Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Method Research Articles

Comparative Study of TLP250 and IR2132 Driver-Based Inverter for Induction Motor Driving

As time progresses, electric motors are used for industrial or commercial purposes. The need for a motor that is robust, simple, and easy to maintain has been answered by creating an induction motor that can handle the purpose. At the beginning of its use, induction motors were more often used at constant speeds. Using an inverter becomes one of the solutions at hand to control the induction motor. Nowadays, most inverters are controlled by the SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) method. This method can adjust the output voltage and frequency by setting the carrier signal's frequency value and the reference signal's amplitude. A driver circuit is needed to implement an SPWM-based inverter. This driver circuit is needed to isolate the power circuit from the controller. Moreover, this circuit is also used to increase the microcontroller output signal to trigger the IGBT gate switch. The IR2132 and TLP250 drivers are often used in three-phase inverter applications. These drivers have advantages and disadvantages. This paper discusses the capabilities of these two drivers when applied to a three-phase inverter that functions as an induction motor drive. This inverter-controlled induction motor is advantageous because it can be rotated at a nominal speed and frequency.

Comparative Analysis of Bipolar and Unipolar SPWM Techniques in PIC-Based Pure Sine Wave Single-Phase Inverters

This paper provides a comparative analysis of bipolar versus unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) in DC-AC inverters, focusing on Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) across modulation indices and the latter’s effects on the R-L loads. Using the PIC18F2431 microcontroller for its efficiency, a single-phase inverter accomplished to deliver a high-fidelity sine wave. This study discovered that while both SPWM methods reduce harmonics, the unipolar approach yields more uniform THD reduction and superior performance, particularly noticeable in RL load conditions, where minimal harmonic distortion is crucial. The bipolar inverter, despite a higher initial THD, shows a considerable improvement at higher indices, significantly enhanced by an LC low-pass filter. This filter is a key component in achieving sub-1% THD levels at full modulation, ensuring optimal sine wave quality. The findings highlight the operational differences between the SPWM techniques and the importance of the LC filters in ameliorating the inverter output for various power applications.

Comparison Between Hysteresis and Carrier SPWM Current Control Methods of Grid Tied PV Inverter

This paper has been studying two current control techniques for the two stages single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) inverter. These control techniques are Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and Hysteresis current. The whole structure of the grid-tied PV inverter has been studied in details for each of its parts. For comparison between the two techniques, the designed system has been tested under MATLAB/Simulink environment for different cases such as insolation and load variation. Results found that the Hysteresis current control method has a simple structure where it does not need PWM block, but it produces a higher total harmonic distortion (THD) as compared with the SPWM method

An Improvised Modulation and Control Approach for Dual Active Bridge DC–DC Converter System

Aimed at the control and modulation of dual active bridge bi-directional dc (DAB-BIDC) converter, an unconventional approach is applied to explore its effect in symmetrical wave-based isolated dc-dc converters. The existing control schemes of DAB-BIDC converter with unified or optimal phase shift (UPS/OPS) modulation have the constraints like complex control schemes, light load efficiency, current stress, and reactive power. Since a 50 Hz, grid-connected conventional converter system uses the sinusoidal pulse width modulation method to minimize the requirement for passive filters. Similarly, this work investigates the same analogy for the high-frequency (HF) symmetrical wave converters to get effective modulation and control scheme for the DAB-BIDC converter. Furthermore, the proposed sinusoidal pulse width-phase shift (SPW-PS) modulation scheme has been implemented by the optimally derived control parameters using Lagrange's Multiplier Method (LMM) to minimize the reactive power flow and current stress reduction at the HF link. Therefore, the DAB-BIDC converter with the proposed modulation and control approach can be used for EV charging and solid-state transformers applications. Finally, the proposed work is validated using MATLAB simulation and experimental setup having turn ratio 36/12 V, fundamental frequency 5-kHz, and switching frequency 100-kHz for the experimental validation using OPAL-RT.

