiments in the Reynolds number range of 1300 to 21,000 with particle volume concentrations of up to 1.0%. Nanofluids exhibited superior heat transfer coefficients and friction factor values than the base liquid values. The highest enhancement in heat transfer was 5.4% and 8.3% for glycerol and ethylene glycol -based silicon dioxide Nanofluid with a relative friction factor penalty of ∼30% and 75%, respectively. To model and predict the complicated, nonlinear experimental data, five machine learning approaches were used: linear regression, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, adaptive boosting, and decision tree. Among them, the decision tree-based model performed well with few errors, while the random forest and extreme gradient boosting models were also highly accurate. The findings indicate that these advanced machine learning models can accurately anticipate the thermal performance of nanofluids, providing a dependable tool for improving their use in a variety of thermal systems. This study's findings help to design more effective cooling solutions and improve the sustainability of energy systems.

Economic and Exergy Analysis of TiO2 + SiO2 Ethylene-Glycol-Based Hybrid Nanofluid in Plate Heat Exchange System of Solar Installation

This paper concerns an economic and exergetic efficiency analysis of a plate heat exchanger placed in a solar installation with TiO2:SiO2/DI:EG nanofluid. This device separates the primary circuit—with the solar fluid—and the secondary circuit—in which domestic hot water flows (DHW). The solar fluid is TiO2:SiO2 nanofluid with a concentration in the range of 0.5–1.5%vol. and T = 60 °C. Its flow is maintained at a constant level of 3 dm3/min. The heat-receiving medium is domestic water with an initial temperature of 30 °C. This work records a DHW flow of V˙DHW,in = 3–6(12) dm3/min. In order to calculate the exergy efficiency of the system, first, the total exergy destruction, the entropy generation number Ns, and the Bejan number Be are determined. Only for a comparable solar fluid flow, DHW V˙nf=V˙DHW 3 dm3/min, and concentrations of 0 and 0.5%vol. is there no significant improvement in the exergy efficiency. In other cases, the presence of nanoparticles significantly improves the heat transfer. The TiO2:SiO2/DI:EG nanofluid is even a 13 to 26% more effective working fluid than the traditional solar fluid; at Re = 329, the exergy efficiency is ηexergy = 37.29%, with a nanoparticle concentration of 0% and ηexergy(1.5%vol.) = 50.56%; with Re = 430, ηexergy(0%) = 57.03% and ηexergy(1.5%) = 65.9%.

Solar FPC performance enrichment with Al2O3 / SiO2 nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid

Sustainable energy harvesting plays a crucial role in advancing the goals outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Solar flat plate collectors (FPC) are integral to sustainable energy harvesting, aligning closely with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) particularly goals 7, 8, 9, 13 and 17. The heat transfer fluid is one of the most important inputs in the solar flat plate collector system. The improvement in the properties of heat transfer fluid significantly improves the collector efficiency. Though Nanofluid is one of the solutions, this investigation is motivated by the use of Al2O3 and SiO2 along Syltherm 800 in the form of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid to improve the efficiency of FPC. The Syltherm 800 fluid (BF), Syltherm 800/Al2O3 nanofluid (ANF), Syltherm 800/SiO2 nanofluid (SNF), and Syltherm 800/Al2O3/SiO2 hybrid nanofluid (HNF) were tested and analysed to improve FPC performance. The results exemplified that using HNF improved the outlet temperature to the high of 126.9 °C, the average heat absorption of 4734.5 W, and the heat transfer coefficient (HTCO) of 166.3 W/m2K. The maximum average thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of about 76.3%, and 49.8% respectively. Based on the experimental outcomes of the Syltherm 800/Al2O3/SiO2 hybrid nanofluid is recommended to improve the FPC thermal performances.

Molecular dynamics study on thermophysical properties of K2CO3 molten salt-based SiO2 nanofluids using Buckingham potential framework

In concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, molten salt plays a vital role as a medium for both storing and transferring heat. This research conducts molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the thermophysical properties of K2CO3 molten salt-based SiO2 nanofluids within the Buckingham potentialframework. MD results show that the Buckingham potential along with the derived parameters can well reproduce the thermophysical properties of K2CO3 molten salt. At 1.0 wt% of nano-SiO2, the nanofluids achieve a 11.80 % enhancement in specific heat capacity compared with the pure molten salt. The thermal conductivity of molten salt nanofluids is increased as the doping ratio of nano SiO2 is increased. Specifically, when the doping ratio reaches 3.0 wt%, the thermal conductivity is increased by 14.31 % compared with the undoped base salt. It has been found that the enhanced specific heat capacity of nanofluids is primarily resulted from the change in the Coulomb energy due to the addition of the nano-SiO2 and a compression layer surrounding the nanoparticles. Heat flow decomposition of the nanofluid has also shown that its enhanced thermal conductivity is mainly caused by the strengthened nonbonded interactions by adding the nanoparticles.

