Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique Research Articles

Wild horse optimization algorithm implementation in 7-level packed U-cell multilevel inverter to mitigate total harmonic distortion

Introduction. Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are a popular industrial and, more especially, renewable energy application solution. This is because of its appetite for filters, low distortion class, and capacity to provide a multilayer output voltage that resembles a pure sine waveform. The novelty is in applying the wild horse optimization algorithm (WHOA) to adjust the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique by producing the optimal reference signal parameters in a new multilevel inverter architecture known as the packed U-cell multilevel inverter (PUC-MLI). Purpose. This study helps with the idea of new inverter architecture and a modified pulse width modulation (MPWM) method to make the multilevel inverter smaller, cheaper, and with less total harmonic distortion (THD). Methods. We use the proposed approach to control a 7-level, single-phase PUC-MLI. The WHOA is used to discover the optimal parameters of the additional reference sine signal after being compared with SPWM to evaluate its performance in harmonic reduction. The simulation’s outcome was validated by building a PUC-MLI prototype. Results. Experimental results and simulations validate the effectiveness of the suggested approach. The WHOA-improved MPWM approach achieves a significant reduction in THD on the PUC-MLI output voltage, as indicated by the results. Practical value. THD in MLI output voltage will be reduced without spending any cost. The suggested solution works with many MLI topologies with varying output voltage levels. References 20, tables 6, figures 12.

IEZ-Source Inverter Topology with Tuned PID Controller of Carrier SPWM Technique in Grid Connected System

Z-source inverters are used in controller applications, which offer higher performance than the buck-boost converter. This work presents the Improved Embedded Z (IEZ)-source inverter used for the impedance network. The Z-source inverter includes the switching topologies, so the double inductor is added to the EZ source inverter circuit. IEZ source inverter manages the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and the PID controller controls the inverter voltage. The Social Ski Driver (SSD) Optimization algorithm is used to tune the parameters of the PID controller. The harmonic content of the Z-source inverter is reduced by the carrier based sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. The Improved Embedded Z-source Inverter (IE-ZSI) is utilized to apply a grid-connected system. The inverters receive the power from the DC voltage and supply the grid-connected load with controllable voltage. The proposed work is implemented in the platform MATLAB/SIMULINK to evaluate the performance of the voltage across the capacitor, the voltage across the inductor, grid current and grid voltage. Inverter DC link voltage performance was compared to conventional Z-source inverters and embedded Z-source inverters. The proposed work achieved 1.52% THD compared with existing techniques.

Comparative Analysis of Bipolar and Unipolar SPWM Techniques in PIC-Based Pure Sine Wave Single-Phase Inverters

This paper provides a comparative analysis of bipolar versus unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) in DC-AC inverters, focusing on Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) across modulation indices and the latter’s effects on the R-L loads. Using the PIC18F2431 microcontroller for its efficiency, a single-phase inverter accomplished to deliver a high-fidelity sine wave. This study discovered that while both SPWM methods reduce harmonics, the unipolar approach yields more uniform THD reduction and superior performance, particularly noticeable in RL load conditions, where minimal harmonic distortion is crucial. The bipolar inverter, despite a higher initial THD, shows a considerable improvement at higher indices, significantly enhanced by an LC low-pass filter. This filter is a key component in achieving sub-1% THD levels at full modulation, ensuring optimal sine wave quality. The findings highlight the operational differences between the SPWM techniques and the importance of the LC filters in ameliorating the inverter output for various power applications.

Multilevel inverter: harmonic analysis with and without filters for RL load using SPWM techniques

Multilevel inverter (MLI) gains more attraction compared to conventional inverter as it generates a staircase output voltage that mimics sine waves of desired output voltage. Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) topology is taken into consideration owing to several benefits over conventional inverters. Various levels of CHB (3 and 5 level) inverters are compared on diverse parameters. In this paper level shift sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique is considered resulting in reduced lower order harmonic (LOH) distortion and improve the quality of output current and voltage depending on the load. Since, the LOH are too dangerous for power electronic circuits. An attempt to shift all the LOH above 50th order depending on the modulation technique with analogy for selecting an appropriate switching frequency is highlighted. The effect of change in switching frequency and modulation index (MI) on RMS output voltage, % voltage total harmonic distortion (VTHD), output power factor with different modulation techniques such as phase disposition pulse width modulation (PsD PWM), phase opposite disposition (POD PWM), alternative phase opposition disposition (APOD PWM) is portrayed in the paper. Further, to boost the performance a unique filter circuits with optimal design values of Inductance and capacitance driven with IEEE 519-2022 standards. The effectiveness in terms of with and without filter is verified and validated using MATLAB.