Mitigation of Common Mode Voltage in Induction Motor Employing Multilevel Inverter

Induction motor (IM) is a usually a constant speed motor. The Basic technique used to control and run the machine in variable speed drive application can be obtained by two level inverters, which can be controlled digitally with the help of microcontroller using sinusoidal pulse width modulation method. Thereby at the star terminal point of the load there is a voltage existed with respect to system ground. Hence it is defined as “common mode voltage”. Due to the common mode voltage, there is an electromagnetic interference that is induced. Thereby it causes lot of disturbance to the communication and electronic equipment’s, which are nearby to the system. The common mode voltage can be reduced with the help of high-level inverter that can be used for example two-level, three-level, four-level inverters etc. In this proposed system we are reducing the common mode voltage by using two level inverter & three level inverter. In this paper, mitigation of CMV is simulated through MATLAB and implemented by hardware setup.

Harmonic mitigation in a hybrid system using intelligent control methods

The demand for electrical energy is increasing day by day. Therefore, renewable energy systems are used in the power system. Due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources, hybrid systems are developed. This paper presents a cascaded multilevel inverter fed with hybrid DC (Direct Current) sources. The pulses to the switches of the proposed inverter are obtained using the sinusoidal pulse width modulation method. An intelligent control method for the regulation of the output voltage of the inverter is implemented. The performance of the intelligent control strategy is compared with that of the conventional PI (Proportional Integral) controller. Furthermore, the proposed system is compared with the existing works. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller outperforms well by providing a voltage and current THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) of 4.13% and 0.93%, respectively, which are within the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 519-2014 standard.

Implementing Solar Energy For Watering Plantation In Kepel Village, Kare District, Madiun Regency

Drought refers to a condition in which supply of water at a certain area gets decreasing. This sort of condition also occurs in Kepel Village, Kare District, Madiun Regency. During the dry season, the farmers who have land on the hilly area around the slope of Mount Wilis encounter difficulties in watering their plantation. The condition becomes worse as the plantation land is located at the mountain slope which is far from electricity access provided by PLN, while the source of water is below their land. To overcome this problem, PV can be used as a device to produce electrical energy due to several advantages such as environmentally friendly, low maintenance cost, and zero emission. Furthermore, the energy required for PV is always available in the nature or can be renewed (renewable energy). Hence, PV belongs to a solution for electrical source to generate a water pump. Since the pump needs AC source in 220V and 50Hz, the researcher developed an inverter through SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) method for changing DC current 24V to AC current 220 and 50Hz. In this context, the inverter was regulated in 290V AC and 51.150 Hz and when the water pump load 125W was given, the voltage gained 225V AC. The drop of voltage occurred because the load was induction motor. The results of testing this solar energy power station demonstrated that the water pump could fill the water reservoir 70l within 3.8 minutes and could water 1 are land. This test was carried out for 10 days at 08.00 am as it is the optimum sun light and the proper watering time for farmers.

İki Seviyeli SPWM Evirici ile Tahrik Edilen Sabit Mıknatıslı Senkron Motorun Simülasyonu

In this study, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) was driven by a two-level inverter modeled in MATLAB / Simulink environment. A simulation model has been created that can give results compatible with the results in real test setups. In order to obtain realistic results and waveforms, equivalent models were used instead of ideal models. For example, the use of PMSM electrical and mechanical equivalent models, adding resistance and inductance to the grid side, and modeling the DC bus capacitor with equivalent series resistance (ESR) will ensure the convergence of the obtained results to the results from real test setups. Open-loop control of PMSM has been provided. Gate signals required for semiconductor switches were produced by SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) switching method. The working principle of this PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method has been studied in detail. In order to understand the structures on the inverter, simulation models, important parameters, and mathematical equations are given in the relevant sections respectively. In the given simulation outputs, the current-voltage waveforms of many important points on the inverter and PMSM were examined. Current drawn from the grid, voltage ripple on the DC bus capacitor, switching patterns produced by the SPWM method, inverter output phase currents, motor phase-to-neutral voltages, motor phase-to-phase voltages are the waveforms that are considered as important and presented within the scope of this study. In particular, the inverter output current-voltage signals are given for power calculation. After all these basic examinations, the inverter output power, as known as the motor input power, was measured. The phase angle between the motor phase current and phase-neutral voltage was found. Finally, these measurements made in the Simulink environment were compared with theoretical calculations and the accuracy of the models was proved.