Influence of Silica Oxide Nanofluid for Different Concentrations on Photovoltaic Cell

Photovoltaic (PV) cells, a renewable fuel, are widely employed. A conventional PV cell also loses efficiency as the temperature rises. This research addresses this issue by cooling the PV cell with nanofluid, specifically SiO2 and distilled water. Applying SiO2 nanofluid experimentally using a real experimental setup is hoped to cool the PV cell’s surface as it becomes heated. This research aims to use distilled water and various concentrations of SiO2 nanofluid, such as 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, and 0.3 wt% on Photovoltaic Cell and flow rate of 2 LPM and a radiation rate of 800 W/m2. ANSYS is used to confirm experimental results by using SiO2 as a nanofluid to lower the PV cell’s temperature and boost its thermal efficiency. The experiment’s findings demonstrated that utilizing nanofluid as a coolant boosted the PV cell’s thermal efficiency and decreased its temperature. Results showed that the thermal efficiency increased with the use of nanofluid as a coolant and with increasing mass concentration. Thermal efficiency values for distilled water, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% SiO2 were 35.56%, 79.91%, 91.04%, and 104.01%, respectively. This study also discovered that SiO2 works better in terms of cooling the PV cell than normal fluid because of its higher thermal conductivity. The experimental and numerical data show the same decline in PV cell surface temperature and thermal efficiency, unlike the computational results.

Comparison of Newtonian and glycerol-water solution-based SiO2 nanofluid droplets impacting on heated spherical surfaces

The dynamic interactions of liquid droplets with heated spherical particles, relevant across various scientific and engineering disciplines, display intriguing collision behaviors whose principles are yet to be fully deciphered. This investigation utilizes high-speed photography to explore the wetting and non-wetting responses of different Newtonian and glycerol-water solution-based SiO2 nanofluid droplets upon contact with heated particles. Findings indicate that nanofluid droplets disrupt the thermal field and modify the surface morphology of particles more extensively under wetting than non-wetting conditions. Wetting conditions lead to significant alterations in the liquid film thickness and notable velocity field disruptions for droplets of deionized water and glycerol solution. Conversely, in the non-wetting phase, droplets nearing full rebound cause less disturbance to the velocity field, a behavior consistent across all fluid types and particle temperatures. The shape changes nanofluid droplets undergo when rebounding and separating from the particle surface are similar to those seen in glycerol solution and water droplets. Droplets in the breakup-rebound phase experience shorter contact times than those merely rebounding. A phase diagram is presented, detailing wetting (receding-deposition and boiling-breakup) and non-wetting (rebound and breakup-rebound) actions. An increase in the Weber number necessitates a higher particle temperature for the transition from rebound to breakup-rebound, which corroborates with theoretical insights. Furthermore, droplets achieve their maximum spreading area during the boiling-breakup mode.

Exploring the combined influence of primary and secondary vortex flows on heat transfer enhancement and friction factor in a dimpled configuration twisted tape with double pipe heat exchanger using SiO2 nano fluid

The double-pipe heat exchanger has a wider application in food industries, chemical industries, and a wide variety of fields where heat transmission is necessary. This investigation focuses on optimizing heat transfer rates through active, passive, and combined approaches. Within the realm of passive methods, this study specifically examines the use of twisted tape additions in pipe flow. In this study, different factors like swirl flow, primary and secondary vortex flows caused by tape twist, and the presence of a V-cut on the tape are studied. These factors include heat transfer rate, friction factor, and the standard for judging the performance of a V-cut on the tape insert. Experiments have been conducted on a double-pipe heat exchanger with nanofluid silicon dioxide as the working medium. This study encompasses a Reynolds number range of 6000–14,000. Notably, investigations reveal that the introduction of a v-cut on the tape engenders a secondary vortex flow. The enhancement in the Nusselt number at the higher Reynolds number for the primary vortex was observed ineffective as the depth of cut increases. The friction factor is increased by 6.37 times for the e/c ratio, which equals 0.17 (tooth to the depth of the v cut) in comparison to smooth pipe, while the increase in heat transfer rate for the same is 87.73% for Re = 6000.