Seven‐level single‐source switched capacitor inverter with triple boosting capability and high reliability

SummaryA single‐source switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) topology utilizing only 10 switches and 1 diode with the capability of generating seven output voltage levels and a triple voltage boosting factor is proposed in this paper. The converter has capacitors that are self‐balanced and do not require any additional circuitry. The multicarrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is used to generate various switching signals for the 10 switches. Moreover, the reliability analysis using the Markov model has been carried out to assess the lifespan of power electronic components used in the proposed converter. The converter's performance is analyzed when an open circuit fault occurs in one or multiple switches. Power loss and efficiency in the converter are calculated by PLECS software using thermal modeling. The efficiency of SCMLI was found to be 97.6% for a 300 W load. The inverter working is verified by building a 500 W prototype in the lab. The experimental results in steady‐state and dynamic conditions agree with the theoretical and simulation analysis.

Power flow analysis in a distributed network for a smart grid system

<span>This article presents the implementation of a hybrid renewable energy-based smart grid in a distributed system. Photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation are variable and time-dependent, yet they are very efficient and correlated, making them perfect for a two-source hybrid system. To maximize the generated power, using the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) technique, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is employed. The proportional integral (PI)-based MPPT controller is chosen to improve the efficiency of conventional MPPT controllers. A battery system is implemented as an energy management system (EMS) to aid in transferring or managing the high load throughout peak and off-peak hours. The proposed system uses an optimization technique called genetic algorithm (GA) to control the inverter voltage. The GA-tuned PI controller performs efficiently and has less harmonic distortion than the traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control method. The designed system uses real-time measurable parameters as inputs and is simulated in Matlabtool. The system generates 42 kW of solar power and 250 kW of wind power; the total harmonic distortion (THD) value is 5% less than the SPWM technique. For future work, flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can improve the power quality and lower the oscillations.</span>

INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR TEMPERATURE CALCULATION USING SIMSCAPE/SIMULINK ENVIRONMENT WITH VARIOUS SWITCHING FREQUENCY

Because of developments in high-power converters, it has become crucial to investigate how effective inverter performance is. consequently, via being aware of the temperature value of the junction for the inverter switch. The rise in the switching frequency of the inverter, as well as the kind of control technique used, all have an impact on the value of junction temperature. The traditional methods for determining the junction temperature are imprecise and challenging to use. Therefore, a novel approach was used in this study to compute the junction temperature in a simple manner utilizing the MATLAB/Simulation SIMSCAPE environment. The junction temperature of the inverter's switches is easily estimated, where the heat conveyed over the layers of the IGBT can be indicated by using the simple thermal model of Foster. Because the semiconductors within the SIMSCAPE environment exhibit boosted design together with a direct thermal port. As a result, the estimation of the junction temperature is more precise and direct. This feature is only openable in the newest categories of the MATLAB program (2019-2023) This paper presents the losses formed in an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors, and thermal behavior analysis to represent IGBT's layers. The simulation included the influence of various operating switching frequencies on the temperature value of the junction. The results show that the temperature value of the junction increases as the switching frequency value increases and the Space Vector pulse width modulation technique has a value of junction temperature lower than the Sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique at the same switching frequency.

Transformerless Inverter with Charge Pump Circuit Concept for PV Application

This paper introduces a new single phase transformerless photovoltaic (PV) inverter for grid connected PV systems using the concept of a charge pump. It consists of four power switches, two diodes, two capacitors and an LC filter at the output stage. The neutral of the grid is directly connected to the negative terminal of PV panel. This common ground creates a constant Common Mode (CM) voltage and zero leakage current. Meanwhile, the charge pump circuit generates the negative bus voltage for the inverter during the negative power cycle. A unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is applied to the proposed inverter with three level output voltage to reduce the output current ripple and the filter requirements. The main advantages of the proposed inverter are (1) the negative polarity of the PV is directly connected to the grid, so the leakage current eliminated, (2) it has a compact size, (3) peak of output voltage is equal to input dc voltage (unlike Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverter, Active NPC (ANPC) and some topologies, which requires two times of the peak ac-voltage magnitude), flexible grounding configuration and high efficiency. The operating principle and analysis of the proposed topology are presented in details. Experimental results of a 500 W prototype are demonstrated to validate the proposed topology and the overall concept. The obtained results clearly verify the performance of the proposed inverter and its practical application for grid connected PV systems.