Implementation of 5-Level H-Bridge Inverter with Multicarrier based Modulation Techniques

Paper Setup must be in A4 size with Margin: Top In the present paper multi carrier sinusoidal modulation technique which is an efficient method of producing control signals is used for a symmetrical inverter with several levels in cascade H Bridge is discussed. The Cascaded H-Bridge performance output levels depend on the DC voltage sources used at the input side. With the help of two DC voltage sources, five level output can be obtained whereas three sources gives levels of seven in output voltage. In this paper, multi-carrier SPWM switching is obtained for switching of multilevel inverter based switches. Two signals are used in this switching method, among which one of the signals is reference which is a low frequency sinusoidal signal and the one is a carrier signal. In case of sinusoidal PWM method of modulation technique, the reference signal is a sinusoidal one and triangular signal can be used as a carrier signal. These types of inverters have the ability to generate inverted output voltage with an efficient harmonic spectrum and reliable output results. This document provides switching signal for H-bridge inverter structure which can improve harmonic performance. The 5-level multilevel inverter is simulated for traditional carrier-based pulse-width modulation (PWM) phase change carrier techniques. The total harmonic performance of the output voltages is analyzed for the two PWM control methods. The performance of the symmetrical PWM CHB is simulated using MATLAB-SIMULINK model. Model results show that THD can be minimized to a limit with level shifted modulation method of the sinusoidal pulse width. The results from the simulations show that the quality of the waveform of the output voltage improves with less loss and with a lower THD.

REDUCED SWITCH TOPOLOGIES FOR MULTI LEVEL INVERTERS WITH M-CARRIER SPWM

This paper presents the transformer based multilevel inverter topologies with a m-carrier based level shift sinusoidal pulse width modulation method. Two topologies are presented in which the first topology has two bridges, one gives quasi square wave output and the other gives pulse width waveform. The outputs of two bridges are energized with the two different ratio transformers. The secondary terminals of two transformers are cascaded to attain 19 level output voltage wave form. The second topology has only one bridge and it contains 8 switches and two DC sources. The bridge output is given to the transformer and it acts as an isolation. The output of the topology gives the 7-level output. This topology has less number of components to reduce the cost and provides inbuilt isolation, to enhance the reliability of converter. The paper uses the common level shift SPWM method with modified carrier that is m-carrier to attain the maximum amplitude and the harmonics are shifted to very high level without change in the frequency. The paper topologies are validated with experimental results.

Design of hybrid‐frequency current source based on multiresonance network

In order to overcome the low efficiency and poor resolution of single‐frequency transmitters for electromagnetic sounding and wireless power transfer (WPT), a well‐organized multifrequency resonant network is proposed to generate a synthetized current with two or more frequencies. The complete design and realization of the hybrid‐frequency current source is presented. The characteristic equation method is applied to extract the resonance frequencies from the given network. On the other hand, the nonlinear equation system about the passive elements is built and solved by the trust–region algorithm based on the expected frequencies. The multifrequency sinusoidal pulse width modulation method is first proposed to create the barcode driving signals for a full‐bridge inverter. The asynchronous modulation is recommended to reduce the harmonic components beyond the resonance frequencies, and the modulation ratios for the driving signals are adjusted at any resonance frequency so that the energy can be distributed evenly at different resonance points. The simulation results prove that almost all energy is concentrated at the resonance frequencies, and the frequency leakage is hardly seen. The resonant network and its control method is very useful to create a hybrid‐frequency current source for high‐efficiency and high‐resolution electromagnetic sounding and WPT. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A multi-phase impedance source inverter with an improved controller structure

Impedance source inverters (ZSIs) have many advantages like the ability to work as a buck or boost inverter and work with different renewable energy sources and can be applied as a voltage source or current source inverter. The switching circuits of ZSI normally are complicated and hard to be implemented. In this paper, a modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation method for ZSI block is presented based on an optimized mathematical model in order to switch the power components of this inverter. The proposed switching structure can be extended to more than one phase, by using the combination of the step-up converter, ZSI networks with the same switching topology for per phase and a full bridge inverter block in order to present a pure sinusoidal wave in the structure’s output especially for resistive and inductive loads which are the real and industrial types of the loads. The Boost converter has been applied in our proposed structure in order to enhance the level of the generated voltages by RESs. Due to the ability to increase the voltage across the wide range, good resistance to electro-magnetic interference, acceptable total harmonic distortion value of the waves and immunity through shoot, this converter can be used extensively in PV systems, cell fuel, wind power and UPS systems. One of the most important specifications of the proposed switching method is working with low and intermediate values of duty cycles for power MOSFETs that can decrease the dynamic losses of the inverter. A wide range of mathematical analysis and simulations have been done to explain the proposed method, and experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis by a 100 W laboratory prototype.

