Sinusoidal Space Research Articles

Oxidative damage in the liver and brain of the rats exposed to frequency-dependent radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure: biochemical and histopathological evidence

The study aimed to discover a link between the liver and brain's functional status due to frequency dependent-radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Forty Wistar rats were randomly classified as control (sham-exposed) and EMR exposed groups. Animals were exposed to 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz with the specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.434 (W/Kg), 0.433 (W/Kg), and 0.453 (W/Kg) respectively. Animal exposure was limited at 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 1 month with a restricted power density (900 MHz- 11.638 µW/m2, 1800- 11.438 µW/m2 and 2100 MHz frequency- 8.237 µW/m2). Exposure at various frequencies showed a frequency-dependent change in the body weight and hematologic parameters (RBCs, WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit) as compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.01) (p ≤ 0.001). A significant elevation in serum transaminases and bilirubin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine was noted, whereas albumin significantly decreased after EMR exposure (p ≤ 0.01) (p ≤ 0.001). The blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, triglycerides, and cholesterol were elevated while adenosine triphosphatases, acetylcholinesterase, and tissue antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione Peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases were decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.001). Histopathological observations of the liver showed centrilobular mononuclear cell infiltration and swelling in sinusoidal spaces, while in the brain degenerated pyramidal and Purkinje neurons were seen. Furthermore, Substantial evidence was found that the brain is more susceptible to oxidative mutilation compare to the liver of exposed animals. In conclusion, RF-EMR exposure showed oxidative damage to the liver, increasing the incidence of brain damage in a frequency-dependent manner. Highlights EMR exposure showed frequency-dependent toxicity. Alterations in blood profile and modifications in the serological markers. Increasing lipid peroxidation indicating membrane damage. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity affecting cholinergic neurotransmission. EMR exposure resulted in the loss of cellular energy and production of excess amounts of ROS thereby altering several antioxidant enzymes. Histopathological evidence of severe degenerative changes in the liver and brain.

Is Mucormycosis an inevitable complication of Covid-19 in India?

Mucormycosis or black fungus infection is a less common disease but highly fatal infection, infecting the immunocompromised individuals. The site of predilection of the fungus is found to be lungs and brain in addition to its sequestration in sinusoidal spaces. Presently with the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic, the prevalence of this infection is found to be high in the Indian population. The fungus establishes itself by affecting the compromised immune system of an individual and thereby making the individual susceptible to other diseases/infection. The reasons attributed to the sudden upsurge are steroidal therapeutics abuse, tocilizumab therapy and diabetes mellitus.To avert the cytokine storm, the medical health workers are necessitated to include steroid drugs in COVID 19 treatment protocol however inclusion of these drugs in patients who do essentially require steroids can have their immune system debilitated and permit the invasion of this fungus. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 77 million Indians are known to be diabetic, cautioning the physicians to be vigilante of the impending black fungus infection in the event of COVID19 affliction in such individuals. There is causal relationship between anti-hyperglycemic drugs and weakened immune system and opportunity for the fungus invasion. This review attempts to explain the inter-relatedness of COVID19 infection, its treatment and eventual black fungus infection risk.

A Quantitative Study on the Protective Effects of Resveratrol against Bisphenol A-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Stereological Study.