Sensorless Capacitor Voltage Detection Method of Cascaded H-Bridge STATCOM Based on Special Switching Mode Identification

The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been widely used in wind farm and conflux station. As the grid-connected voltage increases, the number of cascaded CHB proportionately increases. In order to achieve the capacitor voltage balance, it is necessary to independently detect the capacitor voltage of all H-bridge cells, which raises the cost of capacitor voltage detection. To solve this problem, the mapping relationship is studied between the converter output voltage and capacitor voltages by analyzing carrier phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique (CPS-SPWM), and special switching mode is firstly found. Based on the above finding, without changing the conventional CHB topology, an improved sensorless detection method is proposed to solve the problems of detection error, large computation burden and the application limitation in existing sensorless detection methods. Compared with conventional sensor detection, this method not only saves DC voltage sensors and data transmission channels but also suppress the third harmonics in the converter current. Finally, the effectiveness of the detection method applied on CHB STATCOM is proved by simulation and experiment.

Modified SPWM technique for single phase variable voltage nine level inverter for PV system

<span lang="EN-US">Multilevel inverters are widely popular because they boost the overall staging of the network with low harmonic distortion, less strain, and simply create highest possible development in industrial and electrical vehicle applications. Here a hybrid multilevel inverter having few switches compare to traditional multi-level inverters has been implemented. It has the capability to operate as a 3-level, 5-level, 7-level and 9-level inverter with different magnitudes of output voltage by varying the modulation index without changing of circuit topology and switching sequences. A new variable amplitude phase opposition disposition sinusoidal pulse width modulation (VAPODPWM) technique is proposed to control the inverter. In this concept unsymmetrical carrier wave form, i.e. A single triangular wave is divided into three triangular waves of different magnitude was chosen. it reduces the volt-sec of output due to that it gives less total harmonic distortion (THD) compare to other conventional space pulse width modulation (SPWM) techniques and conventional space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM) control techniques. The ease of conversion capability with less count of switches and operation with less THD shows the effectiveness of the converter. The converter is simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink and results are discussed.</span>

Design of Switched Capacitor Multilevel Inverter with Selective Harmonic Elimination

In this paper, Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) technique is applied to control multilevel inverters that can be used to eliminate the low order dominant harmonics. This is considered a low frequency technique, in which the switching angles are predetermined based on solving a system of transcendental equations. Newton Raphson is one among the heuristic techniques utilised for selective harmonic elimination. The proposed SHE strategy is simulated along with Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique and the harmonic distortions are measured and compared for both techniques in MATLAB/Simulink software.

A novel generalized multi input boosting multi-level inverter (MIB-MLI) for high-frequency AC (HFAC) power distribution

The simplified topology for the high-frequency ac (HFAC) power distribution method with a multi-level inverter (MLI) hybrid switched capacitor (SC) is introduced. Capacitors, switches, diodes, and DC sources are among the components that are reduced in the designed MIB-MLI (Multi Input Boosting Multi-level Inverter). Where asymmetric dc voltage sources are available, such as in renewable energy farm-based ac microgrids and current electric vehicle, this architecture is advantageous. The proposed inverter has the feature of self-balancing the capacitor voltages and voltage boosting by using the series-parallel conversion scheme. The quality of output power is increased when a dc source array is connected with the unidirectional switched converter. Moreover, if a major phase variation betwixt the output current along with the voltage is no more mandatory, multiple alive switches may be recouped with diodes. In the switched capacitor group ripple volatge is reciprocal to the output frequency, so the MIB-MLI is favorable for HFAC implementations. Also, this paper clarifies the operating theory of the complete network and switching condition covered by the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. Mathematical equation related to power loss and capacitor voltages are provided. The modeling and simulation results of the proposed seventeen-level (17-L) inverter are depicted in this paper. The findings have shown that the proposed inverter is superior at HFAC along with the power efficiency of the inverter is adequate with SPWM technique.