Simultaneous DC Current Balance and CMV Reduction for Parallel CSC System With Interleaved Carrier-Based SPWM

Parallel current source converter (CSC) has attracted increasing attention due to the potential advantages to increase the system power capacity, reliability, and output quality. Compared with multilevel space vector modulation (SVM) and selective harmonic elimination, carrier-based sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) enjoys inherent scalability and modularity, which is very easy to be implemented in N-CSC parallel system by interleaving the carriers. The dc current balance and common-mode voltage (CMV) are the main concerns in parallel CSC system and most of the research was focused on SVM. However, dc current balance and CMV reduction methods with interleaved SPWM were not well addressed. In this article, we mainly investigate three different interleaved SPWM methods, namely, bi-tri logic SPWM, six-step direct PWM, and direct duty-ratio PWM (DDPWM). The comparison results show that the proposed interleaved DDPWM can balance the dc current and suppress CMV simultaneously, which can improve the output quality and reduce load-side CMV stress effectively. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed methods are verified on a parallel CSC system with shared dc-link by simulation and experimental results.

THD minimization for Z-source-based inverters with a novel sinusoidal PWMswitching method

This paper presents a modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) switching method for one-phase and investigated two-phase impedance-source inverter structures. The proposed structure generates pulses for a quasi- Z-source converter and this block produces a unilateral voltage sine wave in the block's output. This signal is applied to the inverter as its input wave. For this purpose, the novel SPWM method is proposed for power switches while being switched complementarily. Two power switches are used in the structure to generate the pure sinusoidal output voltage and to minimize total harmonic distortion (THD), which is an essential parameter in inverter design. The results show that the proposed method generates the pure sinusoidal voltage and current signals for resistive and inductive loads and pure voltage and improved current waves for capacitive loads in comparison with existing techniques, since the THD of the output voltage and current signals is strongly affected by the dynamic loads. This method leads to final cost improvement and reduction of the size of the system with fewer number of components, which are essential parameters for renewable energy resource applications. A mathematical model is validated with the 2017a version of MATLAB/Simulink and 1.51% and 1.33% THD values are reported for low and high power loads, respectively, in the one-phase structure and 0.95% and 0.87% in the two-phase system. Finally, a 120 W prototype has been implemented and tested. A sine-wave with 620 Vac peak to peak amplitude and 50 Hz frequency has been gained in the inverter?s output and the quality of the voltage and current waveforms has been evaluated for different two 1.8 k$\Omega$ and 600 $\Omega$ resistive loads in the one-phase structure. Experimental results confirm all mathematical and simulation results.

An Active Impedance-Source Three-Level T-Type Inverter With Reduced Device Count

In this paper, a single-stage active impedance source three-phase T-type inverter is proposed with a reduced component count. Besides the inherent features of the three-level (TL) impedance-source inverters—shoot-through (ST) immunity, single-stage power conversion, and continuous input current—the proposed inverter has additional advantages such as increased voltage gain, reduced passive element count, and low voltage stress on devices. Furthermore, the self-balance capacitor voltage capability is the other feature of the proposed inverter. The steady-state analysis, operating principles, and parameter selection guidelines are presented in detail for the proposed inverter. Pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques for the proposed inverter including the sinusoidal PWM method and the modified space-vector modulation scheme for common-mode voltage reduction are also presented. A comprehensive comparison between the proposed inverter and other TL impedance-source inverters is shown. The proposed inverter has been validated using PSIM simulation software, and a laboratory prototype is constructed to verify the performance of the proposed inverter.