Improving heat transfer through alumina-silica nanoparticles suspension: an experimental study on a single cooling plate

ABSTRACT The urge for more complicated, sophisticated electrically active heat transfer devices, has intensified nowadays thus requiring a more critical thermal management issue. The generation of higher heat flux needs to be tackled efficiently as to avoid performance deterioration to the devices. The conventional active heat transfer method alone has limitations, especially in terms of space. This paper studies the effect of Al2O3:SiO2 hybrid nanofluids with 0.5% volume concentration in water as an alternative coolant in a single cooling plate. Five different ratios of hybrid Al2O3:SiO2 nanofluids were investigated ranging from 10:90 to 50:50 (Al2O3:SiO2) mixture ratio. Two types of cooling plates were studied which were Serpentine and Distributor type cooling plates. These plates were fabricated from carbon graphite which is commonly used in a liquid-cooled Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). In conclusion, the R1 (10:90) Al2O3:SiO2 hybrid nanofluids were shown as the most prominent ratio in heat transfer improvement and Serpentine shows the most feasible cooling plate with higher convective heat transfer and lower pumping power than the Distributor plate.

Assessment of thermohydraulic performance and entropy generation in an evacuated tube solar collector employing pure water and nanofluids as working fluids

This study conducts a numerical comparison of the thermal performance of three distinct working fluids (pure water, TiO2, and SiO2 water-based nanofluids) within an evacuated tube solar collector using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The study evaluates thermohydraulic performance alongside global and local entropy generation rates, while considering variations in solar radiation values and inlet mass flow rates. Results indicate that nanofluids demonstrate superior performance under low solar radiation, exhibiting higher outlet temperatures, velocities, thermal efficiency, and exergy efficiency compared to pure water. However, at the higher solar radiation level, the efficiency of SiO2 water-based nanofluid diminishes due to its impact on specific heat. Furthermore, the entropy generation analysis reveals significant reductions with TiO2 water-based nanofluid in all the phenomena considered (up to 79 %). The SiO2 nanofluid performance aligns closely with pure water under high radiation value. This investigation offers valuable insights into the utilization of nanofluids in solar collectors across diverse operating conditions, emphasizing their pivotal role in enhancing overall performance.

CHF and heat transfer enhancement by SiO2 nanofluids on a inclined downward facing heating surface

In this experiment, the factors affecting critical heat flux (CHF) in the pool boiling research with the heating face down were investigated. Including the type of cooling liquid and the angle of the heating surface. The types of coolants include reverse osmosis (R·O) water and SiO2 nanofluids (0.02 g/L～0.12 g/L). The morphology and types of nanoparticles were characterized by microscope (SEM) and scanning electron X-ray diffraction (XRD) before the experiment. Pool boiling experiments were performed using a specially designed heating block. After data processing, we found that in the horizontal downward heating experiment, the heat flux density increased by 49.68% and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) increased by 60.73% under nanofluid conditions compared to the case of R·O water when CHF occurred. The increase in the HTC is strongly related to the deposition of nanoparticles on the heating surface. In the heating surface experiment with different tilt angles, both the heat flux density and the HTC increase with the increase of the angle. In the experiment of inclined downward heating surface, the CHF and HTC increase with the increase of heating angle, but the increase is smaller and smaller.

Multi-objective optimization for balancing surface roughness and material removal rate in milling hardened SKD11 alloy steel with SIO2 nanofluid MQL

In manufacturing practice, manufacturers always strive to achieve both quality and productivity targets simultaneously. In the first part, this study examines the relationship between input factors, including cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, and the output response, which is surface roughness, when milling hardened SKD11 alloy steel under minimum coolant lubrication conditions using SiO2 nanofluid. The input parameters are divided into four levels to determine their influence on surface roughness and to find the optimal conditions for achieving the minimum surface roughness. The experimental design was conducted using an L16 array. A second-order regression model was developed to describe the relationship between the input variables and the output response. In the second part, multi-objective optimization was performed to simultaneously achieve the minimum surface roughness and the maximum material removal rate (MRR). The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed in this study. The results indicated that to achieve the minimum surface roughness, machining should be performed at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, a cutting depth of 0.2 mm, and a feed rate of 0.01 mm/tooth. With these settings, the predicted surface roughness could reach 0.0451 µm. On the other hand, for the multi-objective optimization, to achieve the minimum surface roughness and the maximum MRR simultaneously, machining should be carried out at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, a cutting depth of 0.36 mm, and a feed rate of 0.0168 mm/tooth. With this cutting condition, the predicted surface roughness could reach 0.1069 µm, and the predicted MRR could reach 775.06 mm3/min

