Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique Research Articles

Modeling and Simulation of Five-Phase Synchronous Reluctance Motor Fed By Five-Phase Inverter

Five-phase machine employment in electric drive system is expanding rapidly in many applications due to several advantages that they present when compared with their three-phase complements. Synchronous reluctance machines(SynRM) are considered as a proposed alternative to permanent magnet machine in the automotive industry because the volatilities in the permanent magnet price, and a proposed alternative for induction motor because they have no field excitation windings in the rotor, SyRM rely on high reluctance torque thus no needing for magnetic material in the structure of rotor. This paper presents dynamic simulation of five phase synchronous reluctance motor fed by five phase voltage source inverter based on mathematical modeling. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used to generate the pulses for inverter. The theory of reference frame has been used to transform five-phase SynRM voltage equations for simplicity and in order to eliminate the angular dependency of the inductances. The torque in terms of phase currents is then attained using the known magnetic co-energy method, then the results obtained are typical.

Analysis and simulation of a single-phase seven-level inverter controlled by modified sinusoidal PWM technique

In this paper, a modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) technique and a modified single-phase H-bridge seven-level inverter is proposed. The switching pulses for the proposed seven-level inverter are generated using a single triangular carrier waveform, a fully rectified sinusoidal signal, and three stepped reference signals (Uref1, Uref2 and Uref3). Using optimization technique, the magnitude of the stepped reference signal is determined so that the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage waveform is minimum and the fundamental component, RMS value of the voltage is improved for a given modulation index Ma as compared to the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). By the implementation of the new scheme, the seven-level of the inverter output voltage level (+Vdc, +2Vdc/3, +Vdc/3, 0, −Vdc, −2Vdc/3, −Vdc) is obtained for any given modulation index. Similarly, if only two stepped reference signals are used then the inverter will act as a five-level inverter for any modulating index Ma. The proposed MSPWM and seven-level inverter are simulated on MATLAB/SIMULINK for R, R-L load and on a single-phase capacitor-start and capacitor-start-run Induction Motor.

Pulse Width Modulation Technique for Nine-phase Electric Vehicle Drive System

Multiphase machines have many advantages such as smoother toque and low stator current at each phase without increasing the stator voltage per phase and are mainly used in industrial applications. By implementing nine phase drive system the stator current reduces at each phase, which neglects the use of high-cost bulky power harnessing equipment’s that are used in the conventional 3-phase electric vehicle drive system. In this article, a nine phase electric vehicle inverter is designed for the electric vehicle drive system. Choosing a pulse width modulation technique is the foremost criterion. In this article sinusoidal pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation technique is simulated and comparison is made based on the quality of power output. The simulation is modeled through Simulink software and the results are presented.

Single phase seven level Z-source cascaded H-bridge inverter for photovoltaic systems

<p>The Multilevel inverter (MLI) is identified as a viable power electronic unit for distributed energy conversion applications. In this paper discusses the performance of single phase seven level Z (impedance) source cascaded H-bridge inverter topology suited for solar photovoltaic systems. A modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is used to control the switches of the H-bridge inverter. The simulation results are obtained interms of inverter output voltage and harmonic analysis confirm improvement in voltage boost and reduction in harmonic distortion of the suggested inverter topology. The experimental results matches with the simulation values, as verified through a scaled down prototype.</p>

Grid integration of PMSG based wind energy conversion with battery storage system

In this paper, the design and implementation of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system and battery bank storages are connected to utility grid. It has phase locked loop (PLL) control strategy as it provides for control single-phase grid connected inverter with constant dc-link voltage. The dc-link is interfaced to a permanent magnet synchronous generator through diode bridge rectifier (DBR) with dc-dc boost converter, battery bank and single phase voltage source inverter (VSI).The dc-link voltage is maintained constant value of 48 V by controlling dc-dc converter with help of perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm based maximum power point tracker (MPPT). The VSI output voltage and frequency values are controlled based on grid parameters using PI controller and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. In this grid connected system is simulated and performances are analyzed through MATLAB software. The prototype experimental results are verified through 1 kW PMSG, 48 V battery bank with single phase grid connected system.

Comparison of Multi-Carrier Based Modified SPWM Techniques for Three Level FCMLI

In this paper, a three phase three level flying capacitor multi level inverter is simulated for various multi-carrier based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques and the result obtained were evaluated. Two type waves named triangular and trapezoidal triangular (TT) waves are used as Carrier waves. Other than normal sinusoidal PWM, Modified sine PWM technique is also used for effective comparison. In Modified SPWM a Sinusoidal wave is used as reference wave and carrier waves conducting for first and last 60° intervals are used as carrier. The Total Harmonic distortion (THD) obtained in various techniques are compared between all the methods. The harmonics, THD, fundamental value of output voltage is observed for various techniques.