PWM control method to eliminate Common Mode Voltage in three level T-Type inverters

In this paper, Common-mode voltage (CMV) is responsible for overvoltage stress to the winding insulation and bearing damage of an AC motor. High dv/dt of CMV causes leakage currents, which create noise problems to the equipment installed near the converter. This paper presented modulation strategy to eliminate CMV three level T-Type inverter (Zero CMV 3L T2I) that substantially eliminates CMV. The principles of selecting suitable triangle carrier signals for the T-Type is described. This PWM control method can mitigate the peak value to 95% as compared to the conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation method. A prototype is constructed to verify the operating principle of the three-level T-Type inverter. Simulation and experimental results are presented.

A nine-level hybrid current source inverter using common-emitter topology and inductor-cell

<p>A different circuit structure of nine-level current source power inverter is presented and discussed in this manuscript. The proposed topology is based on the common-emitter inverter topology equipped with an inductor-cell circuit. The common-emitter inverter works as the main inverter circuits delivering a three-level AC current waveform. The inductor-cell circuit produces the intermediate output current levels for nine-level current output waveform. Proportional integral current controller was applied to regulate the current streaming thru the inductor-cell. Multi triangular carrier signals based sinusoidal pulse width modulation method was utilized to obtain a lower waveform distortion. The proposed nine-level inverter circuit was tested and examined. The test results verified that the new nine-level inverter circuit worked well producing a nine-level current waveform with less low-frequency harmonic components.</p>

MODULATION INDEX AND SWITCHING FREQUENCY EFFECT ON SYMMETRIC REGULAR SAMPLED SPWM

Inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The output voltage and frequency of the inverter can be changed. There are different modulation methods used in inverter control. Some of these methods can be applied digitally, some analogously. Classical Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is a method normally performed analogously. Known methods for digitally applying this method are regular sampled sinusoidal PWM methods. In this study, the implementation of symmetric regular sampled sinusoidal PWM method is discussed. Two fundamental factors that are effective in this kind of modulation methods are investigated by harmonic analysis of switching frequency and modulation index, inverter pole voltage and line voltage. From an inverter that supplies a three-phase RL load, the fundamental component and the generated harmonics are investigated using the Symmetric Regular Sampled SPWM method with five different switching frequencies and three different modulation index values. Modulation index is investigated for linear region and over modulation regions. Low, normal and high switching frequency samples are also chosen for switching frequency. The obtained harmonic analysis results are presented in the study.

Reduction of Common-Mode Voltage in Multiphase Two-Level Inverters Using SPWM With Phase-Shifted Carriers

The increasing interest in multiphase drive systems has led to the extension of inverter topologies and pulse width modulation (PWM) methods from three-phase to multiphase occasions. Carrier-based PWM (CPWM) dominates space vector PWM when the phase number increases, because of its simple computation and modular implementation. Although intensive work has been done on modifying PWM methods to reduce the common-mode voltage (CMV), not enough work has been done on CPWM methods with CMV reduction for multiphase drives. This paper extends the phase-shifted sinusoidal PWM (PS-SPWM) method for five-phase and six-phase two-level voltage-source inverters (VSI) and employs the intersection-plotting method and Fourier analysis to reveal the nature of the CMV. Both experiment and simulation results comply with theoretical analysis that compared with the conventional SPWM, the PS-SPWM can effectively reduce the CMV in peak-to-peak value and RMS value, though it leads to a higher phase current distortion. In addition, the hardware realization of PS-SPWM for multiphase inverters by a distributed control system is presented in this paper.

An Improved SPWM Strategy to Reduce Switching in Cascaded Multilevel Inverters

The analysis of the switch status of each unit module of a cascaded multi-level inverter reveals that the working condition of the switch of a chopper arm causes unnecessary switching under the conventional unipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). With an increase in the number of cascaded multilevel inverters, the superposition of unnecessary switching gradually occurs. In this work, we propose an improved SPWM strategy to reduce switching in cascaded multilevel inverters. Specifically, we analyze the switch state of the switch tube of a chopper arm of an H-bridge unit. The redundant switch is then removed, thereby reducing the switching frequency. Unlike the conventional unipolar SPWM technique, the improved SPWM method greatly reduces switching without altering the output quality of inverters. The conventional unipolar SPWM technique and the proposed method are applied to a five-level inverter. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed strategy. Finally, a prototype is built in the laboratory. Experimental results verify the correctness of the proposed modulation strategy.