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used chemical with toxic effects on the liver. Resveratrol (RES) is an herbal compound with protective properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RES on the liver in rats exposed to BPA.Methods:This study was conducted in 2018 in Shiraz, Iran. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups: a control group (distilled water), a sham group (olive oil as a BPA solvent), a BPA group (50 mg/kg), an RES group (100 mg/kg), and a RES+BPA group (50 mg/kg+100 mg/kg). Olive oil, BPA, and RES were administered to the animals via gavage for eight weeks. After eight weeks, the animals’ livers were removed, and stereological measurements were made to obtain the total liver volume, portal triad volumes, hepatocyte nucleus and cytoplasm volumes, hepatocyte numbers, sinusoidal space volumes and lengths, and Kupffer cell (KC) numbers. The data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance testResults: The hepatocyte number, the total liver volume, and hepatocyte nucleus and cytoplasm volumes in the BPA group decreased by 41% (P<0.001), 18% (P<0.001), 32% (P=0.030), and 37% (P=0.014), respectively. The number of KCs and the length of sinusoids in the BPA group were increased compared with all the other groups (P<0.001). Our histological study revealed vacuolization, sinusoidal space dilatation, and congestion in the BPA group.Conclusion: In this study, the RES group, compared with the BPA group, exhibited a decrease in the total volume and length of sinusoids and the number of KCs. Additionally, the RES group showed an increase in the total liver volume, hepatocyte nucleus and cytoplasm volumes, portal triad volumes, and hepatocyte numbers after oral administration

Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II

The present study elucidates further on clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies induced by single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei in sheep. Briefly, the experimental animals were divided into four groups of three animals each. Animals in each group were either infected with T. brucei, T. evansi, mixed (T. brucei and T. evansi), or noninfected. Animals were observed for clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies for 98 days (14 weeks). The clinical pathologies observed included loss of body condition, pale ocular mucus membrane, rough hair coat, scrotal oedema, scrotal degeneration, emaciation, and death. At necropsy, macroscopic or gross lesions included very pale and anaemic carcass composition, congested and pneumonic lungs with severe haemorrhages, serous atrophy of intestinal and body fats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions observed in the testes, spleen, liver, lungs, lymphoid, heart, and brain tissues of infected sheep were varied and included swollen kidney with renal tubular degeneration, the proliferation of lymphocytes at the germinal centers of the spleen, degeneration of the bronchioles, severe testicular degeneration with a reduction in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated Leydig and Sertoli cells with loss of sperm reserves in the seminiferous lumen, congested liver with sinusoidal spaces and the proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results indicate that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei, T. evansi, or mixed infections may be an important cause of various grades of tissue and organ pathologies in sheep in trypanosome-endemic areas.&#x0D; Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Clinico-pathological and microscopic features; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Mixed infections; Sheep

Multimodal imaging in a case of macular vortex vein varix

Variceal dilations of vortex vein are not uncommon in eyes with high myopia. However, its occurrence in emmetropic eyes and posterior location has rarely been reported. We report a case of 55-year-old man who presented with a reddish orange sub-retinal lesion at the macula with subtle pulsation and collapse on pressure indentation. The lesion appeared hyerfluorescent on early frames of FFA with persistent silhouette in the late frames. ICGA showed dilated and tortuous vascular complex with hyperfluorescence in the mid phase without any evidence of late leakage. On SD–OCT the lesion appeared as a hypo-reflective sinusoidal space extending from the Hallers layer to the choriocapillary bed with distortion of the overlying RPE. The En-face Angio-OCT imaging was suggestive of a flow void sinusoidal tract with internal septa. The clinical features and collaborative findings on multimodal imaging were suggestive of variceal dilatation of the vortex vein ampulla.