A development of an Arduino pure sine wave inverter for a small scale off-grid solar PV system

This paper presents the implementation of Arduino Nano microcontroller for a single-phase pure sine wave inverter, which can convert DC voltage to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar-powered electricity generation is being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. The designed inverter converted DC voltage into AC voltage for a small-scale off-grid solar PV system suitable for electrification in remote areas, pollution-free, and inexpensive. Its inverter uses a sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique and a simple circuit, consisting of only 2 MOSFET switches and 1 MOSFET driver. The H-bridge inverter’s output is applied to a step-up transformer with a dual coil input and a single-coil output, and hence, we can create positive and negative sides of the wave. Mitigate a voltage noise; a capacitor is parallelly installed at the secondary side of the transformer. Several simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the designed inverter using Proteus software, and continued hardware implementation. Based on some experiments we have done, the designed inverter produces a 230 V r.m.s 50 Hz sine wave with very low harmonics distortion. The highest efficiency was obtained using 2200nF / 400V of the filter capacitor, and the smallest voltage regulation gained using 2200nF / 400V of the filter capacitor when compared with other capacitors. The proposed system is economical, efficient, and reliable and can be used for small scale power applications.

PV Fed Grid Power Control by Discrete CUK Converter and SPWM Inverter Control Techniques

In this paper the power supplied to the grid is regulated with the help of Discrete Sliding Mode Controlled (DSMC) CUK converter and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) topology controlled 3-phase Inverter. The CUK converter is used in the input side to Buck or Boost the PV (Photo Voltaic) array voltage to the required value of the 3 -phase Inverter. Natural isolation of source and load is obtained in the CUK converter with the help of capacitor energy transfer so that the ripple content is less in both load and source side. These CUK converters are operating in continuous current mode so that regulation of power from the solar panel is easy and efficient compared to Buck-Boost converters. In this paper DSMC CUK converter topology is implemented so that converter is feasible to incorporate with any digital controller with less hardware requirements, it has flexibility in control characteristics and guaranteed stability of highly fluctuating solar power under different climate conditions. The simulation model has battery back-up which is charged during high irradiation time and provides power to load during less irradiation climate conditions. The 3-phase Inverter is controlled by SPWM technique to reduce the switching losses of the Inverter so that the harmonics in the load side is less and it is easy to implement. So that the overall system is efficient, ease of implementation, robust and economical.

Optimized Harmonic Reduction PWM based Control Technique for Three-Phase quasi Z-Source Inverter

This paper proposes an optimized harmonic reduction pulse width modulation (HRPWM) control strategy for three-phase quasi Z-source inverter (qZSI). In traditional sinusoidal or space vector pulse width modulation techniques, the flexibility in adjustment of individual switching angles is not possible and thus, these techniques are not optimum choices for low switching frequency operations of high/medium power qZSI. In the proposed technique, adjustments of switching angles of HRPWM waveform are possible to achieve optimum performance. The optimum performance is targeted as maximization of boosting factor and simultaneous minimization of weighted total harmonic distortion (WTHD) at the output voltage of qZSI. The hybrid particle swarm optimization gravitational search algorithm (PSOGSA) is used for computation of optimum switching angles of suggested HRPWM waveform at various modulation indices. The obtained WTHDs up to 49th order harmonics and boosting factors of optimized HRPWM methodology are compared with that of the maximum boost control (MBC) technique for qZSI to justify superior performances of the suggested method in low switching frequency range. The proposed concept has been verified via simulation study. The experimentation (qZSI controlled by microcontroller) validates the working of optimized HRPWM based qZSI which agrees with software results.

Design and Implementation of a Full-Bridge LLC Converter With Wireless Power Transfer for Dual Mode Output Load

The proposed research is to accomplish a converter for driving DC load or AC load with wireless power transfer (WPT) technique. In this novel scheme, a full-bridge LLC resonant converter is adopted to deliver the energy from the primary to the secondary side. Besides, the LLC converter has soft-switching characteristic of the switches at the primary to improve the efficiency of the converter if the switching frequency is selected appropriately. In order to achieve the feature of wireless power transfer, the WPT (transmitting/receiving) coils are utilized to replace the transformer. The leakage inductor can be treated as a resonant inductor integrated in the transmitting coil. In the output side, a sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is added to generate AC voltage for specific load. In other words, the proposed converter can output DC or AC voltage by user’s demand. In the end of this research, a LLC converter with WPT technique for 1kW is implemented. The experimental results and the related waveforms are also shown in the content. In this topology, the highest efficiency of DC output is 89.2%, and the highest efficiency of AC output is 82.6% respectively.