Design and experimental validation of an artificial neural network-SVPWM controller for a novel micro grid-tied fuel cell-based 3-phase boost inverter

A grid-tied fuel cell (FC) system demands efficient power conversion, power quality preservation, grid stability, power flow management, renewable energy source (RES) integration, and enhanced grid resilience. Achieving these goals requires a precise inverter circuit switch approach. A boost power converter connected to the FC stack ensures voltage regulation, power conditioning, efficient power transfer, system integration, control, and protection. This enhances FC system adaptability and compatibility across various applications, minimizing input current ripples for prolonged FC lifespan.This study introduces a novel DC-DC boost converter with an artificial neural network (ANN) controller to reduce FC input current ripples and enhance FC stack-generated voltage for grid applications. It also presents a space vector sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique for FC-based three-phase grid-tied inverters. This offers improved voltage utilization, precise voltage and current control, reduced harmonic distortion, rapid response, flexibility, scalability, reduced total harmonic distortion (THD), and over-modulation capability. The proposed SVPWM technique utilizes a digital signal processing (DSP)-based controller, combining high-speed processing, precision, and real-time capabilities to enhance system performance and efficiency.

Scalar Control of Single-Phase Induction Motor Using PV Fed Modified Seven Level H-Bridge Inverter with Improved Sinusoidal PWM Technique

Scalar Control of Single-Phase Induction Motor Using PV-Fed Modified Seven-Level H-Bridge Inverter with Improved Sinusoidal PWM Technique" proposes an advanced modulation technique for controlling a modified H-Bridge solar photovoltaic (PV) fed seven-level inverter, designed to drive a single-phase 230V, 1/2 HP capacitor start-run induction motor (IM). This paper introduces an innovative H-bridge seven-level inverter topology achieved by optimizing the number of switches necessary to generate seven distinct voltage levels. The induction motor's speed is regulated using a scalar control approach. Pulse width modulation (PWM) signals, crucial for controlling the switches in the seven-level inverter, are generated using a combination of three identical sine wave signals acting as reference signals. These signals have an offset equal to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal. The proposed modulation technique is validated through simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink® environment. Results demonstrate that the seven-level inverter efficiently suppresses harmonics by over 50% compared to three and five-level inverters without the need for an external LC filter. Additionally, the proposed technique significantly reduces the voltage stress across switches by 35%, even with a reduced number of switches utilized.

A unified duty-cycle modulation algorithm for a three-level NPC inverter

In this paper, it is a kind of challenge to simplify the conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) algorithms for a three-level neutral-point-clamped inverter. Thus, the unified duty-cycle modulation (UDM) algorithm is presented. It is more attractive than the carrier-based PWM (CBPWM), space-vector PWM (SVPWM), and unified PWM algorithms with a simpler calculation by utilizing the usefulness of the SVPWM algorithm to synthesize the duty cycles in time-domain and the CBPWM algorithm to synthesize the duty cycles in frequency-domain with the lesser conditions and the blankness of the lookup tables, switching sequence design, and zero-sequence component finding. Besides, it is outstanding with three outcomes: (1) comprehensive mathematical models of the dwell times, (2) permanent mathematical models of the duty cycles in time-domain, and (3) simplified PWM algorithm, which has a better workflow with the reduction of the computation burden. As it is very easy to implement as the sinusoidal PWM technique while its performance is equivalent to the SVPWM algorithm, this makes the proposed UDM algorithm a good candidate to optimize between the performance and the cost. Both the simulation and experimental results can confirm the feasible practicability and performance. The comparison with the conventional algorithms can evidently emphasize the superiority.