Synergistic effect of surfactants and nanoparticles on the wettability of coal: An experimental and simulation study

Injecting surfactants into coal seams is an effective means to improve coal wettability. Previous studies have shown that nanofluids provided excellent drag reduction and wetting. Therefore, this manuscript investigates the synergies of AOS (Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate)-modified SiO2 nanofluid on the wettability of coal. Contact angle experiments were performed to examine the effects of deionized water on the wettability of coal treated with different solutions. The results demonstrated that 0.01 wt% nanofluid containing with 0.2 wt% AOS as the significantly increased the wettability. At the micro level, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to analyze the relative concentration distribution and MSD (mean square displacement) of water molecules in different systems. The simulation outcomes revealed that water molecules formed the thickest adsorption layer, and the diffusion range was more expansive, in the H2O/AOS-modified SiO2/Coal system. This was attributed to the amphiphilic structure of AOS-modified SiO2, which bent and folded on the coal surface, where hydrophobic sites were masked and hydrophilic sites were increased. Therefore, water molecules were attracted to the coal, the potential for collision was increased, and the wettability of the coal was enhanced. These findings provide a crucial foundation for modifying nanoparticles with surfactants and using them in coal seam water injection.

Grindability Evaluation of Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding of Silicon Nitride Ceramic Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication Based SiO2 Nanofluid

Minimum quantity Lubrication (MQL) is a sustainable lubrication system that is famous in many machining systems. It involve the spray of an infinitesimal amount of mist-like lubricants during machining processes. The MQL system is affirmed to exhibit an excellent machining performance, and it is highly economical. The nanofluids are understood to exhibit excellent lubricity and heat evacuation capability, compared to pure oil-based MQL system. Studies have shown that the surface quality and amount of energy expended in the grinding operations can be reduced considerably due to the positive effect of these nanofluids. This work presents an experimental study on the tribological performance of SiO2 nanofluid during grinding of Si3N4 ceramic. The effect different grinding modes and lubrication systems during the grinding operation was also analyzed. Different concentrations of the SiO2 nanofluid was manufactured using canola, corn and sunflower oils. The quantitative evaluation of the grinding process was done based on the amount of grinding forces, specific grinding energy, frictional coefficient, and surface integrity. It was found that the canola oil exhibits optimal lubrication performance compared to corn oil, sunflower oil, and traditional lubrication systems. Additionally, the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations with the SiO2 nanofluid in MQL system was found to reduce the specific grinding energy, normal grinding forces, tangential grinding forces, and surface roughness by 65%, 57%, 65%, and 18% respectively. Finally, regression analysis was used to obtain an optimum parameter combinations. The observations from this work will aid the smooth transition towards ecofriendly and sustainable machining of engineering ceramics.

Advancing performance assessment of a spectral beam splitting hybrid PV/T system with water-based SiO2 nanofluid

Advancing performance assessment of a spectral beam splitting hybrid PV/T system with water-based SiO2 nanofluid

β-Cyclodextrin modified SiO2 nanofluid for enhanced oil recovery

Recently, with the deterioration of oil storage conditions, the extraction of oil has been limited. In this experiment, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was grafted onto the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The structure and morphology of nanoparticles were analyzed by various characterization tools to effectively validate the synthesis of nanomaterials. In addition, it was experimentally demonstrated that the developed β-CD-SiO2 nanofluid has excellent stability and salt resistance. Finally, the comparative studies of the nanofluids were carried out by wettability, interfacial tension (IFT), Pickering emulsion, viscosity, and core flooding experiments. The results showed that β-CD-SiO2 nanofluid exhibited better performance: β-CD-SiO2 nanofluid changed the contact angle (CTA) of carbonate plate from 131.5º to 90.1º; the IFT was significantly reduced from about 35 mN/m to 22.5 mN/m; the emulsion droplets formed were fine and dense; the viscosity increased and viscosity not changed with shear rate; and total crude oil recovery up to 59.2%, 23.9% higher than using water drives. Overall, these results showed the great potential of β-CD-SiO2 nanofluid in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.