Time-Domain Characterization and Detection of Open Circuit Faults for H-Bridge Power Cell

This article presents the time-domain characterization of semiconductor open-circuit switch faults (OCSFs), such as an open switch with a healthy diode and switch–diode pair open for the H-bridge power cell. The inverter fault signatures under diagonally opposite open switch fault conditions with a healthy diode are approximately similar; therefore, this article presents a detection algorithm with a unique identification of each faulty switch within the H-bridge power cell. The proposed algorithm is also designed to detect and identify multiple OCSFs. The nonideal characteristics of semiconductor switches are considered for the identification of switch faults. The well-known unipolar sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation technique is used for the switching of semiconductor devices for the single power cell. The mathematical expressions have also been derived to find out the effect of the switch fault using a double Fourier integral solution and the switching states. The analytical expressions have been developed for the switched output voltage waveforms under ideal switching conditions. The behavior of the switch faults has been analyzed using inverter output voltage, load current, and total harmonic distortion of the pulsewidth-modulated inverter output voltage.

Comparison of Trapezoidal and Sinusoidal PWM Techniques for Speed and Position Control of PMSM

In this article, speed and position controls of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) are performed by using a genetic algorithm-based controller. Hall Effect sensors have been used to obtain position data of the motor. Since Hall Effect sensors have been mounted, PMSM has been driven as a Brushless DC BLDC) motor. Sinusoidal and trapezoidal current reference models have been used in the control system. The proposed control system has been operated for speed control as well as position control of the motor. The developed genetic-based speed and position control method has been tested for both trapezoidal and sinusoidal PWM commutation techniques. The results obtained from these commutation techniques have been compared. Speed and position results of the motor have been obtained under the different load and operating conditions. The results reveal that the proposed control system is reliable, robust and effective.

Design and Analysis of STATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation using Three Phase Multilevel Inverter

This paper proposes the concept of reactive power compensation with the aid of STATCOM (static synchronous compensators) and three phase multilevel inverter. The classification of multilevel inverters under three major types which are H-bridge inverter, flying capacitors-based inverter and diode clamped multilevel inverter. Among these multilevel inverters, the diode clamped type is stressed in this paper due to its capability to process 3-phase output in the absence of any input. Here the reactive power is compensated using 7-level based multilevel inverter with diode clamps are made utilizing the capacitors banks, diodes and switches which would therefore abates the voltage stresses and harmonics resulting in higher efficiency of the power system. Besides the functioning of multilevel inverter, STATCOM is also utilized to improve the regulation of reactive power flow and thereby, enhances the stability under transient condition of a power system. Subsequently, the compensated seven level output is procured by the sinusoidal PWM technique.

Simulation and experimental verification of modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique for torque ripple attenuation in Brushless DC motor drive

The Brushless DC motor when operated with120° conduction mode with quasi square wave current in phase with trapezoid back emf leads to finite torque ripple in the commutation region with only two phases conducting at any time. To overcome this, the BLDC motor phases can be supplied with sinusoidal currents which reduce the voltage required to deal with the phase inductance instead of quasi square currents as the change in currents is smoother because of its shape. The proposed technique aims to develop closed-loop speed control of BLDC motor using Modified Sinusoidal Pulse Width modulation (MSPWM) technique by providing sinusoidal stator currents in synchronism with the trapezoid back emf to reduce the commutation torque ripple with improved dynamic performance. The closed-loop control is accomplished by providing a PI controller for a speed control loop. Hall sensors along with shaft encoder are used for detecting the accurate rotor position and speed. This technique provides a higher DC bus utilization as compared to conventional six-step control with torque ripple reduced up to 50%. To justify it, simulation is performed using MATLAB®/SIMULINK at different speed and load. The experimental verification is carried on a prototype using the STM32F407VG microcontroller with Cortex-M4 32 bit ARM controller. The experimental results validates the closed-loop speed control operation of BLDC motor using MSPWM technique.

Modified SPWM technique for improved harmonic performance of single PV array fed grid‐tied five‐level converter

This study presents a performance assessment of a single photovoltaic (PV) array fed transformer-based five-level converter topology with optimal shift factor-based modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (OSF-MSPWM) technique under a dynamic solar PV environment. The five-level converter output is generated using H bridge cells and single-phase transformers. A single PV array is fed to all cascaded H bridge cells and isolation is provided by cascading secondary windings of the transformers in the AC side. The separate DC sources requirement is eliminated and galvanic isolation is provided by single-phase transformers. The decoupled controller with modified in-phase disposition PWM technique is used for active power injection into the grid at unity power factor. This work uses a new carrier shape at the same input carrier frequency and modulation index m f for improving the harmonics performance of the five-level converter. Hence, shift the dominant harmonics to the higher side for developed topology and performing optimal shift factor-based modulation is compared with the conventional SPWM technique. The steady-state and dynamic responses of the PV multilevel converter are observed in MATLAB simulation and tested in a real-time platform.