On thin ice

Introduction. Brain vascular malformations (BVMs) are congenital lesions with evolutive properties that possess a considerable chance of causing intracranial haemorrhage. The most common types are arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), aberrant entanglements of deformed vessels that shunt blood from the arteries directly into the veins, and cavernous malformations (CMs), being mulberry-shaped sinusoid spaces filled with blood. The rate of hemorrhagic stroke varies between these two types of lesions, being the most common form of symptomatic presentation for AVMs, but a much rarer occurrence for CMs. The purpose of our pilot study was to test whether the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage from BVMs varies between seasons, as well as examining a possible causality for this event.&#x0D; Material and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis on the cases of ruptured BVMs of the brain operated by the senior surgeon in our department between January 2008 and December 2019. We then divided the patients according to the type of lesion and gender, based on the month of the year when their pathologies caused the hemorrhagic stroke. We performed Pearson’s chi-square test to verify the relationship between season and rate of rupture of AVMs and CMs, individual month and rate of rupture, season and gender, and individual month and gender.&#x0D; Results. There were 87 ruptured vascular malformations, out of which 71 were AVMs and 16 were CMs. There were 51 males (40 AVMs, 11 CMs) and 36 females (31 AVMs, 5 CMs). The majority of hemorrhagic strokes occurred in the months of July (10 AVVMs, 2 CMs) and December (10 AVMs, 1 CM). We obtained a statistically significant correlation between the summer season and presentation with ruptured cavernous malformation, as well as the male sex and presentation with a ruptured AVM in December, whereas the female sex presented a correlation with ruptured AVMs in the month of March. We also obtained a correlation between the male sex and presenting with a ruptured vascular malformation of any kind in December, as well as the female gender and hemorrhagic stroke from any vascular malformation in the months of January and August.&#x0D; Conclusion. Despite promising statistical results, the relatively low number of cases may not be applicable to a larger patient population. It seems probable that meteorological conditions, especially extreme temperatures, might act as an additional risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke from vascular malformations, however, these findings should be corroborated with supplementary case series from other centres or a large prospective trial.

Phase space mapping of pivotal climatic and non-climatic elements affecting basin’ drought

This study puts forward a novel approach to identify Parishan Lake drying up roots by studying the dynamic evolutions in the study sub-basin. SPI, extreme climate indices, and several parameters (precipitation, evaporation, and temperature) were employed for 16 years (2002–2018). To obtain the object of the study, the phase space reconstruction method of delays and chaos theory were applied. Reconstruction of the phase space exposed that some attractors were elliptical shape and some were point. The temperature, evaporation, TXn, and PET suggested periodic time-series. However, TX90p, TX10p, TN10p, and SPI revealed aperiodic time-series, and, RX1day, Rx5day, and precipitation exhibited quasi-periodic behavior in time-series. The trajectory dispersion of all the parameters except TN10p, TX90p, and SPI reflected low chaos, while TN10p, TX90p, and SPI presented random behavior. The phase space behavior of RX1day, Rx5day, TN10p, precipitation, TX90p, and TX10p was non-sinusoidal. By contrast, temperature, evaporation, TXn, PET, and SPI displayed sinusoidal phase space behavior. The findings confirmed that Parishan Lake sub-basin has experienced climate changes which have generated anomalies in climatic and non-climatic parameters. The comparison between reconstructed phase space of study sub-basin and control sub-basin verified that climate change yielded equal impacts on the study and control sub-basins. As it was highly improbable that the Parishan Lake could be dried up in less than 10 years due to climate change, other affecting factors were also addressed. The findings indicated that excessive groundwater exploitation (as the key factor) increased dryness in the Parishan Lake sub-basin.

Pulse Width Modulation Technique for Nine-phase Electric Vehicle Drive System

Multiphase machines have many advantages such as smoother toque and low stator current at each phase without increasing the stator voltage per phase and are mainly used in industrial applications. By implementing nine phase drive system the stator current reduces at each phase, which neglects the use of high-cost bulky power harnessing equipment’s that are used in the conventional 3-phase electric vehicle drive system. In this article, a nine phase electric vehicle inverter is designed for the electric vehicle drive system. Choosing a pulse width modulation technique is the foremost criterion. In this article sinusoidal pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation technique is simulated and comparison is made based on the quality of power output. The simulation is modeled through Simulink software and the results are presented.

Dynamic erectile responses of a novel penile organ model utilizing TPEM†.