Implementation of a modified carrier-based PWM technique for a cascaded MLI using DSP microcontroller

<p><span lang="EN-US">A multi-level converter is a power electronic device desired to generate a desired AC voltage level using several introduced DC voltages, the output voltage of the converter is characterized by a low harmonic content (THD) compared to conventional inverters. The adopted innovative design permits the independent control of PV modules, enabling, in this way, to operate independently and won’t be very affected by intermittence. Additionally in this paper, a new control strategy based on sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is analyzed for cascaded H-Bridge inverter. In this new technique, separate modified carriers are used for each H-Bridge (HB). Multiple-carrier SPWM is used with the new control SPWM technique. Those carriers are being implemented with diverse sinusoidal dispositions phase disposition (PD), phase opposition and disposition (POD), alternative opposition and disposition (APOD), and with altered frequencies. Experimental results are obtained while using different operating conditions.</span></p>

Design a 25-level inverter topology with less switching devices fed by PV systems

<span lang="EN-US">Multilevel inverter (MLI) technology has lately emerged as one of the most popular solutions for high power and medium voltage energy management. MLIs have many benefits and require more switches for higher levels, which are considered disadvantaged. This could result in large size and extremely expensive cost for the MLI. So, in order to overcome this problem, a new MLI topology is proposed with reduced number of switches. A 25‐level inverter fed by isolated unequal photovoltaic panels as DC sources is chosen in this study. The structure of DC voltages is chosen as (1:1:5:5) Vdc. The proposed approach, which is created using twelve switches, is ideally suited for a high-power application. Multi-carrier with a sinusoidal PWM technique is programmed as a controller. According to the simulation findings, a single-phase system's output voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THD) values are 1.2% and 0.462%, respectively, while a three-phase system's values are 1.07% and 0.342%. These findings prove that the power circuit and investigation were successful.</span>

A Control Scheme for a Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Inverter

This paper presents a novel control scheme for a three-phase quasi-z source inverter (qZSI) using a capacitor voltage and input current-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. The proposed scheme combines the advantages of both qZSI and SPWM techniques to achieve improved performance. The SPWM technique utilizes a sinusoidal modulation signal, which is compared with a high-frequency triangular carrier wave and two shoot-through (ST) references to determine the switching states for the three-phase qZSI. The positive and negative ST references are obtained from the capacitor voltages and input current, allowing for control of the DC bus voltage and ST states of the inverter. Additionally, the proposed control scheme generates the three-phase modulation signal through decoupling control in the dq reference frame. The detailed analysis of the control scheme includes its operating principle, transient state, steady-state responses, and the effects of parameter variations. Simulation studies are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink to assess the performance of the three-phase qZSI under the proposed control scheme. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme in terms of output voltage quality, DC bus voltage control, and robustness against reference variations. Overall, the proposed capacitor voltage and input current-based SPWM control scheme for the three-phase qZSI shows promising performance improvements and robustness, as confirmed through comprehensive simulation studies.

Design and Harmonic Elimination of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) Based Five Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Photovoltaic System for Educational Purposes

In this modern era, the electrical power system faces a shortage of fossil fuel-based energy sources. To overcome this problem, people more focus on giving towards renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy sources. This also can be used to overcome global warming and reduce pollution by fossil fuels. This study used a photovoltaic (PV) array to give supply to the Multilevel Inverter (MLI) with different irradiance values, which can be used for educational purposes. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) method is used here to control the converter. SPWM technique is the easiest technique than the other types of pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. In this technique the switching loss is very low, therefore efficiency is high. After the simulation, the output waveforms are similar to the sinusoidal waveform for the resistive load. In this topology, after simulation, the total harmonic distortion (THD) contents were found to be less by using an LC filter. The model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The analysis of output voltage waveforms is discussed with the reduced THD.

Implementation of artificial neural network based control for power quality enhancement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell powered distributed generation system

In this paper, a fuel cell and battery-based distributed generation system is demonstrated. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell is the primary power generator in this decentralized system, with a lead-acid battery providing backup power. A boost converter regulates the fuel cell’s output power to ensure its optimal performance. A bidirectional buck-boost converter has been employed to integrate battery using slope compensated current control. 5-level cascaded H-Bridge inverter is used to convert available DC power into AC power while integrating DG systems with the grid and improving power quality. The artificial neural network has been trained and used to generate the estimated reference current for sinusoidal pulse width modulation techniques. The artificial neural network has been fine-tuned using the scaled conjugate gradient with the performance value 0.094056. The THD of grid current has been reduced by 12.5% and 8.14% approximately for 30 Ω resistive, 30 mH inductive load and 20 Ω resistive, 15 mH inductive load respectively. The system has been simulated in Matlab/Simulink, and the findings have been validated. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.