Modeling and analysis of single phase quasi Z source matrix converter fed induction motor drives

Single-phase quasi z-source matrix converter which is used for AC drives and induction heating applications is designed here. The foremost gain of matrix converter is the elimination of dc link filter. By comparing with established matrix converter, the quasi Z source matrix converter provides high voltage gain, requires less number of switches and LC filter functions which is integrated in the proposed network so as to repudiate additional filter components. The proposed topology describes the direct quasi Z source matrix converter in order to increase voltage gain in load side. The sinusoidal PWM technique has been employed and proposed circuit is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The experimental set up has been implemented and the results shows that the Quasi Z source matrix converter provides high efficiency. Compared with the conventional matrix converter it dispense low input current and high power.

A Technique for Better Energy Management of Single-Stage Topology of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System

This paper proposes a technique for energy managing of a stand-alone photovoltaic system. The proposed system employs a power processing inverter, which contains high PV voltage at the input to mitigate the magnitude of AC signal at the output, eliminating use of DC-DC converter and reduces the input capacitor size of PV array. To meet the power requirement of load and to maintain the maximum power point operation of PV array, battery bank is utilized with a bi-directional converter. An impedance model of the complete system is executed. Based on the model, the control architecture is designed which works in four modes: 1) if load demands > MPP of PV, additional current is extracted from the battery; 2) if load demands < MPP of PV array, extra current is given to the battery; 3) only load management is utilized since the battery bank is not available because of over-charging or under-charging; 4) if irradiation varies then first mode is used for load requirement. The technique is designed which guarantees the maximum power point tracking of PV system even without using any intermediate stage of DC-DC converter, hence making it single-stage, MPPT is achieved by effectively controlling bi-directional converter used for battery charging and discharging purpose. To ensure better utilization of dc voltage enhanced efficiency and low less harmonic distortion, sinusoidal PWM technique is used to drive the inverter. Simulation results are carried out for ensuring better energy management along with MPPT operation demonstrated under uniform operating conditions.

Performance investigation of stand-alone solar photovoltaic system with single phase micro multilevel inverter

In this paper a novel micro multilevel inverter based stand-alone solar photovoltaic system is presented. A micro multilevel inverter is a micro inverter having multilevel inverter structure. Solar photovoltaic system with micro multilevel inverter is modelled and simulated on the MATLAB platform; the solar photovoltaic input parameters such as solar irradiance and panel temperature effect on the output parameters such as DC voltage and current are investigated, the overall effect on the load is also investigated. The five level multilevel inverter is fitted beneath the each two solar panels, a five level multilevel inverter is developed with the five switches and level shifting sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is opted as a control scheme for the controlling micro multilevel inverter switching. At various modulation indexes the results obtained and an over modulation has been chosen in order to reduce the lower order harmonic content and the switching losses. The obtained total harmonic distortion is very less and the laboratory prototype is developed to validate the simulation results. The experimental results are close knit with the simulation results.

A Novel Transformerless Single-Stage Grid-Connected Solar Inverter

A novel tranformerless single-stage grid-connected solar inverter with a combination of a bidirectional dc/dc boost converter followed by a flyback inductor inverter is proposed. The inverter shares a common ground with the photovoltaic (PV) panel and the grid, which realizes a zero leakage current and it is the most desired feature in transformerless inverters. Further, the proposed inverter provides the boost voltage operation, hence it does not require a second stage which decreases the system cost and increases the system reliability. The other advantage of the proposed inverter is that it provides both the symmetrical positive voltage gain and negative voltage gain, which allows to use simple sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation technique for realizing the ac sinusoidal output voltage. The proposed inverter steady-state operation and the design equations are presented in detail. The converter dynamic model is developed using state-space averaging approach, and a proportional resonant current controller is designed for inverter closed-loop operation with the grid. The presented analysis and the design are verified with both the simulation and experimental results.

Novel Hybrid Pulse Width Modulation Technique for Solar Fed Cascaded Multilevel DC-Link Inverter

Multilevel inverter plays an important role especially in solar based renewable energy sources due to its modularity in structure and medium or high power applications. It is well known that there are three types of inverters which are Diode clamped multilevel inverter, flying capacitor multilevel inverter and cascaded multilevel inverter. One of the drawback of these inverters are, more switching losses due to which quality of power get decreases. The main intention of this work is to improve the quality of power, thereby increasing the life and performance of the overall system at consumer side. One of the reduced switched multilevel inverters have been used to perform so called multilevel DC link inverter. In earlier days, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is used to reduce the switching losses of the inverter. Present work proposes a new Hybrid Pulse Width Modulation (HPWM) technique to control the switching losses in the system. In this HPWM technique, multi level DC link inverter having combination of SPWM (at level generation), and Fuzzy controller(at polarity generation) are used to reduce the losses, and the results are compared with conventional SPWM technique considering R and R-L load.