Male penis is required to become erect during copulation. In the upper (dorsal) part of penis, the erectile tissue termed corpus cavernosum (CC) plays fundamental roles for erection by regulating the inner blood flow. When blood flows into the CC, the microvascular complex termed sinusoidal space is reported to expand during erection. A novel in vitro explant system to analyze the dynamic erectile responses during contraction/relaxation is established. The current data show regulatory contraction/relaxation processes induced by phenylephrine (PE) and nitric oxide (NO) donor mimicking dynamic erectile responses by in vitro CC explants. Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) observation shows the synchronous movement of sinusoidal space and the entire CC. By taking advantages of the CC explant system, tadalafil (Cialis) was shown to increase sinusoidal relaxation. Histopathological changes have been generally reported associating with erection in several pathological conditions. Various stressed statuses have been suggested to occur in the erectile responses by previous studies. The current CC explant model enables to analyze such conditions through directly manipulating CC in the repeated contraction/relaxation processes. Expression of oxidative stress marker and contraction-related genes, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (Hif1a), glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), and Rho-associated protein kinase (Rock), was significantly increased in such repeated contraction/relaxation. Altogether, it is suggested that the system is valuable for analyzing structural changes and physiological responses to several regulators in the field of penile medicine.

Histomorphometric comparison of the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to euthanasia with ketamine and xylazine or isoflurane.

ABSTRACTPurpose:To compare the penile histoarchitecture of rats euthanized with isoflurane or with ketamine and xylazine.Methods:Fourteen male rats were divided into two groups: ISO, with animals euthanized with isoflurane; and K+X, with animals euthanized with ketamine (150 mg/kg) associated with xylazine (15 mg/kg). Immediately after the death, the penises were dissected, fixed in a 4% buffered formalin solution, and processed for histomorphometric analysis. The surface densities (Sv) of the corpus cavernosum structures (connective tissue, smooth muscle, sinusoidal space, and elastic fibers) were evaluated using Image J software. The distribution of collagen types I and III was qualitatively assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student’s t test for data comparison, considering it statistically significant when p < 0.05.Results:Regarding the Sv of connective tissue, smooth muscle and sinusoidal space, there were no differences between animals in both groups. On the other hand, the animals euthanized with the association of ketamine and xylazine showed the Sv of elastic fibers 24.8% higher in relation to animals euthanized with isoflurane.Conclusions:The euthanasia method affected one of the morphological parameters of the rat penises. The choice of euthanasia method must be standardized to reduce bias and to obtain reliable and reproducible results.

Endoderm and Hepatic Progenitor Cells Engraft in the Quiescent Liver Concurrent with Intrinsically Activated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

Stem cell transplantation to the liver is a promising therapeutic strategy for a variety of disorders. Hepatocyte transplantation has short-term efficacy but can be problematic due to portal hypertension, inflammation, and sinusoidal thrombosis. We have previously transplanted small mouse endoderm progenitor (EP) cells to successfully reverse a murine model of hemophilia B, and labeling these cells with iron nanoparticles renders them responsive to magnetic fields, which can be used to enhance engraftment. The mechanisms mediating progenitor cell migration from the sinusoidal space to the hepatocyte compartment are unknown. Here we find human EP and hepatic progenitor (HP) cells can be produced from human embryonic stem cells with high efficiency, and they also readily uptake iron nanoparticles. This provides a simple manner through which one can readily identify transplanted cells in vivo using electron microscopy, shortly after delivery. High resolution imaging shows progenitor cell morphologies consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediating invasion into the hepatic parenchyma. This occurs in as little as 3 h, which is considerably faster than observed when hepatocytes are transplanted. We confirmed activated EMT in transplanted cells in vitro, as well as in vivo 24 h after transplantation. We conclude that EMT naturally occurs concurrent with EP and HP cell engraftment, which may mediate the rate, safety, and efficacy of early cell engraftment in the undamaged quiescent liver.

Deleterious effects of mercuric chloride on blood biochemistry, liver and kidney histology in female albino mice

Mercury is a widespread environmental and industrial pollutant, which induces severe effects on human and animal bio-systems. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of mercuric chloride (Hgcl2) on the hemato-biochemical and histological changes of liver and kidney in female Swiss Albino mice. A total of 24 numbers of mice of 28-30 days’ age were randomly assigned into 4 equal groups (n=6) as A, B, C, D. Group A was kept as control. Mice of group B, C and D were provided Hgcl2 at a dose rate of 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg per kg body weight in distilled water daily for 12 weeks respectively. At the end of the experimental period, blood and tissues were collected and processed for hematological, biochemical and histopathological examination. Results showed that HgCl2 treated mice caused a significant decreased in weight gain even treated with low doses of HgCl2. Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly decreased in HgCl2 treated mice than control one. Values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) glucose were significantly increased and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), high density lipoprotein (HDL) were decreased in mice treated with different concentrations of HgCl2 compared with control group. Histo-pathological study showed that atrophy of the glomerulus was found in the kidney and presence of vacuoles and dilatation of sinusoidal spaces in the liver of HgCl2 treated mice. In conclusion, this research suggested that HgCl2 exerts deleterious impacts including association with hepatic and renal injuries.

Lack of Annexin A6 Exacerbates Liver Dysfunction and Reduces Lifespan of Niemann-Pick Type C Protein–Deficient Mice

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by cholesterol accumulation caused by loss-of-function mutations in the Npc1 gene. NPC disease primarily affects the brain, causing neuronal damage and affecting motor coordination. In addition, considerable liver malfunction in NPC disease is common. Recently, we found that the depletion of annexin A6 (ANXA6), which is most abundant in the liver and involved in cholesterol transport, ameliorated cholesterol accumulation in Npc1 mutant cells. To evaluate the potential contribution of ANXA6 in the progression of NPC disease, double-knockout mice (Npc1-/-/Anxa6-/-) were generated and examined for lifespan, neurologic and hepatic functions, as well as liver histology and ultrastructure. Interestingly, lack of ANXA6 in NPC1-deficient animals did not prevent the cerebellar degeneration phenotype, but furtherdeteriorated their compromised hepatic functions and reduced their lifespan. Moreover, livers of Npc1-/-/Anxa6-/- mice contained a significantly elevated number of foam cells congesting the sinusoidal space, a feature commonly associated with inflammation. We hypothesize that ANXA6deficiency in Npc1-/- mice not only does not reverse neurologic and motor dysfunction, but further worsens overall liver function, exacerbating hepatic failure in NPC disease.

Implementation of space vector modulation for two level Three-phase inverter using dSPACE DS1104

With increasing research and advancement in solid-state power electronic devices and microprocessors, various inverter control techniques employing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) are becoming popular especially in AC motor drive applications. The most commonly used techniques are Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) and Space Vector modulation PWM (SVPWM). SVPWM is considered to be superior to the SPWM because of better DC bus utilization. In this paper, a real-time digital implementation of SVPWM algorithm for three-phase two level inverter using dSPACE DS1104. The results obtained from the experimentation are closer to that of simulation, which confirms the validity of the implemented algorithm.

Metastatic Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma to the Breast: A Case Report

Abstract Introduction/Objective Metastases to the breast are rare (less than 3% of all breast malignancies). In adults, malignant melanoma is the most common type of metastasis followed by carcinomas from various primary sites. Here, we describe a case of metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) to the breast. Only a handful similar presentations are reported in the literature. Methods Here we describe the case of a 43-year-old female patient with a recent diagnosis of left base of tongue alveolar soft part sarcoma (in an outside hospital), presenting with a palpable mass in her left breast. Sonographic study of the left breast demonstrated a 1.4 cm oval hypoechoic mass with partially microlobulated margins at 1 o’clock. Results Histopathologic examination of the ultrasound guided core biopsy showed a “pink” neoplasm, composed of plump epithelioid tumor cells with an eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli. They are arranged in organoid nests separated by sinusoidal spaces. An immunohistochemical study shows the tumor cells to be negative for keratin AE1/AE3, keratin 7, keratin 5/6, GATA-3, Pax-8, estrogen receptor, HER2, p63, S100 and CD117. FISH test for TFE3 (Xp 11.23) is positive. PAS with diastase staining highlights the intracytoplasmic granules. Theses morphologic, clinical and molecular findings confirm the diagnosis of metastatic ASPS. Conclusion The differential diagnosis of “pink” tumors of the breast include primary tumors like secretory carcinoma and apocrine carcinoma and metastatic lesions of renal, thyroid, skin (melanoma), oral cavity and soft tissue. Although extremely rare, in the right clinical context, metastatic ASPS to the breast can occur and should be included in the differential diagnosis.

Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations in the pediatric population.

Background: Intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations (ISCM) account for just 1% of all intramedullary pediatric spinal cord lesions. Pathologically, they are well-circumscribed vascular malformations that typically appear dark blue or reddish-brown, often coming to the spinal cord surface. With regard to the histopathology findings, ISCMs are comprised sinusoidal vascular spaces lined by a single layer of endothelial cells within a loose connective tissue stroma. As these lesions are often misdiagnosed in the pediatric population, appropriate treatment may be unduly delayed.Methods: The authors performed an extensive review of the published literature (PubMed) focusing on ISCM in the pediatric age group.Results: The search yielded 17 articles exclusively pertaining to ISCM affecting the pediatric population.Conclusion: Here, we reviewed the clinical, radiographic, surgical, and outcome data for the treatment of ISCM in the pediatric age groups. Notably, over 50% of pediatric patients with ISCM experienced an improvement in their neurological status after a mean postoperative follow-up duration of 4 years. Future meta-analyses are needed to highlight the potential presence of ISCM and, thereby, decrease the rate of misdiagnosis of these lesions in the pediatric population presenting with recurrent intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhages.

Platelets Boost Recruitment of CD133+ Bone Marrow Stem Cells to Endothelium and the Rodent Liver-The Role of P-Selectin/PSGL-1 Interactions.

We previously demonstrated that clinical administration of mobilized CD133+ bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) accelerates hepatic regeneration. Here, we investigated the potential of platelets to modulate CD133+BMSC homing to hepatic endothelial cells and sequestration to warm ischemic livers. Modulatory effects of platelets on the adhesion of CD133+BMSC to human and mouse liver-sinusoidal- and micro- endothelial cells (EC) respectively were evaluated in in vitro co-culture systems. CD133+BMSC adhesion to all types of EC were increased in the presence of platelets under shear stress. This platelet effect was mostly diminished by antagonization of P-selectin and its ligand P-Selectin-Glyco-Ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Inhibition of PECAM-1 as well as SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 had no such effect. In a model of the isolated reperfused rat liver subsequent to warm ischemia, the co-infusion of platelets augmented CD133+BMSC homing to the injured liver with heightened transmigration towards the extra sinusoidal space when compared to perfusion conditions without platelets. Extravascular co-localization of CD133+BMSC with hepatocytes was confirmed by confocal microscopy. We demonstrated an enhancing effect of platelets on CD133+BMSC homing to and transmigrating along hepatic EC putatively depending on PSGL-1 and P-selectin. Our insights suggest a new mechanism of platelets to augment stem cell dependent hepatic repair.

Evaluating toxicity impacts of environmental exposed chromium on small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctatus) hematological, biochemical and histopathological functioning

Sub-lethal toxic impacts of chromium on hematological, biochemical and histological parameters were analyzed in the female small Indian mongoose (Urva auropuctatus) residing contaminated environment of tannery industry. Chromium bioaccumulation in the blood, liver and kidney tissue of the exposed mongooses was found elevated compared to the control mongooses’ tissues. Total body weight (75.7%), liver weight (83.6%) as well as HSI (68.1%), RSI (86.2%) and the platelets counts (59.7%) were found significantly elevated, with significantly reduced RBCs (59.6%), and WBCs (64%). LFT and RFT were also found abnormal, moreover, the histopathological injuries had been distinct inside the kidney (>75%) and hepatic (>75%) tissues of exposed animals. Shrinkage and vacuolization (>75%) inside the hepatocyte expanded sinusoidal spaces and nuclear pyknosis (>75%) was evident within the hepatic tissue. Hypertrophy of epithelial cells of renal tubules and inter-renal cells of the head kidney with a reduction in tubular lumens (>75%) and vacuolization of tubules were witnessed within the kidney section. Atrophy inside the kidney inter-renal cells, glomeruli compression within the Bowman’s capsules (>75%) following the necrosis in hematopoietic tissues were found in exposed animals. The present findings indicate that chronic exposure to chromium induces severe anemia, decreased serum protein concentration, hepatic and renal tissue histopathology, impairing the vital capabilities of liver, metabolic regulation, excretion, and stress homeostasis maintenance of which within the long-run may posture a severe risk to animal well-being then distress their inhabitants.

A Histopathological Study of Cisplatin-induced Acute Vascular Injuries in Vital Organs and Protective Effect of Achillea millefolium

The aim was to study the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium on acute vascular injuries induced by cisplatin in liver, heart and renal tissues 24 hour after administration and using histopathological surveys in wistar rats. 24 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I (control group) received physiological saline for 10 days. Animals of group II had single dose of injection of CP (cisplatin) (6 mg/kg, IP) on the ninth day. Group III received Achillea millefolium extract (250 mg/kg, gavage) for 10 consecutive days. Group IV had both Achillea millefolium extract (250 mg/kg, gavage) for 10 consecutive days and a single dose of injection of CP (6 mg/kg, IP) on the ninth day. Kidney, liver and heart organs were collected on 10th day from sacrificed rats and subjected to histopathological analysis. Then the possible histopathological vascular effects of cisplatin on liver, heart, kidney tissues and the protective effect of Achillea millefolium extract was analysed. Obtained data showed the vascular injuries in CP group as congestion of cardiac capillaries (p=0.00) and interstitial edema (p=0.03). In the kidney, shrinkage of glomeruli (p=0.04), widening of Bowman's space (p=0.04), dilatation of cortical capillaries (p=0.01) were significantly altered. The findings of liver organ were increased sinusoidal space (p=0.00) and infiltration of neutrophils in portal space (p=0.01). Pretreatment with ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium could attenuate these vascular injuries. Briefly, 24 hour after single injection of cisplatin the inflammatory process was seen in vital organs and administration of Achillea millefolium could mitigate these side effects.

Toxicity effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanomaterial on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758) in laboratory conditions

Over the past decade, the usages of carbon nanotubes in various industries have been increased. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are special form of carbon nanotubes which are used as nano-absorbents for various purposes of different industries due to their high surface to volume ratio. In aquatic environments these active nano-agents can easily absorb and accumulate in animal cells and tissues due to their tiny sizes and induce toxicity effects on bio-organisms mainly via pro-oxidants production. The present study assayed MWCNTs toxicity effects on anti-oxidative enzymes activities, serum hormonal and biochemical stress biomarkers, hematology parameters, histopathology and growth performance of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Experiment was conducted in five treatments including 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/l MWCNTs in triplicate and each of the experimental tanks consisted of a 400-l recirculating system, stocked with, 20 fish (12 ± 2 g) for 28 days. The results indicated that by increasing the concentrations of the MWCNTs weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate parameters were decreased. The findings showed that cortisol secretion, blood glucose level and anti-oxidative enzymes activities were increased with the increase of MWCNTs concentrations in the treatments. Histopathology results depicted that 15 and 20 mg/l MWCNTs caused hyperplasia, telangiectasia, apoptosis, and necrosis damages in gills and also, apoptosis, sinusoidal spaces, fibrosis, hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis in the liver of C. carpio. Despite these findings, further researches on effects of nanomaterials on aquatic organisms and ecosystems are essential to protect these environments against the newly found nanomaterials hazards.